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The calls by donors for gender equality to be an outcome of community development projects, locally and internationally, have been a constant for many years. While gender equality is not normally an explicit requirement of community-level evaluations, it should be. However, entrenched social and religious mores and economic systems have most often proved too difficult to change and gender equality remains a challenge. When it comes to the evaluation of community development projects, most donors and practitioners call for participatory evaluations to ensure that real input into evaluation findings is obtained from those most affected by the development intervention. However, gender equality in evaluation is faced with the same barriers as in development—the gendered barriers to participation. Gender equality means equal access, equal value, equal numbers and equal rights in participation in the activities. But the barriers to participation are most often the result of the gendered nature of society. These barriers include literacy, time availability, the timing of an activity, public standing and access. Common participatory practices, such as surveys, focus group discussions and positivist approaches, do not break down these barriers. While this situation is very often the case in developing countries, it is also seen as an issue in Australia's multicultural society, in particular among recent refugee groups. This article highlights that participation, together with gender equity (as distinct from equality), in the design, implementation and monitoring of an evaluation is also a requirement for ensuring gender equality in the outputs of evaluations. The article focuses on the importance of the informants' understanding of what is being evaluated, and minimising the impact of barriers in ensuring gender equity (that is, fairness of treatment for women and men, according to their respective needs), so that all voices are heard. Tools and approaches that bring fairness and justice to participatory evaluation can help to ensure gender equality in the findings, conclusions and resultant recommendations of communitylevel evaluations.

How do concerns about fairness shape foreign policy preferences? In this article, we show that fairness has two faces - one concerning equity, the other concerning equality - and that taking both into account can shed light on the structure of important foreign policy debates. Fielding an original survey on a national sample of Americans, we show that different types of Americans think about fairness in different ways, and that these fairness concerns shape foreign policy preferences: individuals who emphasize equity are far more sensitive to concerns about burden sharing, are far less likely to support US involvement abroad when other countries aren't paying their fair share, and often support systematically different foreign policies than individuals who emphasize equality. As long as IR scholars focus only on the equality dimension of fairness, we miss much about how fairness concerns matter in world politics.

How do concerns about fairness shape foreign policy preferences? In this article, we show that fairness has two faces—one concerning equity, the other concerning equality—and that taking both into account can shed light on the structure of important foreign policy debates. Fielding an original survey on a national sample of Americans, we show that different types of Americans think about fairness in different ways, and that these fairness concerns shape foreign policy preferences: individuals who emphasize equity are far more sensitive to concerns about burden sharing, are far less likely to support US involvement abroad when other countries aren't paying their fair share, and often support systematically different foreign policies than individuals who emphasize equality. As long as IR scholars focus only on the equality dimension of fairness, we miss much about how fairness concerns matter in world politics.

The social, geographic and economic diversity of India is a well-known fact. Reputed for its avowed adherence to the principle of 'unity in diversity', this country faces several real, day-to-day challenges that it must overcome. This essay explains a few puzzles in the evolution, conceptualisation, legalisation and implementation of the 'quota–reservation' policies in India. It argues that seemingly logical and fair affirmative actions through 'targeting strategies' can be counterproductive in the long run. While describing an instance of the 'equal but separate' approach in imparting education to India's minority communities as exclusionary, the essay also suggests that data-based understanding of the structure of social and economic differentials is the key to chart out robust policies for overcoming social exclusion and achieve effective equity.

Background: There is strong research evidence on the importance of health equity and equality for wellbeing in societies. As chronic non-communicable diseases are widespread, the positive impact of physical activity (PA) on health has gained importance. However, PA at the population level is far from optimal. PA depends not only on individual factors, but also on policies for PA in sport, health, transport, education and other sectors, on social and cultural factors, and on the environment. Addressing health inequalities and inequities in PA promotion policies could benefit from policy development processes based on partnership and collaboration between various sectors, researchers, practitioners and policy makers (= cross-sectoral, evidence-informed policy making). The objective of this article is to describe how equity and equality was addressed in PA policies in four EU member states (Denmark, Finland, Romania and England), who were partners in the REPOPA project ( www.repopa.eu, EC/FP7/Health Research/GA 281532).Methods: Content analysis of 14 PA policies and 61 interviews were undertaken between 2012 and 2013 with stakeholders involved in developing PA policies in partner countries.Results: Even though specific population subgroups were mentioned in the policy documents analysed, they were not necessarily defined as vulnerable populations nor was there a mention of additional emphasis to support such groups from being marginalised by the policy due to inequity or inequality. There were no clear objectives and activities in the analysed policies suggesting commitment of additional resources in favour of such groups. Addressing equity and equality were often not included in the core aims of the policies analysed; these aspects were mentioned in the background of the policy documents analysed, without being explicitly stated in the aims or activities of the policies. In order to tackle health inequities and inequalities and their consequences on the health status of different population subgroups, a more ...

