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The reach of social media is prodigious. Its ubiquitous nature has reshaped the ways in which government agencies can communicate with citizens. But amidst the rush to embrace the opportunities of Twitter, Facebook and other platforms, governments have had to lay down rules to govern how and when public service departments should use social media. This article undertakes a comparative analysis of the formal rules and guidelines in place across four Westminster jurisdictions – Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the UK – to identify the types of behaviours and activities that are seen as desirable when public servants are reaching out to the wider public through social media. The article argues that the horizontal communication patterns associated with social media are fundamentally at odds with the hierarchical structures of the Westminster system of government.

Abstract.Since World War II, Belgian cabinets have presented distinctive characteristics that are worth analysis. Based on the definition of five dimensions used to classify the cabinets of the parliamentary systems of Western Europe ‐ stability, party composition, internal decision‐making, power latitude and recruitment, this article is an attempt to place Belgian cabinets in this framework. Belgian cabinets are not very stable with a small top elite, often rotating ministerial posts. They are formed most often by partial coalitions. They have a rather consensual though hierarchical decision‐making technique. They are rather autonomous vis‐a‐vis the Parliament, but less so vis‐à‐vis political parties and pressure groups, though they are widening their freedom to manoeuvre. Their recruitment is essentially parliamentarian. In order to reach a theoretical interpretation of this descriptive analysis, the validity of applying the principles of 'consociational democracy' to Belgian cabinets is also assessed. The findings suggest a pattern of 'semi‐consocia‐tionalism' with the Belgian cabinet displaying a mixture of techniques both from majoritarian democracy and consociationalism.

Abstract  This research compares the likelihood of exiting TANF with and without employment and the effects of important state TANF rules on welfare exits in more disadvantaged (large Rustbelt cities and poor southern nonmetro) and less disadvantaged (other metro and other nonmetro) areas during the 1996–2003 post‐welfare reform period. Hierarchical competing risk models using individual‐level data from the 1996–99 and 2001–03 Panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation merged with state‐level data from various sources show that female TANF participants in poor southern nonmetro areas are the least likely to exit TANF with work, and participants in large Rustbelt cities are less likely to exit TANF with work than those in other metro areas. Non‐work TANF exits are more likely to occur in other nonmetro areas than in other metro areas. Importantly, the effects of state welfare rules on TANF exits differ across places of residence. For example, stringent time limit policies promote work exits in large Rustbelt cities but promote non‐work exits in poor southern nonmetro areas. More lenient earned income disregards are significantly related to remaining on TANF in poor southern nonmetro areas but promote work exits in all other places. Findings from this paper imply that states should not take a "one‐size‐fits‐all approach" to reduce welfare caseloads.

By 2015, millennials will outnumber boomers in the workplace. This is a must-have toolkit for the new generation of leaders. Millennials mean business, and they are shaking up the workplace as they enter management roles for the very first time. They are tearing down the corporate ladder, communicating on the fly, and bringing play to work. Millennials are creative, big thinkers, and they will change the face of leadership--IF they can bridge the gap between the hierarchical management style of senior executives and the casual, more collaborative approach of their peers. Manager 3.0 is the first-ever management guide for Millennials. They will master crucial skills such as dealing with difficult people, delivering constructive feedback, and making tough decisions--while gaining insight into the four generations in the workplace and how they can successfully bring out the best in each. Packed with interviews and examples from companies like Zappos, Groupon, Southwest Airlines, and Google, Manager 3.0 will help these new managers enhance their unique talents while developing an effective leadership style all their own.--Publisher description.

The purpose of this study is to capture a snapshot of the lives of Brazilian preadolescents and gain a deeper understanding of the variables that influence compliance with parental rules. This analysis draws from the São Paulo Legal Socialization Study, a cohort study (<em>N</em> = 800; age = 11 years) from public and private schools. Descriptive statistics provide a perspective on normative Brazilian parenting practices and preadolescents' perceptions of parental legitimacy across multiple domains. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that procedural justice, global legitimacy, issue-specific legitimacy, and disciplinary techniques all significantly predicted compliance across issues and between preadolescents. Parents who used constructive disciplinary practices paired with procedural justice practices were more likely to be perceived as legitimate authorities and to have their preadolescent children comply with their rules. Our findings broaden the literature on constructive parenting practices in preadolescence, and allow for greater generalizability of current Western research to a diverse metropolitan setting in Brazil.

