Suchergebnisse

This article presents a conceptual and methodological development for the analysis of the ethnic economies of the historical helmets of European cities. In addition, the first results of its application to the study of the Lavapiés area, in the old town of Madrid, are briefly published. But the very interesting urban ethnic economy is not unleashed to the first attempt. This is why authors promise future publications on the same subject and place. ; Peer reviewed ; This article presents a conceptual and methodological development for the analysis of the ethnic economies of the historical helmets of European cities. In addition, the first results of its application to the study of the Lavapiés area, in the old town of Madrid, are briefly published. But the very interesting urban ethnic economy is not unleashed to the first attempt. This is why authors promise future publications on the same subject and place. ; En este artículo se presenta un desarrollo conceptual y metodológico para el análisis de las economías étnicas de los cascos históricos de las ciudades europeas. Además, de manera sucinta se publican los primeros resultados de su aplicación al estudio de la zona de Lavapiés, en el casco antiguo de la ciudad de Madrid. Pero la economía étnica urbana, tan interesante, no se desvela a la primera intentona. Por ello, los autores prometen futuras publicaciones sobre el mismo tema y lugar.

International audience Education for human development within the constraints of sustainability is problematic for schools. On one hand, it is a political idea that continues to evolve with successive compromises between social groups with differing or even conflicting interests. ESD is therefore inherently 'non-disciplinary' and cannot be the basis of a single school subject if we wish to keep the creativity that results from the dynamics at work. On the other hand, SD leads us to think collectively about solutions that ensure a future of our choosing that preserves the biological capacity of the planet and to reduce our vulnerability. The sciences thus have a key role: their ability to question the world and to model the consequences of collective and individual choices. But there is a risk of technocratic drift and SD leads us to think about society's values and aims. A new link is established between sciences and humanities with a democratic model in sight. This paper presents what is possible out of the prospective scenarios method within general and compulsory education by seeking, through an empirical approach, to determine its feasibility, its contributions, its limits, and to locate the place of science education in the elaboration of the perception of " vulnerability ". Both primary and secondary schools are concerned.

The Conseil constitutionnel, by Decision No 2012-271 QPC of 21 September, ruled on the question of the criminal immunity of bullfighting on French territory. In a ruling which could only be debated, the Sages considered that the criminal law criminalising ill-treatment of animals was in accordance with the Constitution, in that it excludes from its scope 'bulls races where an uninterrupted local tradition can be invoked' (in addition to 'fighting between galles in places where an uninterrupted tradition can be established', a provision which was not the subject of the decision in question) 1. The provision has not recently been introduced into French law, nor is the contrast between supporters and critics of bullfighting; however, the issue returned to the centre of public debate following the decision of the Oltralpe Government to include bullfights in the list of intangible assets constituting the cultural heritage of France, in accordance with Article 12 of the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. The question of constitutionality was brought before the Conseil at the request of two animal welfare associations — Comité radicalement anti-corrida Europe and the Droits des animaux-association in the course of proceedings brought by those associations against the decision of the French Minister for Culture to include bullfights in the catalogue of intangible heritage of France. "The Conseil constitutionnel is not composed of wise men [as the members of the body are called] but of vigliacchi" commented Brigitte Bardot, a prominent member of one of the applicant associations 2. However, it cannot be said that the outcome of the case was unexpected: in a few, they expected the Conseil to intervene more decisively, going so far as to declare the rule unconstitutional and, as a result, to render the bullfighting illegal. Although the Conseil has left the legislative framework intact, in its statement of reasons it provided some useful guidance on the classification of bullfighting in ...