The current statistic data on the open access (OA) journals and institutional repositories show some successes and increased awareness on OA in Asian countries. There are several concerns, however, in regards to the access and use of articles by researchers together with the continued increase of libraries' expenditure for journals. In the present article we introduce five solutions in the global and local perspectives. OA2020 initiative is a global initiative to transform existing journals to OA. Although the practical process of OA2020 remains a challenge, the transformation will increase OA without significant increase of journals and budgets for publishing. The promotion of the local and Asian journals is the second big challenge. Because these local or Asian journals still have important roles in the local research community, they should keep current publishing model of OA at the low cost but with high quality and the better access. The restructuring of the current library budget is the third challenge. The budget for periodicals should be reduced and the saved budget can be used to pay articles processing charge for OA and for purchasing monographs. The fourth important issue is 'the digital blind spot at the young unemployed and retired elderly'. These groups of poorly supported and potentially important researchers have to be considered as a priority issue to the policies on OA and scholarly knowledge. Lastly, we believe there should be different needs for other activities: optimization of the searchable database, governmental policy on open science and international cooperation on OA. ; This work is a product of collaboration and discussion among many scientists, editors of journals, copy editors, librarians, information scientists, and policy makers. Only a small number of participants are included to authors but there are many others contributed. Authors acknowledge their contribution in many different ways ; OAIID:RECH_ACHV_DSTSH_NO:T201713502 ; RECH_ACHV_FG:RR00200001 ; ADJUST_YN: ; EMP_ID:A002236 ; CITE_RATE:0 ; FILENAME:se-4-2-58 FINAL.pdf ; DEPT_NM:의학과 ; EMAIL:jwseo@snu.ac.kr ; SCOPUS_YN:N ; FILEURL:https://srnd.snu.ac.kr/eXrepEIR/fws/file/0bcf2055-985d-4c2b-8a14-1767373cbe38/link ; CONFIRM:Y

Se analizan dos vertientes del entendimiento de libertad en la literatura clásica. Por un lado, se refiere a complejas relaciones entre el individuo y su gobierno y la ausencia relativa de control oficial sobre las acciones individuales y privadas. Por otro lado, se refiere a la calidad o el estado de ser libre, que es una característica de la persona independiente del entorno externo. Para Amartya Sen, la segunda definición permite entender la libertad en términos de oportunidades en un contexto de equidad. Independiente de lo que se permite o limita formalmente, la política pública promueve la libertad y el desarrollo cuando los ciudadanos pueden actuar a base de opciones reales en condiciones sociales, políticas, económicas y culturales existentes. ; Two interpretations of an understanding of liberty in the classical literature are discussed. On one hand, the term refers to complex relations between the individual and the government and the relative absence of official control over individual and private actions. On the other hand, the term refers to the quality or status of being free, which is a characteristic of the person independent of the external environment. According to Amartya Sen, the second definition allows us to understand liberty in terms of opportunities in the context of equity. Independent of what is formally allowed or limited, public policy promotes liberty and development when citizens can act on the basis of real options within existing social, political, economic, and cultural conditions.

Two interpretations of an understanding of liberty in the classical literature are discussed. On one hand, the term refers to complex relations between the individual and the government and the relative absence of official control over individual and private actions. On the other hand, the term refers to the quality or status of being free, which is a characteristic of the person independent of the external environment. According to Amartya Sen, the second definition allows us to understand liberty in terms of opportunities in the context of equity. Independent of what is formally allowed or limited, public policy promotes liberty and development when citizens can act on the basis of real options within existing social, political, economic, and cultural conditions. ; Se analizan dos vertientes del entendimiento de libertad en la literatura clásica. Por un lado, se refiere a complejas relaciones entre el individuo y su gobierno y la ausencia relativa de control oficial sobre las acciones individuales y privadas. Por otro lado, se refiere a la calidad o el estado de ser libre, que es una característica de la persona independiente del entorno externo. Para Amartya Sen, la segunda definición permite entender la libertad en términos de oportunidades en un contexto de equidad. Independiente de lo que se permite o limita formalmente, la política pública promueve la libertad y el desarrollo cuando los ciudadanos pueden actuar a base de opciones reales en condiciones sociales, políticas, económicas y culturales existentes.

Since its inception in 1928, the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood has played a large role in shaping Egyptian politics and society. The 2011 toppling of Hosni Mubarak and the opening up of the political system has led to an increased presence of the movement, with representatives forming a majority in parliament and even winning the powerful presidency. Observers and analysts within and without Egypt continue to have questions about the movement and its motives and perspectives. Fairly or not, the question of the Brotherhood's stance on women and questions of gender are at the forefront of the debate. Encouraged by the former regime's propaganda against the opposition movement, as well as the group's conservative approach, many critics fear that the brotherhood's ascent will result in a decrease of women's rights and political participation. This paper seeks to explore this question through examining the work of one of the movement's former leaders: Zainab al-Ghazali. Al-Ghazali has bedeviled many observers, as her work within the movement seems to contradict her rhetoric on the role of women within society. While she thrived in the male-dominated sphere of political leadership, she encouraged Muslim women to return to the home and maintain the base of Islamic society: the family. An examination of al-Ghazali's texts reveals support for women's rights and participation, but not with the goal of achieving gender equality. Her discourse also displays a connection between conservative gender norms and the postcolonial question of indigenous sovereignty. Understanding this interplay of ideologies not only sheds light on al-Ghazali's discourse, but also on the ideological roots of the Muslim Brotherhood.