Suchergebnisse

Der Klimawandel hat weitreichende Folgen auf die Gesundheit der Menschen. Insbesondere Übertragungskrankheiten wie Dengue bekommen global gesehen eine zunehmende Bedeutung. Über die raumzeitliche Verteilung und das Umwelt-Dengue Risiko ist bisher wenig bekannt. Das Hauptziel dieser Dissertation war es daher, die Ätiologie von Dengue in einem hoch endemischen Gebiet besser zu verstehen. Es wurden räumliche Muster des Krankheitsauftretens untersucht, die anschließend in einer Umwelt-Risiko Analyse mit örtlichen Wetterdaten und Landnutzungsinformationen in Zusammenhang gebracht wurden. Zunächst wurde ein raumzeitlicher Ansatz durchgeführt, um herauszufinden, in wie weit Analysen, die verschiedene Aggregationsebenen miteinander kombinieren, zu neuen Erkenntnissen von raumzeitlichen Mustern von Dengue beitragen können. Anschließend wurde ein auf nicht-lineare zeitliche Einflüsse kontrolliertes, Poisson-generalisiertes additives Regressionsmodell genutzt, um herauszufinden, welchen Einfluss Wetterparameter auf die Verbreitung von Dengue haben. Schließlich wurden Boosted regression trees verwendet, um auf nicht-lineare Zusammenhänge und Interaktionen zwischen einzelnen Landnutzungsfaktoren und Dengue zu kontrollieren und um eine Risikokarte zu erstellen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass mehr als eine geographische Ebene notwendig ist, um Krankheitscluster zu bestätigen. Minimaltemperatur, Regenmenge, und Windgeschwindigkeit waren mit der Verbreitung von Dengue im Untersuchungsgebiet assoziiert. Räumliche Dengue-Muster konnten durch Siedlungen, Wasser, gemischte Landwirtschaftsflächen, offene Flächen und stillgelegte Grünflächen erklärt werden. Dengue-Risiko ist auf der Ergebniskarte des Studiengebietes ersichtlich. Diese Dissertation liefert sowohl wertvolle Informationen für die Gesundheitspolitik in Malaysia als auch wichtige Herangehensweisen für die Entwicklung von Dengue-Kontrollmechanismen in und über die Untersuchungsregion hinaus. ; Global changes to our earth system have impacts on human health; specifically vector-borne diseases such as dengue are of epidemiological importance. Dengue is a global disease burden. Little is known about the spatio-temporal distribution and environmental risk association of dengue disease. The main goal of this dissertation was to improve understanding of the etiology of dengue disease in a highly endemic region by focusing on, initially, vulnerability mapping of the disease occurrences and, next, environmental risk assessment between disease clusters and both weather and land use. First, a Spatio-temporal scan statistics approach was used to assess to what extent analyses that combine sub-district and address level data contribute to new insights into spatio-temporal dengue disease patterns to better inform health interventions. Second, a Poisson generalized additive model was used to assess the weather effects on dengue disease accounting for non-linear temporal effects. Third, a Boosted regression trees approach was used to account for nonlinearities and interactions between the land use factors and dengue disease and to generate a risk map. Results suggested that more than one geographical level was needed to confirm the disease clusters. Minimum temperature, rainfall and wind speed, were associated with the dengue cases in the study area. Spatial patterns of dengue cases could be explained by land use types, including human settlements, water bodies, mixed horticulture land, open land and neglected grassland. The predicted risk map depicted dengue risk in the study area. This dissertation provided compelling approaches that are highly valuable for dengue vector control policy advice; applicability is not confined to Malaysia but is transferable to other studies in similar settings.

Disease recording of cattle is compulsory in Sweden and Norway. Sweden and Denmark also have mandatory disease recording for swine, whereas Finland and Norway only have compulsory recording of infectious diseases. Both compulsory and voluntary systems are databased, the first ones developed in the 1970's. Disease recording at pig slaughtering is somewhat older. The veterinary practitioner, and often also the farmer, can report treated cases as well as fertility disturbances to the systems. Disease recording at slaughter is carried out by veterinarians and inspection officers. The databases are handled by the veterinary authorities or the agricultural organisations in each country. Costs are defrayed by the authorities and/or the agricultural industry. The farmers receive periodic reports. Data are stored for three to ten years, often longer. Affiliation to animal health schemes for cattle or swine is voluntary. In Sweden and Denmark (cattle) they are run within the scope of government regulations. Affiliation to animal health programmes may also be demanded by organisations within the agricultural industry. These organisations are also responsible for the administration of the programmes. Costs to take part in herd health schemes are covered by the farmers themselves. In certain cases, grants are received from agricultural organisations, authorities, or the European Union. Recording of diseases and the format of animal health schemes in the Nordic countries are described here in order to illustrate the possibilities to compare data between countries.

