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Using data from 192 undergraduates asked to imagine a stressful experience, this study finds support for two primary contentions of a dual-process theory of supportive message outcomes: (a) message content impacts anticipated affect improvement (AAI) when processing motivation is high but not when low and (b) processing extent mediates the relationship between verbal person centeredness (VPC) and AAI for highly motivated participants. In addition, the dual-process framework was used to forward a modified theory of conversationally induced reappraisals. In support of this model, positive emotion words and situation reappraisal mediated the VPC-AAI link only when recipients afforded close attention to message content. The discussion focuses on how the dual-process framework might assist in modifying theories of supportive communication in other ways.

Fallstudienbasierte Analysen kommen zum Schluss, dass etablierte Unternehmen im Durchschnitt scheitern, wenn sie versuchen gleichzeitig zwei Geschäftsmodelle, ein bestehendes und ein neues, zu betreiben. Diese widerspricht jedoch der Wahrnehmung von Geschäftsmodellinnovation in der Literatur. Dieser Innovationtyp gilt als geeignetes Mittel zur Adressierung von Disruptionen, welche die Basis der Wertschaffung und Wertschöpfung in einem Markt verändern. Generell bietet die Management- und Organisationsforschung wenig Anhaltspunkte dazu, wie ein etabliertes Unternehmen - über die Logik des Innovationstrichters hinaus - sein Geschäftsmodell erneuern kann. Aktuelle wissenschaftliche Publikationen schlagen daher vor, den vernachlässigten Treibern dieses komplexen sozialen Prozesses mehr Beachtung zu schenken. Auf der Basis von Forschungslücken in der Literatur untersucht diese Dissertation drei Aspekte des Geschäftsmodellinnovationsprozesses etablierter Unternehmen: Erstens, die Mechanismen die diesen Innovationstyp antreiben; zweitens, die Relevanz der Kognition von Managern und der kognitiven Dimension von Geschäftsmodellen; und drittens, die Art und Weise der Festlegung des Beziehungen zwischen dem bestehenden und neuen Geschäftsmodell entlang des Innovationsprozesses. Die vorliegende Studie stützt sich auf bestehende Prozesstheorien, um ein Prozessmodell für Geschäftsmodellinnovation im Kontext bestehender Unternehmen abduktiv herzuleiten. Die Identifikation von Mechanismen sowie deren Beziehungen stützt sich auf ein intensives Prozessfallstudiendesign. Mittels einer Eventstrukturanalyse wurde der analytische Bezug zwischen Aktivitäten von Schlüsselakteuren im Innovationsprozess, die für ein einzelnes Unternehmen (RINGIER AG) über zwei Innovationsprojekte und 12 Jahre hinaus verfolgt wurden, und bestehenden Prozesstheorien hergestellt. Die vorliegende Dissertation trägt in dreifacher Weise zum wissenschaftlichen Diskurs bei: Erstens, durch die Ausarbeitung zweier empirisch basierten Prozessmodellkonfigurationen; zweitens, durch Erkenntnisse über die Rolle der Variablen, die als Teil mentaler Modelle aktiviert werden, um ein Geschäftsmodell zu interpretieren sowie deren Beziehung zum Framing als Chance oder Gefahr; und drittens, durch die Identifikation von zwei spezifischen Mechanismen, welche das Mass an Integration zwischen dem bestehenden und neuen Geschäftsmodell über den Verlauf des Innovationsprozesses beeinflussen. Diese Resultate haben praktische Implikationen für das Topmanagement und Innovations-Champions, die in bestehenden Unternehmen Initiativen für Geschäftsmodellinnovation entwickeln, managen oder legitimieren wollen

In three experiments, we manipulated procedural fairness (Experiment 1) and group-based anger and group efficacy (Experiments 2 and 3) to investigate the independent pathways of anger and efficacy for collective action in China. In Experiment 3 we also examined pathways to "soft" (low-cost) and "hard" (high-cost) collective action. Our results supported the dual-pathway model of collective action: group-based anger and perceived group efficacy independently predicted collective action intentions to protest against increased school fees and unhygienic cafeteria conditions for Chinese university students. Group-based anger predicted soft collective action intentions; both anger and efficacy predicted hard collective action intentions. Identification with the disadvantaged group was found to moderate the problem-focused coping pathway for hard collective action intentions. For high but not low identifiers, manipulated group efficacy predicted hard collective action intentions. We discuss our findings with specific reference to collective action research in China.

