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Donation from alive people has been growing strongly in the recent years, thanks to the advance in the field of organ transplantation and its success as a treatment to procure quality-adjusted life years for many patients with end–stage diseases. The choice of transplantation from a living donor (LD) offers some advantages compared to that for a deceased donor. However, it also carries disadvantages related to donor risks in terms of health and safety, and there are several controversial ethical aspects to be taken into account. There is no specific pronouncement of the European Union in relation to standards to quality and safety for the living donor process, and there is a great heterogeneity among European Countries legislation, ethical concern, and protection systems and donor´s data registries on the topic. The EULID project aims to establish European common standard framework regarding living donor issues to guarantee their health and safety thorough common practices and regulation.

Donation after circulatory death (DCD) can be performed on neurologically intact donors who do not fulfill neurologic or brain death criteria before circulatory arrest. This commentary focuses on the most controversial donor-related issues anticipated from mandatory implementation of DCD for imminent or cardiac death in hospitals across the USA. We conducted a nonstructured review of selected publications and websites for data extraction and synthesis. The recommended 5 min of circulatory arrest does not universally fulfill the dead donor rule when applied to otherwise neurologically intact donors. Scientific evidence from extracorporeal perfusion in circulatory arrest suggests that the procurement process itself can be the event causing irreversibility in DCD. Legislative abandonment of the dead donor rule to permit the recovery of transplantable organs is necessary in the absence of an adequate scientific foundation for DCD practice. The designation of organ procurement organizations or affiliates to obtain organ donation consent introduces self-serving bias and conflicts of interest that interfere with true informed consent. It is important that donors and their families are not denied a 'good death', and the impact of DCD on quality of end-of-life care has not been satisfactorily addressed to achieve this.

Understanding why donors give money to legislative candidates is vital for assessing how money influences politics. In this paper, I test theories of why political action committees (PACs) and individuals, the two largest sources of campaign money, contribute to legislative candidates. Using a variety of data at the state and federal level, I show dramatic differences between individual and PAC contribution patterns. An original survey of donors in the 2012 election cycle shows that individuals consistently rank ideological concerns as highly important when deciding where to give. Finally, using two different within-legislator designs, I show a causal relationship between incumbency, ideology, and contributions. These results provide the most direct and comprehensive test of contributor motivations to date.1

Giving to charities takes two major forms: time and money. In this study the authors explored whether donors/nondonors can be distinguished using demographic, socioeconomic, and psychographic variables suggested by literature across disciplines. Data were collected through a large-scale
telephone survey in Taiwan. The results indicate that determinants affecting volunteering are mostly intrinsic while those for monetary donations are mostly extrinsic. Additionally, educational attainment and income are useful to explain and predict monetary donation amounts. Major differences
between our results and previous findings in Western countries are drawn and fund-raising strategies discussed.

ABSTRACT**:  In this article we add to the literature analyzing wages in the nonprofit sector by estimating a wage function based on employer‐employee matched data for Austria. We concentrate on the influence of voluntary contributions on the wage level of paid workers. By using a quantile regression approach we find that the existence of volunteers reduces the wages of paid employees in nonprofit organizations. The number of volunteers does not have an influence on the wage level. Donations have a small but positive effect for higher income groups only. Public subsidies increase wages of all paid workers in a nonprofit organization.

The donation-based crowdfunding platforms witness a mix of different entities seeking funding for numerous campaigns, adding complexities in understanding the donor behavior and factors that motivate donation. This study builds upon the economic theory of charitable giving and examines the ethical dilemma that donors face during the selection process. Using the data from Ketto.org, the biggest crowdfunding platform in India, this paper investigates the rank-order preference of donors while making a selection across heterogeneous entities and campaigns. The results show that campaigns run by non-profit organizations registered with causes that qualify for a tax-deduction receive a higher level of funding. Donors then fund unregistered non-profit organizations, followed by campaigns run by individuals. Demonstrating legitimacy by using subtle cues, like tagging "with tax-benefit," motivates the donors to provide a higher amount of funding.

AbstractThis article offers one of the first efforts at describing the impact of a national product donation program. Despite the importance of in‐kind giving to the corporate and charitable sectors, little research has explained how in‐kind gifts are used effectively once they leave the donor's hands. In this study we examine outcomes and impacts associated with a product donation program, including numbers served, a faith‐based mission, the ability to process product donations effectively, the extent of performance measurement, and the effect of program experience on continued participation. Data come from Good360's Framing Hope program, a partnership between The Home Depot stores and local charities across the United States. Our findings support the organizational capacity literature in suggesting that experience with this program only partly mitigates the challenges of participation and that success may be due to how central the program is to organizational objectives.