During the second half of the eighteenth century, the large middle forge was loved to a small number of farmers, and the corresponding leases were well documented. Charles du Gravot (1755) followed by fruitier Druon (1762). From 1770, together with Louis Gerbet, two other forges in State property were added to the tenancy of the Middle East: Naix (County Ligny) and Montiers-sur-Saulx, with his domain. The lease for these three forges was then obtained, as early as 1771 and for 36 years, but under at least inappropriate conditions, by Comte Léopold-Charles du Hautoy and his wife, with the Soysecourt mark as a guarantor. The differences between the Hautoy and Soysecourt disentangled the history of the time, and were the subject of a large number of procedures and requests made by the King's Council. In 1781, matters came back to order with Jean-Baptiste Vivaux, for whom the lease of the Hautoy was broken. The detailed report of the visit to the Middle East forge, carried out on 26 October 1781, is particularly interesting and makes it possible to realise the importance that this industrial group already had. He later became a private property in the hands of the Wendel family. ; Pendant la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle, la grande forge de Moyeuvre fut amodiée à un petit nombre de fermiers, et les baux correspondants sont bien documentés. Se sont succédés ainsi Charles du Gravot (1755), puis le fruitier Druon (1762). A partir de 1770, avec Louis Gerbet, deux autres forges du domaine de l'État furent ajoutées au bail de celle de Moyeuvre : Naix (comté de Ligny) et Montiers-sur-Saulx, avec son domaine. Puis le bail pour ces trois forges fut obtenu, dès 1771 et pour 36 années, mais dans des conditions pour le moins inconvenantes, par le comte Léopold-Charles du Hautoy et son épouse, avec comme caution le marquis de Soyécourt. Les démêlés entre les du Hautoy et Soyécourt ont défrayé la chronique de l'époque, et ont fait l'objet d'un grand nombre de procédures et sollicitations en Conseil du Roi. Les choses sont ...

While virtually all legal systems are familiar with an institution similar to that designated by French law as 'parental authority', this is not always accompanied by a specific system of liability for the holders of that authority. For example, in some countries such as Scandinavian or Common Law countries, fathers and mothers are subject to the ordinary rules of fault liability for damage caused by their child. On the other hand, most other legal systems have a presumption against parents in favour of victims of damage caused by a child. However, the scope of this presumption varies and evolves significantly in time. The evolution of parental responsibility in French law: an objectivation of liability. In France, despite some changes, the rule laid down in 1804 essentially replaced. Article 1384 (4) now provides that 'the father and the mother, in so far as they exercise parental authority, shall be jointly and severally liable for damage caused by their minor children living with them', 'unless they prove that they were unable to prevent the event giving rise to such responsibility'. However, since reading the text is far from providing the interpreter with full guidance on the nature of the presumption and the means of rejecting it, the legislature has left considerable leeway to academic writers and case-law to determine the meaning of that formula. However, courts and authors have been directly influenced, in the exercise of their interpretative powers, by the general trends which have affected the development of family law and the development of civil liability law, thus explaining certain contradictions. 'While the weakening of the principle of authority and the decline in family solidarity, which was further accentuated by the 1 H. Slim, 'Research on Responsibility for Other Persons in Comparative Law', Resp. civ. et ass., November 2000, out of series, La Responsibility du Injuries d'Enverse, pp. 52 et s. 2 G. Viney and P. Jourdain, Treaty of Civil Law, the conditions of liability, (ed.) Jacques ...

14 7 ; S ; A344 ; Elsevier user license: Permitted: For non-commercial purposes: Read, print & download Text & data mine Translate the article Not Permitted: Reuse portions or extracts from the article in other works Redistribute or republish the final article Sell or re-use for commercial purposes Controlling pharmaceutical costs has been the subject of research and analysis in many studies in health economics which have shown that the chronic conditions of patients are an important factor. The present work models pharmaceutical expenditure by different health districts and gender according to the characteristics of chronic conditions. Trillo Mata, JL.; Guadalajara Olmeda, MN.; Barrachina Martínez, I.; De La Poza, E. (2011). Modeling pharmaceutical cost in primary health care according to chronic conditions. Value in Health. 14(7):A344-A344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2011.08.612

[ES] One of the objectives of the Borbones' scientific policy was that of potential disciplines which could be applied in the necessary promotion of the Spanish economy. This was the case with mineralogy, which was developed and taught in a number of illustrated scientific institutions. One of these centres was the Office of Natural History in Madrid, where the work of the German specialist Christian Herrgen contributed to the institutionalisation of Spanish mineralogy. ; Peer reviewed ; [ES] One of the objectives of the Borbones' scientific policy was that of potential disciplines which could be applied in the necessary promotion of the Spanish economy. This was the case with mineralogy, which was developed and taught in a number of illustrated scientific institutions. One of these centres was the Office of Natural History in Madrid, where the work of the German specialist Christian Herrgen contributed to the institutionalisation of Spanish mineralogy. ; [EN] One of the goals of the scientific ~policy of the governments of the Borbones were that of favors the disciplines subject to be applied for the necessary stimulus of the Spanish economy. Such was the case of the Mineralogy, science that was developed and imparted in several scientific cultured institutions. One of these centres were the Cabinet o i Natural History from Madrid, in which the work of ¡he German specialist Christian Herrgcn contributed to the institutionalization of the Spanish Mineralogy. ; [ES] One of the objectives of the Borbones' scientific policy was that of potential disciplines which could be applied in the necessary promotion of the Spanish economy. This was the case with mineralogy, which was developed and taught in a number of illustrated scientific institutions. One of these centres was the Office of Natural History in Madrid, where the work of the German specialist Christian Herrgen contributed to the institutionalisation of Spanish mineralogy. ; [ES] Uno de los objetivos de la política científico de los gobiernos Borbones fue la ...