"At its core, politics is all about relations of rule. Accordingly one of the central preoccupations of political theory is what it means for human beings to rule over one another or share in a process of ruling. While political theorists tend to regard rule as a necessary evil, this book aims to explain how rule need not be understood as anathema to political life. Rather, by looking at some of the earliest traditions of political thought we can rethink rule in ways that evoke stewardship rather than domination. Gray argues that hierarchical ideas about rule coevolved with political divisions between the human and non-human in western theory. The earliest discernible Greek thought advanced an instrumental relationship between humans and their environment, a position that has persisted into our current age. While this seems a defensible position, this book points out that such instrumental understandings of the nonhuman world have gotten us into serious trouble, including problems of deforestation, global warming, rising sea levels, species loss, and peak oil. To rethink the concept of rule, the book turns to early Indian political thought that suggests that rule is a relationship predicated on stewardship. The book compares these two traditions of thought in order to suggest that we have a normative duty to the environment, and thus to act in a way that takes the interests of non-human nature into account. Basing his argument on his own original translations of primary sources in ancient Greek and Sanskrit, the author shows when and how early concepts of rule evolved to justify divisions between the human and nonhuman. In doing so, he argues for a reconsideration of our duties toward the nonhuman natural world"--

The author of the article reconstructs the hierarchical structure of the 16th century English society, the development of capitalist relations in the English countryside at the British Queen Elizabeth I Tudor led to a noticeable socio-economic changes, which affected all major categories, such as land users and owners. A new legal framework was created to protect the interests of the ruling class. The essence of these normative legal acts was the attempt of the country's leadership to cope with the problems that arose due to the growth of the proletariat, and most importantly, the inability of the British industry to use the hands released from agriculture. The government was well aware of this imbalance – the supply and demand for labour. But the government of Elizabeth was not able to propose a specific programme for the use of labour, and went on a proven path – forced coercion of workers' fulfillment of unprofitable obligations. The conclusion is made about the usefulness of the information contained here in the analysis of the transition states of societas.

In the wake of 9/11, the UN Security Council (SC) set out to urge every UN member to strengthen its domestic capacity to counter transnational terrorism and the heightened risk of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) proliferation to non-state actors. This article examines the modes of governance the SC applied — in terms of both setting and implementing rules — to influence states' activities in response to these two security threats. The far-reaching, generic, legally binding obligations imposed on every UN member were unprecedented and indicate a `hierarchical' approach. Yet, the SC — partly deliberately, and partly out of necessity — drew extensively upon a range of `soft' governance modes to support implementation and enhance the legitimacy of its approach. It remains to be seen whether this approach will be the precursor to a future trend. However, its usefulness will depend on whether the SC members will come to an agreement on how to implement `legislative' resolutions, and whether non-Council members will be granted greater influence in SC decision-making. Although more empirical research is needed on the SC's application of different modes of governance, these results contribute to a better understanding of the use of governance modes by international organizations other than the European Union.

AbstractThe subject of this paper is the role of democratic deliberation as a policy instrument for district and local administrations in the urban village regeneration process. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between democratic deliberation and public policy making, and the theory of deliberative systems. Deliberation in the context of urban village regeneration is part of a complex, scalar, political-administrative system, with many actors whose activities are often not aligned. Although this configuration has authoritarian traits and operates largely without the protection of a strong and well-functioning rule of law, it is not all-sovereign. In fact, one of the most fascinating aspects of urban village deliberation is the way that reveals the limits of authoritarian rule in a modern national and international context. As we show, the Party encounters the same problems of technical, social, and institutional complexity, with the ensuing limits on vertical steering, as administrations in democratic countries. Using the case of Q village, we describe how hierarchical project management sits uneasily with village deliberation throughout the process. When officials attempt to curtail the legally mandated village deliberation process, they encounter stiff resistance and even a participation strike.

