Suchergebnisse

By initiative of the SAPEA consortium, the Scientific Advice Mechanism will be delivering scientific policy advice on Transforming the Future of Ageing in Europe (the TFA report), to address the following question: what policies at the EU level could support the Member States in achieving inclusive, fair and sustainable systems of health and social care and promote the taking up of innovation for ageing societies? Based on the current international and European policy context, the available scientific evidence, and the expertise of an international and interdisciplinary working group, SAPEA will deliver a state-of-the-art Evidence Review Report (ERR) and provide science-based policy options. The final report is expected by summer 2019 and may inform the Commission's policymaking in the field. A scoping paper was adopted on 27th April 2018 which summarises the areas that should be covered. A key milestone on the way to preparing the ERR and policy options was a one day expert workshop which took place on 07 December 2018 in Brussels, and brought together the SAPEA Working Group members and other experts with applied knowledge and experience - from industry, civil society, specialised agencies, etc. The aim of this workshop was to discuss and review the key findings of the TFA report, and to identify points to prioritise in the Scientific Opinion. The workshop participants discussed the draft report in terms of the feasibility and practical applicability of the recommendations made to transform the future of ageing. In total, there were 37 participants at the workshop with 15 external experts invited and selected based on their applied knowledge and experience in this field. The experts were provided with some guiding questions and the draft report in advance of the workshop to familiarise themselves with the content. They were asked to address questions that are raised in the draft report and areas of disagreement, relevant points that may have been omitted, and any inaccuracies that require correction and ...

The philosophy of medicine cum bioethics has become the socially
recognized source for moral and epistemic direction in health-care
decision-making. Over the last three decades, this field has
been accepted politically as an authorized source of guidance
for policy and law. The field's political actors have included
the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects
of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, the President's Commission for the Study
of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research
(hereinafter, "the President's Commission"), the
National Bioethics Advisory Commission, and the new (2001) Council on
Bioethics; these groups and agencies have (or will) set forth rules on
issues ranging from the role of humans in biomedical research to the
production of human embryos for research, the definition of death, and
the permissibility of human cloning. The members of the field are not
just scholars and teachers in an academic realm directed to both
theoretical and applied issues. They are, in addition, practitioners of
a conceptual and moral trade that possesses a legal and political
standing. This essay critically addresses the sudden emergence
of bioethics as a societally recognized source of moral guidance,
a source replete with authorized moral experts. Attention is
directed to moral and conceptual assumptions that have led the
philosophy of medicine, and especially bioethics, to acquire
a quasi-juridical/political role in guiding clinical choices,
framing health-care policy, and directing court holdings.

Independent federal agencies occupy a special constitutional position in the governmental structure. Their stock-in-trade is the expert, apolitical resolution of regulatory issues. They are supposedly "independent" of the political will of the executive branch. Because most are multi-member organizations, they are also perceived as accommodating diverse views and able to prevent extreme outcomes through the compromise inherent in the process of collegial decision-making. But such a view is not universally held. A well known examination of such agencies in the 1930s described them uncharitably as a "headless 'fourth branch' of government, a haphazard deposit of irresponsible agencies and uncoordinated powers." Most modern independent agencies, in fact, are not simply impartial government referees. Nonetheless, as Justice Breyer has suggested, they possess "comparative freedom from ballot box control" and "enjoy an independence expressly designed to insulate them, to a degree, from the 'exercise of political oversight . . .'" that affects cabinet or cabinet like executive agencies. So, precisely what is the place of independent agencies today, and what does their role in the governmental structure mean for public lawyers?

Hearings held Apr. 16-May 15, 1956. ; Includes tables. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Ensuring productive and sustainable fisheries involves understanding the complex interactions between biology, environment, politics, management and governance. Fisheries are faced with a range of challenges, and without robust and careful management in place, levels of anthropogenic disturbance on ecosystems and fisheries are likely to have a continuous negative impact on biodiversity and fish stocks worldwide. Fisheries management agencies, therefore, need to be both efficient and effective in working towards long-term sustainable ecosystems and fisheries, while also being resilient to political and socioeconomic pressures. Marine governance, i.e., the processes of developing and implementing decisions over fisheries, often has to account for socioeconomic issues (such as unemployment and business developments) when they attract political attention and resources. This paper addresses the challenges of (1) identifying the main issues in attempting to ensure the sustainability of fisheries, and (2) how to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge and governance of marine systems. Utilising data gained from a survey of marine experts from 34 nations, we found that the main challenges perceived by fisheries experts were overfishing, habitat destruction, climate change and a lack of political will. Measures suggested to address these challenges did not demand any radical change, but included extant approaches, including ecosystem-based fisheries management with particular attention to closures, gear restrictions, use of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and improved compliance, monitoring and control.