International audience The EU dairy policy has undergone several changes over its near forty year life. The most significant of these changes were the introduction of the milk quotas in 1984, and more recently the 2003 CAP reform (Luxembourg Agreement). Whereas since the MacSharry reform of 1992 several other agricultural sectors were already subject to a regime-switch implying the reduction in price support partly compensated by direct payments, the dairy sector had initially be largely exempted from this policy turn to increase the competitiveness of EU agriculture. The Luxembourg Agreement not only deepened the reform of the 1990s, but further completed it by including the dairy sector, as well as by decoupling the direct payments from production. As regards dairy it implied significant declines in support prices for butter and skimmed milk powder, partly compensated for by newly introduced milk premiums. The milk quota regime was prolonged till 2014-15. In the upcoming evaluation of the CAP (Health Check in 2008) the future of the quota regime will be at the core of the discussions. Many countries are now in favour of an expiry of the quota regime.With these policy changes the EU dairy sector is set on a more market-oriented course, improving its chances at the world markets. In addition, the EU has been enlarged with ten new member states in 2004 and another two in 2007. All of them are dairy producing countries with some heavily dependent on milk production (European Commission, 2006). This significantly increased both the production capacities as well as the demand for dairy products in the EU. It also increased the EU's importance as a big player in the world's dairy sector. With the 'transition' process in the new member states still going on and supply management likely to be abandoned in the future, the EUs role in dairy trade might significantly change over time. However, trade will not be influenced by policy changes within the EU only. It will also be affected by what happens on the international ...

Executive summary produced from the seminar "The special law of food tested by private law" organised by Lascaux in Nantes. 8 pages. What is the status of the food? What are the obligations to which producers are subject? To which liability regime (s) are they exposed? These few questions delivered in bulk are a sample of those that the lawyer is confronted with as soon as he or she examines the law applicable to food. ; Synthèse produite à partir du séminaire "Le droit spécial de l'alimentation à l'épreuve du droit privé", organisé par Lascaux à Nantes. 8 pages. Quel est le statut de l'aliment ? Quelles sont les obligations auxquelles les producteurs sont assujettis ? A quel(s) régime(s) de responsabilité sont-ils exposés ? Ces quelques interrogations livrées en vrac sont un échantillon de celles auxquelles le juriste est confronté dès l'instant où il examine le droit applicable à l'alimentation.

This study compares two types of road dam set up by entities representing passenger transport professionals in Ghana and Senegal. Far from appearing in a register competing with that of the legal authorities, the legitimacy of each of these forms of dam is based on the establishment of a proximity to the State, its ideal, its symbolic nature and the officials representing it. However, the comparison of these two cases makes it possible to go even further. In Ghana, this practice has long been regulated by law. In Senegal, however, it is the product of a multitude of informal agreements at city or regional level. This difference provided the Ghanaian entity with more resources to showcase its asaticity, but also made it more vulnerable to changes in the national political environment than its Senegalese counterpart. In this particular case, the a priori most DIY form of etaticity is far from being the most fragile. On the contrary, it appears to be the most sustainable, if not the most stable. ; This study compares two types of roadblocks created by entities representing passenger transport professionals in Ghana and Senegal. Far from competing with the legal authorities, each of these types of roadblock bases their legitimacy on a performance of proximity with the state, its ideal, symbolism and the officials who represent it. By comparing these two cases, however, one may go further. In Ghana, this practice has long been subject to legal supervision. In Senegal, by contrast, it is the result of an array of informal agreements reached at the municipal and regional levels. While this difference confers greater resources upon the Ghanaian entity to stage its proximity with the state, it also makes it more vulnerable than its Senegalese counterpart to changes in the national political conjuncture. In this specific case, what may a priori seem the most fragile performance of the state appears to be the most enduring, if not the most stable. ; This study compares two types of road dam set up by entities representing ...

