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Abstract
This paper investigates the relationship between the implementation of the Family 500+ benefit, changes in female employment and female economic inactivity. The analysis is based on macro data and is focused on the years 2016–2019. To examine the relationship, this study uses decomposition of the employment-to-population ratio change into labour supply and unemployment components, analysis of changes in the structure of nonparticipants and the shift-share method. Considering that the reaction to the child benefit may differ across age groups, this study found that since the introduction of the Family 500+ benefit, the employment-to-population ratio for women aged 25–39 (the most likely age group to be raising children and therefore to receive the benefit) stagnated, their labour force participation rate decreased and the percentage of nonparticipants due to family and household responsibilities increased.

During the socialist regime in Albania the government policy of full employment boosted female participation and, consequently, employment rates were higher than in most part of OECD countries. Other set of policies, such as the investments in childcare facilities and education, undoubtedly stimulated women to enter and remain in the labour market. Since the beginning of the transition to a market economy, women's participation in the labour market has consistently decrease, as confirmed by the reduction of the number of employed women, the higher number unemployed and the larger share of housewives. The gap between men and women in productive activities has become larger than during the socialist period, negatively influencing gender equality in the country. The purpose of this paper is to identify and measure the effects of some social, economic, demographic, cultural and regional determinants that influence female employment in Albania. Data are drawn from the last micro-dataset of the European Social Survey (2012). Logistic regression techniques are employed on survey data to estimate the odds ratios of female employment. The econometric findings will be extremely useful to feed knowledge-based policies aimed at increasing female labour force participation in Albania.

This study of the relationship between female employment and
fertility is based on a survey of 1000 ever-married women in Karachi. A
distinct pattern of differentials in actual performance and in desired
fertility is observed across working and non-working women. Working
women are not a homogeneous group, and the differences across six broad
occupational groups of working women are more marked than those between
working and non-working women. Women in higher status occupations marry
much later than and have half the completed family size of - those women
working in lower status occupations. The fertility of non-working women
lies somewhere in between these two groups. Some reasons for the
fertility differentials found are identified in variations in point of
entry into the labour force relative to the stage in child-bearing, in
expectations from sons in old age support, and in relative facility in
seeking means of fertility control. Working women in higher status
occupations also have better chances of their children surviving,
whereas women in lower status occupations suffer a greater toll of child
deaths.

Reforms in Russian industry caused by disintegration of the USSR had a strong negative effect on military-industrial complex. Pre-reform Russian economy possessed a powerful efficient system of high-tech industries with defense industry being a core of the system in view of the government tasks which defense industry should effectively respond to. The defense industry accumulated elite of the labor force, highly skilled and educated workers. Socioeconomic and political transformation in Russian society resulted in significant qualitative and quantitative changes in human capital of military-industrial complex. The number of employees was cut down. Highly skilled workers turned out to be unemployed. In tough competition for working places caused by contraction of industrial production women turned out to be in the most vulnerable position.In this article results of the survey and documents analysis conducted by the author are looked at with gender perspective. The aim is to identify the basic trends in female employment in military-industrial complex of post-Soviet Russia. Job security, level of wages and managerial career chances for women are considered.

Patterns of gendered violence during civil conflict are among the least well-understood aspects of civil war, and even greater gaps in our understanding exist regarding the long-term patterns of gendered power and violence in countries affected by war. This article examines the prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence, based on household-level data from the Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Rwanda in 2005. Three results stand out. First, there are significant differences in the prevalence of three different types of gendered violence: physical, emotional and sexual violence. Second, women who are employed but whose husbands are not experience more sexual violence, not less, as would be expected in conventional household bargaining models. This can be interpreted as reflecting 'male backlash' as gender norms are destabilized. Finally, there is a strong inter-district correlation between the post-conflict prevalence of sexual violence and the intensity of political violence during the genocide.

AbstractIn periods of crisis, companies face a financial reality that forces them to decide whether to maintain their commitment to sustainability or prioritize their financial returns. The study of what happened during the COVID‐19 pandemic is vital, given the hard blow it has implied for business and, consequently, for employment. Thus, this paper seeks to determine whether the business commitment to sustainability policies focused on employment and gender diversity translates into concrete results. In a sample of 1761 multinationals (8963 observations) during the 2015–2020 period, we found that the pandemic has harmed employment at the microeconomic level. However, this impact is moderated by the level of responsibility that companies have with their workers. Therefore, the most sustainable companies have been more reluctant to reduce their workforce and even more so when they are women. These results help to position sustainability performance as a way to achieve gender equality at the business level.