SummaryWhat motivates donations to political parties? Two views prevail. Donors are perceived either as ideologically motivated consumers or as privilege‐seeking investors. To investigate differences in donor motivation between corporations and individuals, we analyze data from Germany. For the period from 1994 to 2014, we find that corporations act more like investors than individuals do. First, we test whether corporations or individuals are more inclined to give more to incumbent parties than to parties outside the governing coalition. Giving to incumbent parties whose representatives hold public offices may be more attractive for investing donors. Second, we test for differences between corporations and individuals in the relative increase in donations from non‐election years to election years. Investor donations may be more volatile than consumer donations. We find that only corporations donate more to incumbent parties and that corporations increase their party donations from non‐election years to election years more than individuals do. These differences in the behavior of corporate and individual donors provide some evidence for potentially undesirable exchanges between corporations as investors and parties. Further, the differences between individual and corporate donors tend to be more consistent for parties to the right on the political spectrum.

Both the Czech Republic and the United States are destinations for cross-border reproductive travellers. For North Americans, including Canadians, who opt to travel to the Czech Republic for IVF using an egg donor, they are entering a fertility industry that is anonymous. This makes the Czech Republic different from other European countries that necessitate open gamete donation, as in Austria, Germany and the United Kingdom. For reproductive travellers coming to the United States for fertility treatment, there is a wider menu of choices regarding egg donation given the vastly unregulated nature of the industry. More recently, professionals in the industry are pushing for 'open' egg donation. For intended parents traveling to either location seeking in vitro fertilization using an egg donor, they must choose whether or not to pursue open or closed donation. As pre-conception parents, they navigate competing discourses of healthy parenting of donor-conceived offspring. They must be reflexive about their choices, and protective when weighing their options, always keeping their future child's mental, physical and genetic health in mind. Drawing from ethnographic data collected over the course of six years in the United States and the Czech Republic, this paper will explore both programs, paying special attention to the question of how gamete donation and global assisted reproductive technologies intersect with different notions about healthy pre-conception parenting.

Although many commentators have called for increased efforts to incentivize organ donations, theorists and some evidence suggest these efforts will be ineffective or even could perversely crowd out altruistic efforts. Prior papers examining the impact of tax incentives for donations generally report zero or negative coefficients. We argue these studies incorrectly define their tax variables, and rely on difference-in-differences methods despite likely failures of the requisite parallel trends assumption. We therefore aim to identify the causal effect of tax incentive legislation to serve as an organ donor on living related and unrelated kidney donation rates in the U.S states using more precise tax data and allowing for heterogeneous and time-variant causal effects. Employing a synthetic control method, we find that the passage of tax incentive legislation increased living unrelated kidney donation rates by about 52 percent in New York relative to a comparable synthetic New York in the absence of legislation. We show that this causal effect is robust to the exclusion of any particular state as well as to the use of a very small number of comparison states.

Abstract Background Maintaining adequately high organ donation rates proves essential to offering patients all appropriate and available treatment options. However, the act of donation is in itself an individual decision that requires a depth of understanding that interacts with the social setting and the institutional framework into which an individual is embedded. This study contributes to understanding factors driving organ donation rates by examining how country regulation, individuals' awareness of regulatory setting, social interactions and socio-demographic determinants influence individuals' willingness to donate their own organs or those of a relative. Methods We draw representative data from the Eurobarometer survey 58.2 undertaken in 2002 with respondents throughout the European Union to capture heterogeneity in institutional setting. We use logistic regression techniques to estimate the determinants of willingness to donate one's own organs and those of a deceased relative. We employ interaction terms to examine the relationship between institutional setting and respondent's awareness of organ donation legislation in their country. Results Our findings indicate that individuals are more likely to donate their organs than to consent to the donation of a relative's organs. Both decisions are affected by regulation (presumed consent), awareness of regulation and social interactions such as the ability to count on others in case of a serious problem (reciprocity). Furthermore, education (more educated), age (younger), expressing some sort of political affiliation determine willingness to donate one's own organs and consent to the donation of those of a relative. Conclusion This study confirms and develops further previous research findings that presumed consent organ donation policy positively affects the willingness of individuals to donate their own organs and those of relative by highlighting the importance of awareness of this regulation and an individual's level of social interactions in making choices about donation. Results found using interaction terms underline the importance of population awareness of organ donation legislation as well as the legislation type itself. Findings also point to the role of social interactions in influencing individuals' willingness to donate their organs or those of a relative.