AbstractPerhaps no area of environmental law is less understood than the law that regulates radioactive materials and wastes. Radiation experts such as health physicists who talk in terms of "curies," "Sierverts," and "critical mass" have a language and methodology that seem alien to most environmental practitioners used to dealing with the intricacies of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Clean Air Act, or the Clean Water Act. When I think of how most environmental engineers and attorneys view the rules that regulate radioactive materials, I am reminded of a Churchill quote that Russia was "a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma."Many people assume that virtually all rules pertaining to radioactive materials and waste are governed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations. While the NRC obviously is a major "player," it is not the only one. Depending on the quantity and type of substance involved, the activity involved, that is, possession, use, transportation, disposal, or cleanup of contamination, other agencies may be "players" as well. Those agencies include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of Energy (DOE), the Department of Transportation (DOT), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), other federal agencies such as the Department of Defense (DOD), and even state radiation protection agencies.

This article analyzes Korea`s central agencies, which have been organized and reorganized to support presidential executive leadership since the foundation of the Republic. Each central agency has carried out the standardization of a core administrative function which is essential to the operation of administrative apparatuses, including policy planning and coordination, budgeting, organizing, staffing, legislation, public relations, central-local relations, control and performance evaluation, etc. The six decades of institutionalization can be characterized, based on the central agencies` proportion of the total administrative apparatus, into three phases: high (more than 35 percent, 1948-1961), middle (around 20 percent, 1962-2007), and low (about 10 percent, 2008-present). Regardless of the changing size and organizational configuration of the central agencies, however, their roles and influence as core executive apparatuses have remained largely unchanged, especially since the early 1960s. More than 67 percent, on average, of the heads and deputy heads of CAs have been former public servants, less than 18 percent have been former politicians, and about 15 percent have been former outside experts. This strong bureaucratic background has oriented Korea`s core executive policy direction significantly toward long-term, consistent, and plan rationality rather than short-term, flexible, and democratic responsiveness.

PurposeThe "Training to Communicate" research (1999‐2001) explored "communication" training needs and provision in 76 health and social care public and independent sector agencies in London and South East England, including enhancement of work with adults having communication impairments. The focus of this paper is to examine how training managers discussed their activities and constructed their identities as training "experts".Design/methodology/approachSeventeen semi‐structured interviews with male and female managers responsible for key aspects of training (workforce development) in public health trusts or social services agencies are analysed using a narrative approach. The wider project included a questionnaire‐based survey of agency representatives and documentary analysis of training materials.FindingsHealth and social care services were undergoing extensive reorganization as part of wider managerialist agendas. Discourses of "change", "continuous improvement" and "quality" therefore pervaded all aspects of these organizations. Interviewees identified with "new" (managerial) occupational knowledges and identities but some appeared to be in an ambiguous position, negotiating between "new" occupational knowledges and identities, and "old" identities based on occupational/practitioner expertise. Aspects of this positioning appeared gendered; female interviewees often readily embraced "new" managerialist identity(ies). Interviewees discussed collaborative processes (in "space" not "place"), including networking, managing relationships with other managers within the organization, and broader "political" awareness, to justify their own positions, responsibilities and performances as "training" experts.Originality/valueThis research extends theories on gendered performances in higher education contexts to public sector, work‐based education settings.

"This sixth edition of a national bestseller is organized the way businesspeople think--by product rather than by agency. It is a comprehensive, yet user-friendly, resource for navigating the products and services of various U.S. and foreign government agencies as well as multilateral organizations including the International Finance Corporation and Inter-American Development Bank"--Provided by publisher.