also published online http://surlejournalisme.com/rev/index.php/slj/article/view/72/24 The article consists of a multi-methodological study of the online news landscape, as part of a research project entitled Internet Pluralism and Redondance de l'Information. The study seeks to identify, in the publication stream and in the circulation of a new one, the elements of convergence and recovery, or, on the contrary, the creativity and singularisation of the various types of news sites (online media, infomedaries, native internet sites and blogs) from the publication on 8 March 2011 of articles on a poll giving Marine Le Pen the top of the voting intentions for the 2012 presidential election. The article essentially serves two purposes. The first is to identify the volume of production of information on the subject in the various sites, taking into account the circulation of the new one in its diachronic dimension. The second is to identify certain standards in the production of the various sites, by studying sources and signatures, visual treatment and the use of hyperlinks. The results show lines of convergence and divergence between the different categories of sites: productivity strategies and standardised recovery of information vs singularity, re-processing of information and promotion of a relational network. ; International audience This article consists in a multi-methodological study of online news landscape, which is part of a research project called Internet Pluralism and Redundancy of Information. The study aims to identify, in the publication flow and in the spreading of online news, some elements of convergence or divergence between different categories of websites (online medias, infomediaries, medias born online and blogs) in their publication, on the 8th of March 2011, of a poll about presidential elections, setting far-right leader Marine Le Pen on top of voting intentions. The article essentially aims at two purposes. The first one is to identify the amount of information production dedicated to ...

16358 16365 20 15 ; S ; This paper was published in OPTICS EXPRESS and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.016358. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law We report the transmission of 40 quantum-key channels using WDM/SCM-QKD technology and 4 bidirectional classical channels over a PON. To our knowledge the highest number of quantum key channels simultaneously transmitted that has ever been reported. The quantum signal coexists with classical reference channel which is employed to process the qbits, but it has enough low power to avoid Raman crosstalk and achieving a high number of WDM-QKD channels. The experimental results allow us to determine the minimum rejection ratio required by the filtering devices employed to select each quantum channel and maximize the quantum key rate. These results open the path towards high-count QKD channel transmission over optical fiber infrastructures. The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science & Innovation and the Generalitat Valenciana through projects CONSOLIDER INGENIO 2010 Quantum Information Technologies and PROMETEO GVA 2008-092 MICROWAVE PHOTONICS. Gisin, N., Ribordy, G., Tittel, W., & Zbinden, H. (2002). Quantum cryptography. Reviews of Modern Physics, 74(1), 145-195. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.74.145 Scarani, V., Bechmann-Pasquinucci, H., Cerf, N. J., Dušek, M., Lütkenhaus, N., & Peev, M. (2009). The security of practical quantum key distribution. Reviews of Modern Physics, 81(3), 1301-1350. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.81.1301 Capmany, J., & Novak, D. (2007). Microwave photonics combines two worlds. Nature Photonics, 1(6), 319-330. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2007.89 Chen, J., Wu, G., Xu, L., Gu, X., Wu, E., & Zeng, H. (2009). Stable quantum key distribution with active ...

3504 3506 37 17 ; S ; This paper was published in OPTICS LETTERS and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.37.003504. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law [EN] In this Letter, we demonstrate a highly efficient, compact, high-contrast and low-loss silicon slow wave modulator based on a traveling-wave Mach¿Zehnder interferometer with two 500 μm long slow wave phase shifters. 40 Gb ∕ s operation with 6.6 dB extinction ratio at quadrature and with an on-chip insertion loss of only 6 dB is shown. These results confirm the benefits of slow light as a means to enhance the performance of silicon modulators based on the plasma dispersion effect. Funding by the European Commission (EC) under project Photonics Electronics Functional Integration on CMOS (HELIOS) (FP7224312) and PROMETEO-2010- 087 R&D Excellency Program are acknowledged. F.Y.G, D.J.T. and G.T.R. acknowledge funding support from the United Kingdom Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under the grant "UK Silicon Photonics". Brimont, ACJ.; Thomson, DJ.; Gardes, FY.; Fedeli, JM.; Reed, GT.; Martí Sendra, J.; Sanchis Kilders, P. (2012). High-contrast 40 Gb/s operation of a 500 um long silicon carrier-depletion slow wave modulator. Optics Letters. 37(17):3504-3506. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.37.003504 Liao, L., Liu, A., Rubin, D., Basak, J., Chetrit, Y., Nguyen, H., … Paniccia, M. (2007). 40 Gbit/s silicon optical modulator for high-speed applications. Electronics Letters, 43(22), 1196. doi:10.1049/el:20072253 Gardes, F. Y., Thomson, D. J., Emerson, N. G., & Reed, G. T. (2011). 40 Gb/s silicon photonics modulator for TE and TM polarisations. Optics Express, 19(12), 11804. doi:10.1364/oe.19.011804 Thomson, D. J., Gardes, F. Y., Hu, Y., Mashanovich, G., Fournier, M., Grosse, P., … Reed, G. T. ...