The health and genetic data of deceased people are a particularly important asset in the field of biomedical research. However, in practice, using them is complicated, as the legal framework that should regulate their use has not been fully developed yet. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is not applicable to such data and the Member States have not been able to agree on an alternative regulation. Recently, normative models have been proposed in an attempt to face this issue. The most wellknown of these is posthumous medical data donation (PMDD). This proposal supports an opt-in donation system of health data for research purposes. In this article, we argue that PMDD is not a useful model for addressing the issue at hand, as it does not consider that some of these data (the genetic data) may be the personal data of the living relatives of the deceased. Furthermore, we find the reasons supporting an opt-in model less convincing than those that vouch for alternative systems. Indeed, we propose a normative framework that is based on the opt-out system for non-personal data combined with the application of the GDPR to the relatives' personal data.

The donation of food which is still edible can be seen as a specific application of urban mining as food is recovered for its original purpose – human intake. There are several projects implemented worldwide but due to a lack of data, scientific literature about the topic is rare. This paper summarises briefly the evolution of food donation activities and gives information on the differences and similarities of current organisations distributing food to people in need as well as the political, legal, social and logistical barriers and incentives which occur with respect to this topic. A concept for a food donation network is presented and impact on ecology, economy and society is discussed.

The scarcity of tissue available for transplantation is a problem all over the world, especially in Portugal, as demand exceeds the available supply. In this context the central problem of this work is to know how the current context of chronic shortage of tissues available for transplantation can be improved. Therefore, the objective of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the problem of tissue donation and to define strategies to improve the context of shortage of tissues available for transplantation in Portugal. Methodology: On this research, a qualitative methodology was used with a systematic and consistent literature review, interviews with experts, informal meetings, nonparticipative observations, applications for official data and search in institutional websites, bibliographic databases and governmental websites. For a more objective analysis of the donation processes in Portugal, its gaps and problems, the content analysis method was used to analyze 6 semi-formal interviews. This analysis had the support of TROPES® software, versions 8.4 and 7.2. The SWOT analysis summarized all the information in order to facilitate the understanding of the context and establish possible strategies for improvement. Results: The content analysis results showed that economic restrains are leading to a policy of cost control and an institutional-based policy limiting the development of new and more efficient procedures. Results highlight the importance of a centralized system to fight the clear lack of resources in Portugal. The Spanish paradigm may be used to improve the current Portuguese model in order to increase its efficiency and effectiveness. Conclusions: It's very important to optimize the few resources allocated to the activity and perform regulation updates to provide the foundation necessary on which to build a centralized and more efficient system. ; A escassez de tecidos disponíveis para transplantação é um problema em todo o Mundo, nomeadamente em Portugal, pois a procura excede a oferta disponível. Neste contexto a problemática central deste trabalho consiste em saber como pode ser melhorado o contexto atual de escassez crónica de tecidos disponíveis para transplantação. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para a compreensão da problemática da doação de tecidos e definir estratégias para melhorar o contexto de escassez de tecidos disponíveis para transplantação em Portugal. Metodologia: Neste estudo foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa com recurso a uma revisão sistemática e consistente da literatura, entrevistas com especialistas, reuniões informais, observações não participativas, pedidos de dados oficiais e pesquisa em sites institucionais, bases de dados bibliográficas e sites governamentais. Para uma análise mais objetiva dos processos de doação em Portugal, das suas lacunas e problemas, foi utilizado o método de análise de conteúdo para a análise de 6 entrevistas semiformais. Esta análise foi efetuada com o apoio do software TROPES® versões 8.4 e 7.2. A análise SWOT foi utilizada para integrar toda a informação de forma a facilitar a compreensão do contexto e estabelecer possíveis estratégias de melhoria. Resultados: Os resultados da análise revelaram que as restrições económicas estão a levar a uma política de controlo de custos e a uma política institucional que limita o desenvolvimento de procedimentos novos e mais eficientes. Os resultados destacam a importância de um sistema centralizado para combater a clara falta de recursos em Portugal. O paradigma Espanhol poderá servir de para melhorar o modelo Português atual no sentido de aumentar a sua eficiência e eficácia. Conclusões: É importante otimizar os poucos recursos alocados para a atividade e realizar atualizações de regulamentos para fornecer a base necessária para construir um sistema centralizado e mais eficiente.