Aim: This study examined the barriers and opportunities in Sweden for integrating One Health practices. Sweden's long tradition of working with One Health was used as a case to analyse persistent barriers as well as opportunities. Method: Thirteen semi-structured interviews with experts from the Swedish Veterinary Agency, Food Agency, Public Health Agency, and Environmental Protection Agency were carried out. A thematic content analysis was conducted on the interviews using inductive coding in NVivo. Results: The study revealed that while collaboration is the general aspiration across the Swedish agencies, barriers persist regarding the understanding of One Health, the integration of the environment sector and awareness of the different terminologies employed within the disciplines. There are legislative challenges and barriers to science to policy translation. Disease outbreak was identified as an opportunity for One Health integration. Conclusions: A One Health strategy needs to be developed at agency level to define One Health and clarify the roles and responsibilities. To overcome practical challenges, experts need to be aware of different terminologies and practices when collaborating. Further prospects for One Health integration include employing policy entrepreneurs to push One Health onto the political agenda. Preparations for disease outbreaks need to focus on reducing barriers to effectively integrate One Health. Experiences of One Health projects must be disseminated, and to raise awareness, education programmes must integrate One Health into curricula.

Un grand nombre d'agences internationales ont mis sur pied des « rationalités » et des programmes mondiaux pour gérer des conduites sociales et économiques. En prenant comme point de mire L'Organisation des Nations Unies pour L'alimentation et L'agriculture, cet article examine la gestion à L'échelle mondiale de 1'agro‐alimentaire dans le cadre de ce que nous appelons les technologies mondiales de gouvernance. Nous nous appuyons sur les idées de Nikolas Rose sur L'expertise et le gouvernement ainsi que sur une série d'études sur le calcul statistique et la mondialisation. Nous faisons valoir que les formes professionnelles du savoir de L'expert, comme celles fondees sur des classifications et des calculs scientifiques, ouvrent de nouvelles avenues d'intervention et de transformation sociale.A wide variety of international agencies have initiated global programs and rationalities to manage social and economic conduct. Through a focus on the United Nations and its Food and Agriculture Organization, this paper examines the global management of food and agriculture within what we call the global technologies of government. In this analysis, we draw on the insights of Nikolas Rose on expertise and government, and on a range of studies on statistical calculation and globalization. We argue that professional forms of expert knowledge, such as those based on scientific classification and calculation, facilitated new spaces of intervention and new knowledges for social transformation.

The credit rating agencies (CRAs) were an important component of the subprime mess. This article describes what the CRAs are, what they do, what roles they play, and how they fit into the regulatory system. It outlines the types of mortgage securities that the CRAs rate and outlines the evolution of the subprime mess. It then assesses three prime suspects in the CRAs' problems: incentives, ignorance, and stress. The author concludes that all three factors were important, that public officials were slow to react, and that additional safeguards have been put into place to prevent such problems in the future.
I feel that the rating agencies are somewhat of a mystically anointed monopoly, not unlike our good friends Fannie and Freddie, but with even less accountability. —Representative Richard H. Baker, 2005 Everyone assumed the credit agencies knew what they were doing. —Joseph Mason, credit expert at Drexel University, 2008

Background and aims: Intestinal failure (IF) is defined as "the reduction of gut function below the minimum necessary for the absorption of macronutrients and/or water and electrolytes, such that intravenous supplementation is required to maintain health and/or growth". Functionally, it may be classified as type I acute intestinal failure (AIF), type II prolonged AIF and type III chronic intestinal failure (CIF) The ESPEN Workshop on IF was held in Bologna, Italy, on 15-16 October 2017 and the aims of this document were to highlight the current state of the art and future directions for research in IF. Methods: This paper represents the opinion of experts in the field, based on current evidence. It is not a formal review, but encompasses the current evidence, with emphasis on epidemiology, classification, diagnosis and management. Results: IF is the rarest form of organ failure and can result from a variety of conditions that affect gastrointestinal anatomy and function adversely. Assessment, diagnosis, and short and long-term management involves a multidisciplinary team with diverse expertise in the field that aims to reduce complications, increase life expectancy and improve quality of life in patients. Conclusions: Both AIF and CIF are relatively rare conditions and most of the published work presents evidence from small, single-centre studies. Much remains to be investigated to improve the diagnosis and management of IF and future studies should rely on multidisciplinary, multicentre and multinational collaborations that gather data from large cohorts of patients. Emphasis should also be placed on partnership with patients, carers and government agencies in order to improve the quality of research that focuses on patient-centred outcomes that will help to improve both outcomes and quality of life in patients with this devastating condition.