JEL : M10 General Administration; M21 Business Economics ; With the rapid development of China's economy, people's living standards continue to improve, spiritual needs are constantly increasing, and more and more people participate in the appreciation, investment and collection of art. Private art galleries are constantly emerging but, in the absence of government subsidies, private capital or donations, have to consider their dual nature of commerciality and commonweal to ensure a sustainable management. Based on the network theory, this thesis puts forward a new type of business model for private art galleries in the Chinese context, as opposed to the traditional linear model, in order to integrate this dual nature. The aim is to resolve the conflict between commerciality and commonweal and to integrate the different kinds of value specific to art works revealing that the dynamism and richness of networks allow for such integration and enable the full release of artistic value. The research uses multiple case studies of private galleries in Sichuan province, China, as well as an extensive collection of interviews, fieldwork and secondary data. Along two years, five galleries have been visited, 42 artists, 10 executives and 9 art professors have been interviewed and substantial secondary data were analyzed. In the whole, 300,000 words in Chinese have been collected and processed through content analysis and data triangulation. The analysis allowed to (1) verify the conflictual nature of commerciality and commonweal that private galleries need to address; (2) identify that the release of artistic value is a process developed through the interaction among creators, appreciators and brokers; (3) identify that only explicit value may be fully released while potential value is constantly promoted through networks that emerge among appreciators. On a first stage the thesis proposes a double helix model based on artistic value where potential value provides space for integrating commerciality and commonweal. There is also a dual purpose in this thesis: (1) to reveal the limitations of the traditional business model canvas and (2) to present a new business model aiming at optimizing the ability of art organizations to fulfill the dual aim of commerciality and commonweal for the full release of artistic value. The data collected enabled to conclude that networks contain the dynamism and richness required for the transport of artistic value and, based on them, a new business model was developed, integrating the main elements of the traditional business model canvas with the network theory and proposing an evolutionary, volcano like model, so as to express the intense, continuous and often ignored activity developed by networks and that resembles the lava in a volcano.The thesis draws from three theoretical approaches – value, network and business model theories – and integrates the three of them. Then, based on qualitative data collection and analysis, proposes a new business model that may add to existing theory and aims at being useful for those art organizations that face the need to satisfy commerciality and commonweal and to release both explicit and potential value for the full realization of artistic value ; Com o rápido desenvolvimento da economia chinesa e a melhoria dos padrões de vida, as necessidades espirituais têm também vindo a aumentar e cada vez são mais as pessoas que, na China, apreciam, investem e colecionam arte. Este aumento nota-se também no número crescente de galerias de arte privadas que, na ausência de subsídios governamentais, investimento privado ou mecenato, têm de encontrar formas de satisfazer objetivos sociais e comerciais para garantir uma gestão sustentável. Esta tese propõe um novo tipo de modelo de negócios que, em contraste com a linearidade do modelo de negócios tradicional, integra a dupla natureza das galerias de arte no contexto chinês através de uma proposta de valor assente na teoria das redes de relações. O modelo pretende resolver o conflito existente entre a necessidade de satisfazer objectivos sociais e comerciais e agregar os diversos tipos de valor característicos das obras de arte, demonstrando que o dinamismo e a riqueza das redes de relações favorecem a integração destes objectivos com vista à promoção integral do valor artístico. A tese utiliza diversos casos de estudo de galerias privadas na província de Sichuan, China, e uma extensa coleção de entrevistas, trabalho de campo e dados secundários. Ao longo de dois anos foram visitadas cinco galerias, entrevistados 42 artistas, 10 gestores, 9 professores de arte e recolhida documentação secundária obtendo-se, no total, mais de 300 mil palavras em chinês. O