Bureaucratic control by formal rules and procedures has its limitations as a tool of risk management. Therefore, the central thought developed in this paper is that the content of a company's risk management, as a set of formal procedures, should be congruent with the tacit knowledge and informal rules present in that company. Next to the type of rules, the ways in which rules are handled – the regulation regime – is of importance. In this paper, data collected is presented that enables a comparative analysis of those who work in high‐risk situations and those who do not. From a multivariate regression‐analysis it is concluded that high‐risk workers' satisfaction with formal rules is strongly dependent on the ways in which these rules are handled. Such a regulation regime is characterized by workers' participation in the formulation of formal rules; by consultation with workers by managers as to the former's experiences with the rules involved; and by the degree of direct control. The analysis shows that top‐down risk management, itself, creates risks by its hierarchical character. It also shows that an approach which takes into account the perceptions of workers is more promising.

The broad purpose of this study is to exemplify changing forms of hierarchical rule manifested in post-Soviet Russia's varying provision of regional security related to military conflicts. Russia's regional role varies in form and in thickness. Although the endurance of Soviet legacy can be observed in four major areas (stabilising borders, economic interest, unification of fellow Slavs and fluctuating alliances), there is enough variance to suggest that over-deterministic theories about Russian regional foreign policy do not account for conjunctural factors that can contribute to change. Instead, we can view the Soviet and post-Soviet regional dynamic as one that is on a fluid anarchy–hierarchy spectrum.

The role of predatory exploiters in national identity formation in the Caribbean is explored using the project of Eric Williams, founder of the People's National Movement in Trinidad & Tobago & the country's leader, 1956-1981, to discuss issues of race & governance. Williams based his political movement on the black & brown Creole sectors of the country, but once in power, claimed to speak for all population segments. He was assisted in this endeavor by the available "enemy" figure of the earlier colonial era, Thomas Carlyle. As ammunition in his attempt to justify independence for West Indians, Williams used Carlyle's works with their racist undertones, the Governor Eyre controversy in Jamaica that Carlyle defended, & John Stuart Mill's arguments opposing Carlyle. Williams's attack on Carlyle was also useful to avoid recreating a colonial hierarchical order in the free state. M. Pflum

In 1806 General Thomas Picton, Britain's first governor of Trinidad, was brought to trial for the torture of a free mulatto named Louisa Calderon and for overseeing a regime of terror over the island's slave population. James Epstein offers a fascinating account of the unfolding of this colonial drama. He shows the ways in which the trial and its investigation brought empire 'home' and exposed the disjuncture between a national self-image of humane governance and the brutal realities of colonial rule. He uses the trial to open up a range of issues, including colonial violence and norms of justice, the status of the British subject, imperial careering, visions of development after slavery, slave conspiracy and the colonial archive. He reveals how Britain's imperial regime became more authoritarian, hierarchical and militarised but also how unease about abuses of power and of the rights of colonial subjects began to grow

Based on the results of the plenary Session of the Situbondo Regional People's Representative Council, it is necessary to revise the Situbondo Regional People's Representative Council Regulation Number 01 of 2018 concerning the order of the Situbondo Regional People's Representative Council Regulations. Therefore, a Draft Regulation is prepared to be facilitated by the East Java Governor. There are several important points that became notes for the post-facilitation facilitation of the Governor of East Java to be included in the material for the rules. The purpose of this service is to direct the preparation of regulations in accordance with the hierarchical rules of legislation. This outreach program used the juridical – normative method through the approach of legislation. The results of this outreach program are in the form of a draft regulation for the Situbondo Regional People's Representative Council.

Based on the results of the plenary Session of the Situbondo Regional People's Representative Council, it is necessary to revise the Situbondo Regional People's Representative Council Regulation Number 01 of 2018 concerning the order of the Situbondo Regional People's Representative Council Regulations. Therefore, a Draft Regulation is prepared to be facilitated by the East Java Governor. There are several important points that became notes for the post-facilitation facilitation of the Governor of East Java to be included in the material for the rules. The purpose of this service is to direct the preparation of regulations in accordance with the hierarchical rules of legislation. This outreach program used the juridical – normative method through the approach of legislation. The results of this outreach program are in the form of a draft regulation for the Situbondo Regional People's Representative Council.