Suchergebnisse

Tausende von Büchern über die grausame Zeit des Nationalsozialismus und über die Erziehung der heranwachsenden Jugend wurden bereits publiziert. Die Erziehungsgrundsätze basierten auf Rasse und militärischer Ausbildung mit dem Ziel, Menschen zu manipulieren, ihr Leben dem Vaterland und dem Führer zu opfern und die Körper der Knaben und Mädchen zu stählen. Ziel der Erziehung war es, Knaben zu Soldaten zu erziehen, um das Vaterland zu verteidigen, und Mädchen auf ihre zukünftige Rolle als Mutter, die viele Kinder gebiert, vorzubereiten.Das Ziel der vorliegenden Masterarbeit ist die Untersuchung, wie Knaben und Mädchen zu einer bestimmten Art von Männlichkeit und Weiblichkeit durch Parteiorganisationen, Schule, Bücher und Zeitschriften erzogen wurden. Auf welche Art und Weise wurden Buben und Mädchen manipuliert? Welche Tendenzen zeichneten sich ab? Welche typischen Charaktereigenschaften sollten Knaben und Mädchen aufweisen? Wie wurden Schulbücher und Stundenpläne geändert, um den nationalsozialistischen Vorstellungen gerecht zu werden? Existierten auch Schul- und Kinderbücher oder Schulen, die nicht unter dem Einfluss der Nazis standen, um eine bestimmte Art von Knaben und Mädchen heranzuerziehen und die nicht die Jugend manipulierten?Diese Masterarbeit möchte die oben angeführten Fragen beantworten und beruht auf einer historischen Diskursanalyse. Aus diesem Grund habe ich diverse Bücher und Texte, die im Internet publiziert wurden, verwendet. Originalquellen wie Zeitschriften, Schulbücher und Kinderbücher befinden sich in der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek in Wien und im Ministerium für Bildung und Frauen. ; Thousands of books have been printed about the the education of the growing youth in cruel times of National Socialism in Germany and Austria. The education principles were based on race and military training to manipulate the people to sacrifice their own lives for the fatherland and the 'Führer'. Boys and girls were persuaded to sacrifice their bodies. For the boys the goal had to be to become a soldier in order to defend the fatherland and for the girls to give birth to many children. The purpose of the present master thesis is to investigate how boys and girls were educated to adopt a special type of masculinity and feminity by help of their memberships in organizations of the reigning political party and schools or by reading books and periodicals. In which manner were boys and girls manipulated? Which tendencies were demonstrated? What typical characteristics should boys and girls exhibit? How were school books and time tables changed to be in accordance with the ideology of the Nazi party? Did there also exist books or schools that were not influenced by the Nazis to create a special type of masculinity or feminity and to manipulate the youth? This master thesis wants to give answers to the cited questions above. The corresponding analysis was carried out on a hermeneutic and literature-based theoretical approach. For that reason I used for my research different books and texts which were published in the internet. Furthermore this study relies on original sources like periodicals, school books and books for children found in the Austrian National Library in Vienna and in the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education and Women's Affairs. ; vorgelegt von Elisabeth Morales Inarejos-Matscheko ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2015 ; (VLID)1255646

<div><p><em>History is witness to the fact that women have been the objects of suppression and subjugation in the world. This oppression has been institutionalized in nearly all the societies of the world. The end result of this process of institutionalization has been the absence of women from the corridors of power, her absence from the fields of knowledge production, her absence in the histories of their places. The objective of this paper is to analyze the near universality of this feminine absence in history. What are the factors that led to this situation and how did feminity end up being valued as 'inferior' in comparison to 'masculine' attributes. This led to her existence being limited and defined by her corporal self. The end result is that one half of the population of the world had to live a miserable life till feminism emerged on the scene. This paper also traces the emergence of feminism as a reaction to this universality of feminine subjugation. The methodology adopted has been textual and literary analysis.</em></p></div>