material foi depois processado através de análise de conteúdo e triangulação de dados. A análise permitiu (1) confirmar a natureza conflitual entre objectivos sociais e comerciais com que se debatem as galerias de arte privadas; (2) identificar que a libertação do valor da arte se processa em constante interação entre criador, apreciador e canal de distribuição; (3) identificar ainda que apenas o valor explícito da obra de arte pode ser integralmente libertado ao contrário do que acontece com o valor potencial, baseado nas redes de relações promovidas entre apreciadores. Numa primeira fase a tese propõe um modelo tridimensional em hélice para representar o processo de formação do valor artístico, segundo o qual o valor potencial permite a integração de objectivos comerciais e sociais. É também duplo o objectivo fundamental desta tese: (1) expor as limitações do modelo de negócios tradicional e (2) apresentar um novo modelo que permita optimizar a capacidade das organizações artísticas corresponderem a objectivos sociais e comerciais e libertarem ao máximo as diversas formas do valor artístico. Verificou-se, através da recolha e análise de dados, que as redes de relações proporcionam o dinamismo e a riqueza necessários para transportaresse valor e foi com base nelas que se chegou a um novo modelo de negócios que integra os elementos principais do modelo tradicional com a teoria das redes de relações propondo um novo modelo não linear, mas evolucionário, que se designou por "vulcão" para retratar a intensa, contínua e não totalmente conhecida atividade desenvolvida pelas redes, semelhante à lava no interior de um vulcão. Partindo de três abordagens teóricas – as teorias do valor, das redes de relações e do modelos de negócio – esta tese integra as três perspectivas e, com base numa extensa recolha de dados tratados qualitativamente, propõe um novo modelo de negócio que pode acrescentar algo à teoria existente e ser útil para as organizações que negoceiam em arte e se debatem com a dupla necessidade de satisfazer objectivos sociais e comerciais e de libertar o valor explícito e potencial das obras para a completa realização do valor artístico.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a model for semantically annotating business process models stored in a repository. The purpose of the model is to facilitate the searching of process models, to support navigating the process model repository and to enhance the understandability of process models.Design/methodology/approachThe annotation model has been developed by following a design science research approach. By analysing existing works the authors have identified the requirements for such an annotation model. Following these requirements the authors have designed a context‐based process semantic annotation model. As a proof of concept, the annotation model has been implemented in a repository prototype and its applicability demonstrated. Finally, the annotation model has been evaluated in two controlled experimental studies.FindingsThe proposed annotation model can be used to positively affect searching, navigation and understandability of process models.Practical implicationsApplication of the annotation model and clearly defined concepts in the process model repository is expected to improve the process of finding relevant process models in the repository for reuse.Originality/valueThe contribution of the paper is both theoretical and practical. It provides a clear‐cut context‐based process semantic annotation model that can be implemented easily in any process model repository.

The effects of internal models and tracking strategies on workload were investigated in a dual-task, second-order tracking and auditory detection experiment. Internal models and tracking strategies were manipulated by providing subjects with augmenting cues. A control group was compared with two groups provided with different kinds of display augmentation, parabola or point cues, during single-task tracking training. The display augmentation had the effect of changing tracking strategy as subjects practiced on cued and noncued trials, and it had an effect on the internal models developed. Both point and parabola augmentation reduced workload when displayed on the cued trials. On the noncued trials, the parabola augmentation, training had the effect of reducing the workload, compared with the point augmentation, even if the parabola cues were not displayed. A control group that did not change strategy during training also had low workload requirements in the dual task. The results indicate that a consistent tracking strategy or the development of a visually based internal model is needed to lessen the workload.