1199 1204 69 10 ; S ; Vieira, C. R. Y. I., Pires, E. J. P., Terra, M. M., Tecchio, M. A., & Vieira, M. do C. (2008). Reguladores vegetais influenciando número e tamanho de células das bagas da uva «Niagara Rosada». Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 30(1), 25-30. doi:10.1590/s0100-29452008000100007 ; This paper was published in APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/14-07791 . Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law. A new, simple and sensitive method, based on photoinduced chemiluminescence, was developed for the determination of quinmerac. The photoproduct, obtained after UV irradiation in basic medium, was mixed with sodium sulfite (sensitizer), and Ce(IV) (oxidant) in acid medium. A wide linear dynamic range (2-600 ng mL-1) and a limit of detection of 0.6 ng mL-1 were obtained without any pretreatment (0.08 ng mL-1 after solid phase extraction). The determination was performed using a flow injection manifold, which allowed a high throughput (144 h-1). The inter-day reproducibility was 5.6% (n=5), and the intra-day repeatability was 3.9 and 2.9% for 20 and 200 ng mL-1 of quinmerac, respectively (n=21). Finally, the method was applied to surface and ground waters with recoveries ranging from 78.1 to 94.5%. The authors thank the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia from Spain and FEDER for financial support, Project CTM2006-11991. Catalá-Icardo, M.; López Paz, JL.; Blázquez Pérez, J. (2015). Development of a photoinduced chemiluminescent method for the determination of the herbicide quinmerac in water. Applied Spectroscopy. 69(10):1199-1204. https://doi.org/10.1366/14-07791 Deschauer, H., & Kögel-Knabner, I. (1990). Sorption behavior of a new acidic herbicide in soils. Chemosphere, 21(12), 1397-1410. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(90)90044-t ...

Summary The aim of this research was to employ students from the Bar of the University Campus Universitario de los Valles (University of Guadalajara) (specifically in the subject of Civil Law V, located in the seventh half of the year) two pedagogical strategies that encourage the active participation of pupils, namely problem-based learning and case analysis. The methodological approach used was mixed (qualitative and quantitative). The results show (using the SPSS software) that, depending on the level of significance, the fact that the trainee in the lawyer's career advises a testator or witness the making of an open public will favours his performance as a student. In conclusion, it can be ensured that using problem-driven learning and case analysis with lawyers' students can bring them closer to the legal reality they will face at the end of their university education. Furthermore, asking them orally about legal problems promotes the ability to speak in public (oral), as well as the application of the positive right to the individual case by substantiating and motivating them. ; Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue emplear con estudiantes de la carrera de abogado del Campus Universitario de los Valles (Universidad de Guadalajara) (específicamente en la asignatura Derecho Civil V, ubicada en el séptimo semestre) dos estrategias pedagógicas que fomentan la participación activa de los alumnos, es decir, el aprendizaje basado en problemas y el análisis de casos. El enfoque metodológico usado fue mixto (cualitativo y cuantitativo). Los resultados demuestran (utilizando el software SPSS) que, según el nivel de significancia, el hecho de que el alumno de la carrera de abogado asesore a un testador o presencie el otorgamiento de un testamento público abierto favorece su desempeño como estudiante. En conclusión, se puede asegurar que emplear el aprendizaje basado en problemas y el análisis de casos con estudiantes de la carrera de abogado puede acercarlos a la realidad jurídica con la que se enfrentarán al ...