Suchergebnisse

The monograph examines the current problems of state policy of import substitution in the current conditions of the post-industrial economy. The essence and generalized theoretical ap- proaches to the genesis of theories of import regulation in open economies have been revealed, the tools of state regulation in import substitution policy have been systematized and the content of the modern concept of neo-industrial import substitution has been characterized with a definition of institutional obstacles to its development. The preconditions for the implementation of import substitution policy in key sectors of the Ukrainian economy have been studied. The current state of Ukraine's foreign trade has been analyzed and key problems of balancing the foreign trade balance have been identified. The causes and consequences of the growing import dependence of the do- mestic economy have been established. Considerable attention is paid to the areas of realization of import substitution potential in the context of building a national innovation system. The role of for- eign direct investment in ensuring structural transformations in the economy of Ukraine has been studied and the factors of deterioration of the investment climate in Ukraine have been determined. Based on the systematization of international experience, the risks and problems of neo-industrial development of countries that can affect the implementation of their import substitution strategies have been identified.

India is one of the fastest growing markets in the world. Among the various sectors contributing to the growth of the economy, food is one of the fastest growing sectors owing to factors such as a large population base, rising middle-class, increase in per-capita income, and greater consumer awareness. Demand for imported food products is increasing due to factors such as reduction in tariffs, changes in consumer preferences and growing adaptability to international cuisine. Several initiatives have been taken by the Indian government in recent years to improve the ease of doing business and reduce the compliance burden through use of technology. Despite these initiatives, India's ranking compared to other countries in some selective indicators such as documentary and border compliance and logistics performance is quite low. To improve ease of doing business, reduce cost and time taken in importing food products, and improve India's ranking in logistics performance indicators, there is an urgent need for backend process and information technology (IT) integration across the agencies involved in the import clearance process. Given this background, the objective of this paper is to (a) provide an overview of the food import clearance process in India, (b) identify issues in the import process and (c) make recommendations on how to streamline the process using technology and automation. The paper is based on a survey of key stakeholders engaged in the food import clearance process. Based on a primary survey of 150 stakeholders in the United Kingdom and India, this paper finds that while India is an attractive market for importing food; low penetration of technology in the food import clearance process, lack of inter-agency coordination, and lack of risk management systems impedes the ease of importing food products into India. This paper recommends that in order to enhance ease of doing business, especially for SMEs, there is need to reduce procedural barriers by implementing technology and automation-oriented solutions, and a robust risk management system. In addition, there is a need to conduct continuous regulatory impact analysis to assess the time and cost reduction in importing food into India.JEL classification: F10, F13, L66, O38

We investigate how rising sanitary risk of agri-food products affects the geographical concentration of European Union (EU) imports at the product level. We first estimate a product-specific measure of sanitary risk based on the count of food alerts at EU borders. Then we regress the evolution of geographical concentration indices on our measure of product risk and year. We find that product sanitary risk indeed affected the EU import pattern. Overall, the EU diversified its import sources, but with diversification at the extensive margin and concentration at the intensive margin. This pattern is stronger for risky products, leading to a two-tier system.

This study evaluates consideration to allow shipments of Argentine fresh lemons into the United States. Besides providing analysis of an on-going and still disputed systems approach, this case was viewed as a relevant test for feasibility of a prototype analytical tool that links economic and risk assessment for SPS measures. Political economy and empirical assessment shows that despite some apparent similarities among systems approach policies, the idiosyncratic nature of SPS issues limits application of a common quantitative method for such policies. Assessment within context of the lemon case reveals important lessons with respect to economic analysis. Scientific debate is likely to be more contentious and sustained in cases where the political stakes are greater, thus a priori economic evaluation is likely to be the most limited in those cases where it could prove the most valuable. Results highlight transitions in the political reality of WTO SPS agreement applications. Movement away from specificity in risk assessment limits common understanding and further assessment of regulatory policies. The dynamics of the lemon case shifted attention to credibility of domestic, as well as foreign, institutions. Confidence between regulatory agencies is important, but does not compensate for public trust. ; This report was prepared for USDA, Economics Research Service, Program of Research on the Economics of Invasive Species Management (PREISM) through a grant provided to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (research grant 43-3AEM-3-80087) with subcontracts to Michigan State University and Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE). We thank ERS for financial support.

