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Abstract
Financial crime was one of the recurring themes in crime stories written in the period of socialist Poland. The writer who first undertook this subject was Leopold Tyrmand in his book "The Man with the White Eyes" (1955). The publication of this book is considered one of the symptoms of the cultural "thaw" and the end of real socialism. Tyrmand shows crime which develops when the state, cooperative and private businesses meet, but also the corruption and powerlessness of Citizen's Militia. During Władysław Gomułka's administration (1956–1970), this problem often recurred e.g. in the books written by Anna Kłodzińska and Barbara Gordon. Very often the villain was the "fraudulent director". Both the meat scandal and the leather scandal were described in crime novels. Edward Gierek's administration (1970–1980) was the time when the theme of financial crime was abandoned, but it returned after the introduction of martial law in 1981. This time, it was pointed out that it was the previous administration that had committed frauds. Crime novels accurately described the economic abnormalities of socialist Poland, the hampering of individual initiatives and the omnipresent corruption, but they also reflected the state's policy towards the people in power who were illegally gaining wealth.

State crimes are historically and contemporarily ubiquitous and result in more injury and death than traditional street crimes such as robbery, theft, and assault. Consider that genocide during the 20th century in Germany, Rwanda, Darfur, Albania, Turkey, Ukraine, Cambodia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and other regions claimed the lives of tens of millions and rendered many more homeless, imprisoned, and psychologically and physically damaged. Despite the gravity of crimes committed by states and political leaders, until recently these harms have been understudied relative to conventional street crimes in the field of criminology. Over the past two decades, a growing number of criminologists have conducted rigorous research on state crime and have tried to disseminate it widely including attempts to develop courses that specifically address crimes of the state. Referencing a broad range of cases of state crime and international institutions of control, State Criminality provides a general framework and survey-style discussion of the field for teaching undergraduate and graduate students, and serves as a useful general reference point for scholars of state crime. [From Amazon.com] ; https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/sociology_criminaljustice_books/1023/thumbnail.jpg

Cybercrime and other cybersecurity harms are gaining increasing political and public attention across many countries. One of the most serious and fastest growing categories of such harms relates to ransomware attacks. Many of the groups responsible for ransomware attacks have come under political pressure in recent years as they have become more aggressive in their methods and targeting. On a geopolitical level, an area attracting increasing interest is the complex relationships between ransomware groups and states, in particular, Russia. This paper introduces the concept of state crime to ransomware groups. Starting with the concept of proxies before turning to the historical examples of privateering and piracy, we focus on the notion of "cyber privateers" to analyze two select ransomware groups — DarkSide and REvil — that are believed to be affiliated with the Russian state. We argue that approaching these ransomware groups as cyber privateers engaged in state crime has the potential to enhance our understanding of how these groups operate. We further posit that a state crime perspective also assists in identifying how ransomware may be countered, highlighting the need for policy responses that are effective even when ransomware groups may be tacitly protected by a state.

Covers -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1: The Crime War -- 2: The History of Crime -- 3: Local Police -- 4: State Police -- 5: The Feds -- 6: Crime Beyond Borders -- 7: Helping Ourselves -- 8: Crime and the Media -- Endnotes -- Bibliography -- Further Resources -- Index -- About the Author.

From bicycle stands configured to prevent theft to pharmaceutical packaging that thwarts counterfeiters, the authors fuse crime science and design practice to point the way forward for a new generation of crime-proofed objects used in everyday contexts

Intro -- Foreword -- The Community of Cyberspace -- The Hackers -- The Threat Inside -- Business Under Attack -- Virus Attack -- Law Enforcement and Security -- Series Glossary -- Chronology -- Further Information -- Index -- Picture Credits -- Blank Page.

An Introduction to Concepts Involving Crime and Crime CausationThe Concept of CrimeEarly Development of Crime Causation TheoriesBiological and Psychological Approaches to Crime CausationSocial Structures as a Cause of CrimeSocial Process as a Cause of CrimeIntegrated TheoriesTheories of Critical CriminologyAmerican System of JusticeCriminal Activity: Types, Severity, and Social ImpactGovernment- and Business-Related CrimesDrugs and the Justice SystemChanging Nature of Crime and Crime Causation

"To derive statistics about crime - to estimate its levels and trends, assess its costs to and impacts on society, and inform law enforcement approaches to prevent it - a conceptual framework for defining and thinking about crime is virtually a prerequisite. Developing and maintaining such a framework is no easy task, because the mechanics of crime are ever evolving and shifting: tied to shifts and development in technology, society, and legislation. Interest in understanding crime surged in the 1920s, which proved to be a pivotal decade for the collection of nationwide crime statistics. Now established as a permanent agency, the Census Bureau commissioned the drafting of a manual for preparing crime statistics-intended for use by the police, corrections departments, and courts alike. The new manual sought to solve a perennial problem by suggesting a standard taxonomy of crime. Shortly after the Census Bureau issued its manual, the International Association of Chiefs of Police in convention adopted a resolution to create a Committee on Uniform Crime Records -to begin the process of describing what a national system of data on crimes known to the police might look like. The key distinction between the rigorous classification proposed in this report and the "classifications" that have come before in U.S. crime statistics is that it is intended to partition the entirety of behaviors that could be considered criminal offenses into mutually exclusive categories. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime assesses and makes recommendations for the development of a modern set of crime measures in the United States and the best means for obtaining them. This first report develops a new classification of crime by weighing various perspectives on how crime should be defined and organized with the needs and demands of the full array of crime data users and stakeholders"--Publisher's description

The concept of criminal crime covers a large number of crimes, which exist in the border of criminal law, or outside this border, in special laws. To explain what criminal crime means, our first part of call should be explaining the concept of criminal crime, and then classifying it in the second step.First, since the criminal crime is not the only act that is punished by law, it was necessary to distinguish it from other similar concepts, such as civil crime and administrative crime, whether in the source of these crimes or in the result or in the punishment.Second, since most of the crimes are criminal crimes, it was necessary to divide them into two major parts. The first part was classified according to the nature of the crime; the second part was classified according to the way it was conducted.According to the nature of the crime, we compared between natural crimes, political crimes and military crimes. And according to the way the crime was conducted, we distinguished between the material side of the act and the moral side of the act.On the material side of the act, we divided the crimes into temporary and continuous, simple and periodical, simple and complex, material and formal. On the moral side of the act, we divided crimes into intentional and un-intentional crimes.

There seems to be little doubt that modern international law embodies the principle that, in addition to the individual responsibility of those who may actually perpetrate such crimes, criminal liability will also accrue to any political or military superior who orders, colludes in, condones, or fails to take steps to prevent their commission or repress end punish the actual offenders.