Recent advances in information and communication technologies have made the development and operation of complex disease surveillance systems technically feasible, and many systems have been proposed to interpret diverse data sources for health-related signals. Implementing these systems for daily use and efficiently interpreting their output, however, remains a technical challenge. This thesis presents a method for understanding disease surveillance systems structurally, examines four existing systems, and discusses the implications of developing such systems. The discussion is followed by two papers. The first paper describes the design of a national outbreak detection system for daily disease surveillance. It is currently in use at the Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control. The source code has been licenced under GNU v3 and is freely available. The second paper discusses methodological issues in computational epidemiology, and presents the lessons learned from a software development project in which a spatially explicit micro-meso-macro model for the entire Swedish population was built based on registry data. ; QC 20110520

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- Chapter 1: Health and Disease in a Warming World: An Overview -- Why Global Warming Is Alarming -- Human Health and Global Warming: A Complex Relationship -- The Health Threats of Heat and Drought -- Extreme Weather: Hurricanes and Floods -- Sidebar: Hurricane Mitch: A Case Study in Complexity -- The Health Threats of Air Pollution and Infectious Disease -- Food and Water: Access and Safety -- The Health Effects of Rising Sea Levels and Melting Ice -- Diagram: The Relationship Between Climate Change and Health -- Preparing for a Warmer World -- Notes -- Chapter 2: The Direct Temperature Effects of Global Warming on Health -- The Effects of Extreme Temperatures on Human Health -- Sidebar: The Quiet Catastrophe: The European Heat Wave of 2003 -- Severe Heat Waves Are Increasing -- Heat Waves and Human Mortality and Morbidity -- The Danger of Heat Waves and the Urban Heat Island for Aging Populations -- Graph: Projected Heat Wave Deaths in American Cities -- Mitigating the Dangers of Extreme Heat Events -- Notes -- Chapter 3: Aridity and Human Health: Drought, Desertification, and Wildfires -- Drought and Desertification: Threats to Health -- Map: The Risk of Death from Drought -- Drought: The Precursor to Malnutrition and Famine -- Drought, Dust Storms, and Health -- Global Warming, Drought, and Wildfires -- Sidebar: Greece on Fire -- Coping with the Effects of Drought, Aridity, and Wildfires -- Notes -- Chapter 4: Extreme Weather and Health: Hurricanes and Floods -- Direct Threats to Health from Extreme Weather -- Indirect Threats to Health from Extreme Weather -- Sidebar: Hurricane Katrina: The Worst Natural Disaster in U.S. History -- Water Contamination and Shortages -- Long-Lasting Health Effects of Extreme Weather

Pine forests face a global threat of pine wilt disease, which is being spread by vector beetles carrying pathogenic nematodes from dead trees to healthy ones. Among the host pines there are varying degrees of susceptibility, and nematode strains also contain a variety of virulences, both of which factors help to determine whether infected host trees will die or survive. As well, biotic and abiotic environmental factors influence the fate of infected trees. This book describes the history of the disease, pathogenic nematodes, vector beetles, the etiology and ecology of the disease, microorganisms involved, and control methods that utilize host resistance and biological control agents. Concrete, comprehensive, and the most up-to-date knowledge about this worldwide forest epidemic is presented for readers, enabling them to understand the nature and epidemic threat of pine wilt disease.

"Noroviruses are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis, responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide, and a major cause of foodborne illness. In the United States, approximately 21 million illnesses attributable to norovirus are estimated to occur annually. Since 2001, when the most recent norovirus recommendations were published (CDC. 'Norwalk-like viruses.' Public health consequences and outbreak management. MMWR 2001;50[No. RR-9]), substantial advances have been made in norovirus epidemiology, immunology, diagnostic methods, and infection control. As molecular diagnostic techniques have improved in performance and become more widely available, detection and reporting of norovirus outbreaks have increased. Although the inability to culture human noroviruses in vitro has hampered progress, assessment of the performance of disinfectants has been facilitated by the discovery of new, cultivable surrogates for human noroviruses. In addition, the periodic emergence of epidemic strains (from genogroup II type 4, GII.4) and outbreaks in specific populations (e.g., the elderly in nursing homes) have been characterized. This report reviews these recent advances and provides guidelines for outbreak management and disease prevention. These recommendations are intended for use by public health professionals investigating outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, including state and local health authorities, as well as academic and research institutions." -- P. 1. ; prepared by Aron J. Hall, Jan VinjeÌ?, Benjamin Lopman, Geun Woo Park, Catherine Yen, Nicole Gregoricus, Umesh Parashar, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. ; Cover title. ; "March 4, 2011." ; "U.S. Government Printing Office: 2011-723-011/21027, Region IV"--P. [4] of cover. ; Also available via the World Wide Web as a text file and as an Adcrobat .pdf file (850 KB, 20 p.). ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 12-15).