The author sees 'gender' as a system built up by social relationships. Every change of a small detail of the gender concepts leads inevitably to the change of another. New forms of gender, which have already developed are fighting with the old ones and have already shifted the system. Schools and society intervened a long time ago in favour of new demanded concepts on feminity and manliness. Parents, teachers, the society - alle wonder how a gender curriculum for the classroom liberating boys from 'the box' of the old gender domination and enabling girls to develop to develop democratic gender relationships could look like. The author talks about existing research of 'manliness', about the development of boys and the system of gender materialisation in schools and then outlines advises for redefined gender curricula. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Der Autor versteht 'Gender' als ein System sozialer Beziehungen. Jede Veränderung einer Facette von Gender zieht die einer anderen nach sich. Neue Genderformen sind längst da, streiten sich mit den alten Mustern und haben das System bereits verrückt. Schule und Gesellschaft haben längst zugunsten neuer, geforderter Weiblichkeit- und Männlichkeitsmuster eingegriffen. Eltern, Lehrer, die Gesellschaft, alle fragen sich, wie ein Gender Curriculum im Klassenraum aussehen kann, das Jungen aus 'der Box' des alten Gender-Regimes befreit und sie wie die Mädchen befähigt, demokratische Geschlechterbeziehungen zu entwickeln. Der Autor diskutiert die vorliegende Forschung über 'Maskulinitäten', die Entwicklung von Jungen und das System der Gender-Materialisierung in der Schule und skizziert im Anschluss daran Empfehlungen für veränderte Gender-Curricula. (DIPF/Orig.)

Introduction: colonial to postcolonial masculinities in the Middle East and North Africa -- Exotic and benighted, or modern yet victimized? The modern predicament of the Arab queer -- Of heros and men: the crisis of masculinity in the post-Oslo Palestinian narrative -- "I get to deflower at least one. It's my right!": the precariousness of hegemonic masculinity in Rashid Al-Daif's Who's Afraid of Meryl Streep? -- Crises of masculinity in Huba Barakat's war literature -- Mahfouz, al-Mutanabbi, and the canon: poetics of deviance from the masculine nationalist discourse of al-Sukkariya -- Diasporic queer Arabs in Europe and North America: sexual citizenship and narratives of inclusion and exclusion -- Of knives, mustaches, and headgears: the fall of the Qabaday in Zakariya Tamir's latest works -- Romancing Middle Eastern men in North and South America: two mid-century texts -- Tough guys, martyrs, dandies, and marginalized men: changing masculine roles in Iranian cinema -- Men and modernity in postcolonial Tunisian cinema -- Construction of masculinity in Palestinian film -- Gendered politics in late nineteenth-century Egyptian nationalist discourse -- Men at work: the politics of professional pride in Ottoman Beirut -- "You are like a virus": dangerous bodies and military medical authority in Turkey -- Gendered memories and masculinities: Kurdish Peshmerga on the Anfa campaign in Iraq -- Militarist masculinity, militarist feminity: a gendered analysis Jordan's war on the Islamic State.

Stereotypical portrayal of women through images and text in the media has been discussed and debated widely across the globe. The area remains relatively under published in the context of the third world especially Pakistan. To fill this gap this paper is an attempt to examine the role of the media in creating gender identities. Data for this study comes from selected English language newspaper namely "THE NEWS". Discourse analysis of text and images - the most common way of producing and transmitting social meaning attached to social realities was employed to interpret of the data. The data reveals that the images and text produced through the media are biased, patriarchal and they reinforce male hegemony and control over women's bodies and their minds. By doing this the media is strengthening the existing power structure of the Pakistani society. The images of women produced are those of victims of violence both domestic and public, sex objects, passive, dependent, weak and engaged in domestic roles. Consequently, standard images of feminity are idealized and normalized in the real world. Such practices act as barrier for women to escape traditional gender roles and expectations. The study argues that such images reinforce stereotypical roles and hence promote gender inequality instead of emancipation.

For the casual observer, the term "Iranian feminist" is often considered to be an oxymoron. However, what seems to be an ironic juxtaposition actually holds a great length of truth: for over a century now, Iranian women have been marching, screaming, and fighting for equal gender rights - all the while embracing feminist ideals. In fact, "feminity" is a political symbol that has been influencing Iranian politics for over 150 years. From the very beginning of modern Iranian history, women have always played a pivotal role within Iranian history, constantly connecting the personal to the political. This research aims to explore this phenomenon as an independent movement and as one comparable to American feminism. Three main topics are explored: theocratic restrictions, culture, and globalization. There are three methods of research that I have utilized as resources for this study: previous studies, statistical data, and interviews. The purpose of this study is to understand why and how feminism is increasing within the anti-feminist regime of the IRI. This study holds both theoretical and political significance and is designed to predict the future status of Iranian feminism through examining the conditions of the past and present. ; 2011-05-01 ; B.A. ; Sciences, Department of Political Science ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

