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The study examined changes in doctors' working hours and satisfaction with working hours over five time points and explored the influence of personal characteristics on these outcomes. Latent growth curve modeling was applied to Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life data, collected from 2008 to 2012. Findings showed that working hours significantly declined over time, with a greater decrease among males, older doctors, and doctors with fewer children. Satisfaction increased faster over time among specialists, doctors with poorer health, those whose partners did not work full-time, and those with older children. The more hours the doctors worked initially, the lower satisfaction reported, and the greater the increase in satisfaction. Findings are consistent with a culture change in the medical profession, whereby long working hours are no longer seen as synonymous with professionalism. This is important to take into account in projecting future workforce supply.

"The main aims of this study were investigations into duration and flexibility of operating hours, the working time patterns that were relevant for the constitution of operating hours and coping strategies of establishments with fluctuations in production or demand. This chapter reports the results of the 2003 EUCOWE survey for Germany. The chapter is structured as follows. First in Section 5.2 methodological issues of ISO studies on operating time are addressed. In Section 5.3 the focus is on operating hours in Germany, starting with the direct and indirect measures of duration of operating hours. After that the constitution of the operating hours is explained by selected relevant forms of working time Organisation, thus highlighting the relationship of operating hours arrangements and working time Organisation. The section on operating hours is completed by considering the differences between directly and indirectly measured operating hours. Section 5.4 deals with working time patterns, presenting our findings for full and part time work, for shift work, staggered working times and overtime work. In Sections 5.5 and 5.6 the results with regard to fluctuations in business activity and the payment of premia are described. Section 5.7 concludes the chapter." (author's abstract)

"The main aims of this study were investigations into duration and flexibility of operating hours, the working time patterns that were relevant for the constitution of operating hours and coping strategies of establishments with fluctuations in production or demand. This chapter reports the results of the 2003 EUCOWE survey for Germany. The chapter is structured as follows. First in Section 5.2 methodological issues of ISO studies on operating time are addressed. In Section 5.3 the focus is on operating hours in Germany, starting with the direct and indirect measures of duration of operating hours. After that the constitution of the operating hours is explained by selected relevant forms of working time Organisation, thus highlighting the relationship of operating hours arrangements and working time Organisation. The section on operating hours is completed by considering the differences between directly and indirectly measured operating hours. Section 5.4 deals with working time patterns, presenting our findings for full and part time work, for shift work, staggered working times and overtime work. In Sections 5.5 and 5.6 the results with regard to fluctuations in business activity and the payment of premia are described. Section 5.7 concludes the chapter." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract.  We present a simple model of capital accumulation where agents care about their consumption relative to the consumption of other members of society, 'envy,' In this context we quantify the extent of the distortions and welfare costs associated with envy. Under conservative estimates of envy we find that the implied welfare losses are substantial. We explore the implications of alternative policy arrangements designed to minimize the effects of the consumption externality. Our results suggest that if the optimal tax policy is not politically feasible, restrictions on working hours provide an alternative tool to induce a market outcome that resembles the efficient allocation achieved under a benevolent central planner. JEL classification: D62, H21

Studies of workers engaged in patterns of long working hours increasingly draw on working-time preference data from large-scale surveys, in particular data on the 'match' or 'mismatch' of current working hours and preferred working hours. These data are useful, but they are weakened by the common instability of answers to simple working-time preference questions. This article reviews the existing discussion of the causes and implications of this instability. It takes advantage of a small programme of in-depth qualitative interviews in order to examine more closely expressions of working-time preferences among long hours workers. The interview results reveal widespread ambivalence, linked to the fact that employees hold multiple, often conflicting ideas, in particular around the feasibility of a reduction in their working hours. The results point to the need for a careful combination of quantitative and qualitative methods in the study of the causes of long working hours.

Der Inhalt der Studie ist zweigeteilt:

1.) Erfassung der tatsächlichen zeitlichen Lage, Dauer und
Verteilung der Arbeitszeit für die abhängig Beschäftigten
in der Bundesrepublik und

2.) Vorstellungen und Wünsche zur Arbeitszeit.

Themen: 1.) Zur tatsächlichen Arbeitszeit: Wöchentliche
Arbeitszeit; Verteilung der Wochenarbeitszeit auf die Wochentage;
Arbeitszeit im Tagesablauf; täglicher Arbeitszeitbeginn und
Arbeitszeitende; Kernarbeitszeit und Gleitzeit; Ausmaß, Gründe
und Vergütung von Überstundenarbeit; Häufigkeit und Formen der
Schichtarbeitszeit; Erfahrungen mit und Dauer von bisheriger
Schichtarbeit; Häufigkeit, Ausmaß und Vergütung von
Nachtarbeit; Sonn- und Feiertagsarbeit; Berufstätigkeit des
Ehepartners; Arbeitsausmaß des berufstätigen Ehepartners;
Koordination der Arbeitszeit zwischen berufstätigen Partnern;
Wegzeiten zum Arbeitsplatz; Hauptverkehrsmittel auf dem Weg zur
Arbeit; detaillierte Erfassung des täglichen Zeitbudgets.

2.) Vorstellungen und Wünsche zur Arbeitszeit:
Präferierte Wochenarbeitszeit bei finanzieller Angleichung;
ideale Wochenarbeitszeit; Neigung zur Teilzeitarbeit;
Vorstellungen über die ideale Wochenstundenzahl und Lage einer
Teilzeitarbeit; gewünschte Art der Überstundenvergütung;
Interesse an Schicht-, Nacht- und Feiertagsarbeit; Einstellung
zur flexiblen Altersgrenze.

Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Schulbildung; Beruf; Berufliche
Position; Branche des Betriebes; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße;
Ortsgröße; Bundesland; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft.

The reduction of weekly working hours can lead to more gender equality on household level. In mixed-sex, two-adult households, the working hours of each household member have a significant effect on gender equality relevant variables. This was elaborated with a cross-sectional analysis of 2019 German Socio-Economic Panel data using OLS regressions with instrumental variables. Working hours have a strong negative effect on one's own household- and care time. Men or women having a reduced full-time work contract (32-36 hours per week stipulated in the work contract) creates more symmetry of paid- and unpaid work per sex. A partner's work time has a significantly negative effect on an individual's work time but a woman's work time is more influenced by her male partner's working hours than the other way around. The thesis finds evidence that if a man has a reduced full-time work contract, this encourages women to work more paid hours per week; for men it is the other way around. The effect of a partner's working time on an individual's labor force participation is in all cases very small but significantly negative. The partner working under a reduced full-time work contract creates opposite results for men and women: It increases women's likelihood to participate in the labor market whereas it decreases men's probability to participate in the labor market.