Asymmetries between the profit-risk perceptions of foreign and domestic investors are unavoidable aspects of late development. Import substitution strategies that try to advance industrialization by compensating for the asymmetries have, therefore, been part of the development efforts of Asian and Latin American countries. Current explanations of the greater success of Asian Newly Industrializing Countries are examined and the impact of culture and history on comsumer preference formation is stressed

Exotic animal diseases (EADs) are characterized by their capacity to spread global distances, causing impacts on animal health and welfare with significant economic consequences. We offer a critique of current import risk analysis approaches employed in the EAD field, focusing on their capacity to assess complex systems at a policy level. To address the shortcomings identified, we propose a novel method providing a systematic analysis of the likelihood of a disease incursion, developed by reference to the multibarrier system employed for the United Kingdom. We apply the network model to a policy‐level risk assessment of classical swine fever (CSF), a notifiable animal disease caused by the CSF virus. In doing so, we document and discuss a sequence of analyses that describe system vulnerabilities and reveal the critical control points (CCPs) for intervention, reducing the likelihood of U.K. pig herds being exposed to the CSF virus.

Bayesian networks (BNs) are graphical modeling tools that are generally recommended for exploring what‐if scenarios, visualizing systems and problems, and for communication between stakeholders during decision making. In this article, we investigate their potential for exploring different perspectives in trade disputes. To do so, we draw on a specific case study that was arbitrated by the World Trade Organization (WTO): the Australia‐New Zealand apples dispute. The dispute centered on disagreement about judgments contained within Australia's 2006 import risk analysis (IRA).We built a range of BNs of increasing complexity that modeled various approaches to undertaking IRAs, from the basic qualitative and semi‐quantitative risk analyses routinely performed in government agencies, to the more complex quantitative simulation undertaken by Australia in the apples dispute. We found the BNs useful for exploring disagreements under uncertainty because they are probabilistic and transparently represent steps in the analysis. Different scenarios and evidence can easily be entered. Specifically, we explore the sensitivity of the risk output to different judgments (particularly volume of trade). Thus, we explore how BNs could usefully aid WTO dispute settlement.We conclude that BNs are preferable to basic qualitative and semi‐quantitative risk analyses because they offer an accessible interface and are mathematically sound. However, most current BN modeling tools are limited compared with complex simulations, as was used in the 2006 apples IRA. Although complex simulations may be more accurate, they are a black box for stakeholders. BNs have the potential to be a transparent aid to complex decision making, but they are currently computationally limited. Recent technological software developments are promising.

This book assesses the politics and programs of the U.S. Export-Import Bank and their relevance to U.S. trade policy. Focusing on the direct loan program for large credits with maturities of more than five years, the authors evaluate the broad criteria employed by the Bank in its decision-making process and the resulting allocation of Bank resources. They also examine the distribution of Bank loans and subsidies across industries and relate this to key industry characteristics such as comparative advantage and export dependence. The problems faced by the Eximbank in recent years--high borrowing costs, intensified export credit competition, limited resources, increased risks, conflicting mandates to be competitive yet self-sustaining ---have given tremendous importance to the careful articulation of policy and administration of programs. The authors find Bank policies to be broadly supportive of the U.S. trade policy goals, but also identify several areas of inconsistency and lack of definition and offer alternative means of specifying criteria to overcome these problems.

By these rules, "import substitution" should be paid extra
since it has been used to mean many different things. These notes are
intended, therefore, to clarify or at least specify some of the issues
and ambiguities surrounding discussion of import substitution in the
hope that future research and policy can thereby be more efficiently
directed and these sometimes muddied issues can thereby be more clearly
understood. Since its objective is to point up sources of conceptual
confu¬sion that have appeared in import substitution studies and
policies, distinctions will be drawn sometimes too sharply where this is
useful, even at the risk of over¬simplifying a complicated problem.
Finally, it should be clear from the outset that the paper makes no
pretence at major originality.