Стаття розглядає способи подолання культурної дихотомії чоловіче/жіноче у сучасній українській культурі. Така бінарна опозиція лежить в основі світосприйняття та життєдіяльності усього людства на протязі його існування. Поступова деконструкція традиційної бінарної гендерної схеми призводить до перегляду гендерних стереотипів та розширення спектру гендерних ролей (переважно жіночих) та гендерних репрезентацій. Для наведення відповідних прикладів у статті пропонуються такі сфери української культури як політика, мода, мистецтво тощо. ; Abstract. The article examines the ways of overcoming cultural dichotomy masculine/feminine in today's Ukrainian culture. This binary opposition is the basis of perception of the world and the life activity of all mankind all over the period of its existence. A gradual deconstruction of the traditional binary gender scheme leads to a revision of gender stereotypes and broadening of the range of gender roles (predominantly female) and gender representations. This article gives some examples in politics, fashion, art and other spheres of Ukrainian culture.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Credits -- Introduction:Living with Contradictions -- Part One: Equality -- Introduction -- Sexual Differenceand Sexual Equality -- Reconstructing Sexual Equality -- Toward Feminist Jurisprudence -- Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics -- Part Two: Women Working -- Introduction -- Section A:Affirmative Action and Comparable Worth -- Reverse Discriminationas Unjustified -- Fairness, Meritocracy, andReverse Discrimination -- The Wage Gap: Myths and Facts -- An Argument AgainstComparable Worth -- Some Implicationsof Comparable Worth -- Section B: Sex Work -- Prostitution -- A Most Useful Tool -- What's Wrong with Prostitution? -- Stripper -- Confronting the Liberal Lies About Prostitution -- International Committee for Prostitutes' Rights World Charter and World Whores' Congress Statements -- Part Three: Marketing Feminity -- Introduction -- Section A: Representing Women: Pornography, Art, and Popular Culture -- Why Pornography Matters to Feminists -- Pornography, Oppression, and Freedom: A Closer Look -- Feminism, Moralism, and Pornography -- False Promises: Feminist Antipornography Legislation -- Racism in Pornography and the Women's Movement -- Confessions of a Feminist Porno Star -- The Cum Shot: Takes on Lesbian and Gay Sexuality -- Mass Market Romance: Pornography for Women Is Different -- Ways of Seeing -- Section B: Presenting Women: Fashion and Beauty -- What's Wrong with Being a Sex Object? -- Bibo -- The Unadorned Feminist -- Gynocide:Chinese Footbinding -- Do SomethingAbout Your Weight -- Hunger -- Skin Deep -- Marieme -- The Myth of the Perfect Body -- Women and the Knife: Cosmetic Surgery and the Colonization of Women's Bodies

The purpose of this paper is to closely analyze Angela Carter's(1940-1992) representations of femininity in selected examples of her writings with the aim of demonstrating her very special approach to the portrayal of women . It reflects on Carter"s use of the Gothic and her relation to this literary mode It focuses on the use of the Gothic characters and themes in Carter's works to explore one of the main issues of the century: the role of women in society and the relationship between the sexes. It deals with the literary mode of the Gothic which has not lost its fascination over the centuries .The use of Gothicism characterizes her as a sophisticated writer, capable of mixing different literary devices to create an original and powerful kind of writing. She uses Gothic as a foil to reflect upon depiction of feminity . In this paper , I will therefore bring one important aspect of Carter's writing which has fascinated me most about her works: the female Gothic mode of her writing
Gothic literature has fascinated readers of all ages, men and women alike. Interestingly, the Gothic as a literary mode is as "shadowy and nebulous" as the atmospheres it describes. For Botting ,"Gothic literature depicts feelings and characters in their extremes, thus alluding strongly to the reader's imagination and his or her emotions"1

