Suchergebnisse

One of the major characteristics of the emerging international economic order is the treatment of intellectual property rights (iprs). Developing country Members are very concerned about the impact that the World Trade Organization (wto) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (trips) will have on their economies. Of particular concern are those aspects of the Agreement that relate to the issue of access to new pharmaceutical inventions. trips emphasizes a property rights approach whereby private "owners" of the inventions can restrict access on the basis of commercial considerations. As a consequence, higher prices for pharmaceuticals and other healthcare inventions can prevent low-income consumers in developing countries from obtaining life-saving medications and equipment. It is true, of course, that exploitative business practices are possible only to the extent that monopoly positions are tolerated. Many developing countries, however, lack the necessary financial resources and have not yet developed appropriate competition rules to deal effectively with the challenges presented by the trips Agreement.

Martin Elvins' book is the first to trace the evolution of anti-drugs policies at European Union level from the late 1960s to the present. Phases of drug policy development, key policy actors and institutions are described with particular reference to the influence of transnational networks of expertise. Policy development is placed in the context of both European integration and a broad harmonization of international policies against drug trafficking. Concerns are also raised about secretive and anti-democratic features on intergovernmental EU decision-making.

AbstractSince the 2000s the impact of the international system of drug control has moved centre stage and with it the visibility of women involved in drug trafficking and drug use. International bodies and civil society organisations establish discursive consensus on women's realities in relation to drugs and the need for a gender perspective in drug policies. In March 2016, United Nations member states gathered at the Commission on Narcotic Drugs approved the resolution 'Mainstreaming a gender perspective in drug‐related policies and programmes'. In this article, the contents of the resolution are discussed against the experiences of incarcerated women in Mexico City. In contrast to the image of women‐as‐victims sustained by the mainstream gender perspective, it is argued that agency and victimisation coexist and that such a relationship must set the basis for women‐centred drug policy.

By analyzing the career of a scholar reference in political and administrative fields, this paper aims at explaining the processes that enable the use of an 'idea' for political purpose. It thus appears necessary to study the circulation and appropriation dynamics that make a scientific concept available to political and/or administrative actors, and to understand how it can be referenced to a political issue, an advocacy or a public policy. This case-study shows how dopamine (conceived as the neurotransmitter of addictions) contributed to an important shift in French drug policies at the end of the last century. Adapted from the source document.

The National Institute of Public Policy for Alcohol and Other Drugs (INPAD) is based at the Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil, and was created to collect scientific evidence regarding epidemiology, develop new therapeutic approaches, study health economics and provide education to subsidize the proper measures to change the Brazilian scenario of alcohol and drug consumption. Policies directed towards the control of alcohol and drugs in Brazil are fragmented, poorly enforced and therefore ineffective. the unregulated market of alcohol in Brazil has contributed to the worsening health of the Brazilian population. Since 1994, INPAD has participated actively in academic debates and discussions about alcohol and drug policies and their effects on the political welfare of the country. Many scientific papers and books have been published on this subject, and the internet and other media have provided excellent opportunities for the dissemination of specialized information to the general population. ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychiat, BR-04023061 São Paulo, Brazil ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychiat, BR-04023061 São Paulo, Brazil ; Web of Science

While the United States maintains its "war on drugs", leaders in Latin America increasingly question the underlying assumptions of current policies and call to discuss alternative approaches. Significant reforms of drug policies undoubtedly involve a long and complicated process. However, some governments — such as Bolivia and Uruguay — and even some states in the United States are making progress on reform attempts. The issue of drug policy reforms is now on the top of the regional agenda and, as a result of an initiative launched in Latin America, is also on the UN agenda. It is clear: Washington can no longer dictate the region's approach to drugs. ; While the United States continues its "war on drugs", Latin American leaders are increasingly questioning the underlying premises of present policies and are calling for debate on alternative approaches. Meaningful drug policy reform will no doubt be a long and messy process. Nonetheless, some governments –such as Bolivia and Uruguay– and even some U.S. states are moving forward with their own reform efforts. Drug policy reform is now at the forefront of the regional agenda and, as a result of an initiative launched in Latin America, is on the UN agenda as well. One point is clear: Washington can no longer dictate the region's approach to drugs. ; While the United States maintains its "war on drugs", leaders in Latin America increasingly question the underlying assumptions of current policies and call to discuss alternative approaches. Significant reforms of drug policies undoubtedly involve a long and complicated process. However, some governments — such as Bolivia and Uruguay — and even some states in the United States are making progress on reform attempts. The issue of drug policy reforms is now on the top of the regional agenda and, as a result of an initiative launched in Latin America, is also on the UN agenda. It is clear: Washington can no longer dictate the region's approach to drugs. ; Mientras los Estados Unidos mantienen su "guerra contra las ...

BACKGROUND: The National Drug Policy in Bangladesh prohibits the sale and distribution of antibiotics without prescription from a registered physician. Compliance with this policy is poor; prescribing antibiotics by unqualified practitioners is common and over-the-counter dispensing widespread. In Bangladesh, unqualified practitioners such as drug shop operators are a major source of healthcare for the poor and disadvantaged. This paper reports on policy awareness among drug shop operators and their customers and identifies current dispensing practices, barriers and facilitators to policy adherence. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study in rural and urban Bangladesh from June 2019 to August 2020. This included co-design workshops (n = 4) and in-depth interviews (n = 24) with drug shop operators and customers/household members, key informant interviews (n = 12) with key personnel involved in aspects of the antibiotic supply chain including pharmaceutical company representatives, and model drug shop operators; and a group discussion with stakeholders representing key actors in informal market systems namely: representatives from the government, private sector, not-for-profit sector and membership organizations. RESULTS: Barriers to policy compliance among drug shop operators included limited knowledge of government drug policies, or the government-led Bangladesh Pharmacy Model Initiative (BPMI), a national guideline piloted to regulate drug sales. Drug shop operators had no clear knowledge of different antibiotic generations, how and for what diseases antibiotics work contributing to inappropriate antibiotic dispensing. Nonetheless, drug shop operators wanted the right to prescribe antibiotics based on having completed related training. Drug shop customers cited poor healthcare facilities and inadequate numbers of attending physician as a barrier to obtaining prescriptions and they described difficulties differentiating between qualified and unqualified providers. CONCLUSION: Awareness of the National Drug ...

En retraçant la carrière d'une catégorie savante dans des espaces politico-administratifs, cet article vise à rendre compte des processus et des opérations qui permettent l'utilisation d'une « idée » à des fins politiques. Il apparaît ainsi nécessaire de restituer les dynamiques de circulation et d'appropriation qui rendent disponible cette catégorie à des acteurs politiques et/ou administratifs, ainsi que de décrypter le travail de référencement qui permet d'associer le concept ou la théorie scientifique à un enjeu, une cause ou au contenu d'une politique publique. Le cas étudié ici montre comment la dopamine, considérée comme le neuromédiateur des addictions, a servi de vecteur à une importante transformation des politiques de lutte contre les drogues et la toxicomanie en France à la fin du siècle dernier. ; By analyzing the career of a scholar reference in political and administrative fields, this paper aims at explaining the processes that enable the use of an "idea" for political purpose. It thus appears necessary to study the circulation and appropriation dynamics that make a scientific concept available to political and/or administrative actors, and to understand how it can be referenced to a political issue, an advocacy or a public policy. This case-study shows how dopamine (conceived as the neurotransmitter of addictions) contributed to an important shift in French drug policies at the end of the last century.