Intro -- Title Page -- Contents -- 1. The Social Character of the Peasant and Problems of Methodology -- The Peasant -- The Dynamic Concept of Character -- The Social Character -- The Method -- 2. A Mexican Peasant Village -- The Past and the Present -- The Hacienda -- The Inner Life of the Villagers -- 3. A Socioeconomic and Cultural Picture of the Village -- Age, Place of Birth, and Family Groupings -- Literacy and Schooling -- Medical Care -- Occupation -- Land Tenure -- Housing -- Other Capital Possessions -- Consumer Goods -- The Socioeconomic Scale -- Class and Participation in Village Affairs -- Participation in Religious and Cultural Activities -- 4. The Theory of Character Orientations -- Types of Character: The Nonproductive Orientations -- The Productive Orientation -- Orientations in the Process of Socialization -- Incestuous Ties -- Blends of Various Orientations -- Sociopolitical Orientations -- 5. The Character of the Villagers -- Variables of Scoring Character -- The Distribution of Character Traits -- The Factor Analysis -- The Meaning of Factor Scores and Factor Loadings -- The Six Factors -- Factor I-Adulthood vs. Adolescence -- Factor II-Productiveness vs. Unproductiveness -- Factor III-Exploitativeness vs. Non-exploitativeness -- Factor IV-Hoarding vs. Receptive Modes of Assimilation -- Factor V-Sex Role (Masculinity vs. Feminity) -- Factor VI-Mother-Centered vs. Father-Centered Orientations -- Conclusion: Social Character -- 6. Character, Socioeconomic, and Cultural Variables -- Character and the Mode of Production -- The Nonejidatario -- Class and Character -- The Character of Women and Socioeconomic Variables -- Character and Education -- Character and Religions and Cultural Activities -- Conclusion -- 7. Sex and Character -- Productive and Unproductive Men and Women -- The Relationship Between Men and Women.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- INTRODUCTION TO THE TRANSACTION EDITION -- FOREWORD -- 1 THE SOCIAL CHARACTER OF THE PEASANT AND PROBLEMS OF METHODOLOGY -- The Peasant -- The Dynamic Concept of Character -- The Social Character -- The Method -- 2 A MEXICAN PEASANT VILLAGE -- The Past and the Present -- The Hacienda -- The Inner Life of the Villagers -- 3 A SOCIOECONOMIC AND CULTURAL PICTURE OF THE VILLAGE -- Age, Place of Birth, and Family Groupings -- Literacy and Schooling -- Medical Care -- Occupation -- Land Tenure -- Housing -- Other Capital Possessions -- Consumer Goods -- The Socioeconomic Scale -- Class and Participation in Village Affairs -- Participation in Religious and Cultural Activities -- 4 THE THEORY OF CHARACTER ORIENTATIONS -- Types of Character: The Nonproductive Orientations -- The Productive Orientation -- Orientations in the Process of Socialization -- Incestuous Ties -- Blends of Various Orientations -- Sociopolitical Orientations -- 5 THE CHARACTER OF THE VILLAGERS -- Variables of Scoring Character -- The Distribution of Character Traits -- The Factor Analysis -- The Meaning of Factor Scores and Factor Loadings -- The Six Factors -- Factor I-Adulthood vs. Adolescence -- Factor II-Productiveness vs. Unproductiveness -- Factor III-Exploitativeness vs. Nonexploitativeness -- Factor IV-Hoarding vs. Receptive Modes of Assimilation -- Factor V-Sex Role (Masculinity vs. Feminity) -- Factor VI-Mother-Centered vs. Father-Centered Orientations -- Conclusion: Social Character -- 6 CHARACTER, SOCIOECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL VARIABLES -- Character and the Mode of Production -- The Nonejidatario -- Class and Character -- The Character of Women and Socioeconomic Variables -- Character and Education -- Character and Religious and Cultural Activities -- Conclusion -- 7 SEX AND CHARACTER

En este artículo, pretende examinarse la evolución de los modelos referenciales que, en torno a los elementos constitutivos de la feminidad y la masculinidad, vendrían siendo masivamente difundidos a través de los medios de comunicación en la sociedad española desde el comienzo de la transición a la democracia. Partiendo de la estricta delimitación en el reflejo mediático de «el hombre» y «la mujer» que trasciende del franquismo, se analiza el modo en que las representaciones simbólicas predominantes de ambos géneros terminan actualmente convergiendo en un particular paradigma de ser humano, caracterizado por un cierto perfil andrógino. ; This article aims to examine the evolution of the referential models which, regarding the constitutive elements of femininity and masculinity, have been circulating on a massive scale through the mass media in Spanish society since the beginning of the Transition. Starting with an exact definition, as reflected by the media, of «man» and «woman» which has come about from the Franco era, the article analyses the way in which predominant symbolic representations of both genders actually end up converging in one particular paradigm if the human being, characterised by a certain androgynous profile.

The accounting harmonization process involved in improving the compatibility of the accounting practices while minimizing the degree of variance. This process of ordering different accounting practices is vulnerable to so many pressures namely; political, cultural and legal. Consequently, Sri Lanka as a Multifaceted and multicultural country experience this issue severely. However, there's a shortage of researches that investigate cultural trajectories that influence on accounting practices in the Sri Lankan context. Therefore, the study overviewed the impact of the cultural dimension on accounting practices, particularly in Sri Lanka. Thereby, the study established a quantitative approach via disseminating 150 questionnaires among accounting professional following a convenience sampling technique. The study articulated Hofstede's cultural dimensions including; power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs. feminity, long term vs. short term, indulgence vs restraints and Gray's accounting practices including professionalism vs. statutory control, uniformity vs. flexibility, conservatism vs. optimism, secrecy vs. transparency. Then, the study employed Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to determine cultural dimensions' influence on accounting practices along with the Principal Component Analysis and Varimax extraction. The extracted factors accommodated into the multiple regression model to ascertain the relationship between cultural dimensions and accounting practices. The findings emphasized that power distance and individualism as the most dominant cultural dimensions in the Sri Lankan context and subsequently, that led to uniformity and secrecy in accounting practices. As a result, the study developed a model appropriate to the Sri Lankan context integrating Hofstede's and Gray's dimensions. In conclusion, the study reflected that accounting standards adopting process in Sri Lanka require to absorb cultural influence to smooth the regulatory application. Keywords: Cultural dimensions, Accounting practices, Accounting professionals

The current article deals with the place of women in the social and political project implanted by the Vichy Goverment during the Nazi occupation (1940-1944). It also approaches the development of the particular model of feminity valid in that period, as well as its social function. These subjects are approached through the study of the historical sources (literary, journalistic and legal documents), together with the suitable scientific bibliography. The current work shows up the process of re-allocation of women to the domestic sphere and reproductive function (in a material level), as well as their re assignation as a guarantee for morals and social order (in a simbolic level), considering that both sorts of re-allocation took place through specific legal measures, besides the recovery of political, cultural, social and religious elements in a traditional sort of way. ; El presente artículo trata sobre el lugar de las mujeres en el proyecto socio-político implementado en Francia por el gobierno de Vichy durante el período de la ocupación nazi, entre 1940 y 1944. Asimismo, se aborda la elaboración del modelo de feminidad vigente en dicho proceso y su función social. De este modo, a partir del estudio de las fuentes históricas, constituidas por documentos literarios, periodísticos y jurídicos, así como con el apoyo de la bibliografía científica relacionada, se pone de manifiesto el proceso de re-asignación de las mujeres a la esfera doméstica y a la función reproductiva, en el plano material, y de garantes de la moral y del orden social, en el plano simbólico. Todo ello través de medidas legislativas concretas y de la recuperación, en el plano de las representaciones, de elementos políticos, culturales, sociales y religiosos de carácter tradicional.

The Christian feudal society was a patriarcal society. As it is known most of the patriarchal cultures identify feminity with maternity and ours it is not an exception. In this society it is restored a must be, a norm, whose purpose is the control of the fecundity and therefore of the sexuality. A set of strategies and discoursive practices fit and limit the women so that they disappear after the maternity, become mothers, in a representation or set of representations produced by that culture.We start from this base idea to construct the ideology, in which the vision of the women, although is also fitted in other plural and heterogenous aspects (mental, social, clasistas, political, etc.), is sustained on the base of the maternity; that is to say, that generates a division, quantitatively nonhomogenous, between fertile women and sterile women. ; La sociedad feudal cristiana era una sociedad patriarcal. Como es sabido la mayor parte de las culturas patriarcales identifican feminidad con maternidad y la nuestra no es por cierto una excepción. En ella se instaura un debe ser, una norma, cuya finalidad es el control de la fecundidad y por ende el de la sexualidad. Un conjunto de estrategias y de prácticas discursivas encuadran y limitan a las mujeres de manera que éstas desaparecen tras la maternidad, pasan a ser madres, en una representación o conjunto de representaciones producidas por esa cultura.Partimos de esta idea base para construir la ideología, en la que la visión de las mujeres, aunque quede también encuadrada en otros aspectos plurales y heterogéneos, mentales, sociales, clasistas, políticos, etc, se sustenta sobre la base de la maternidad, es decir que genera una división, cuantitativamente no homogénea, entre mujeres fértiles y mujeres estériles.