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Open contracts are agreement whereby parties of the contract can insert terms and conditions in the contract, delete them, or revise them. Some contracts for the supply of goods or construction are examples of such contracts. One party (usually a contractor or seller) can have many initiatives by increasing and decreasing the price or by changing elements of the contract. Certainly, there are many reasons, motives, and important goals in creating this type of conventions and its acceptance by the legal community. Discovery of these reasons and the goals leads to fundamental changes and definition of this type of contract could be a major driver of reform in Iranian contract laws, as Iranian community prefers to use example or pre-specified forms of contracts. Therefore, referring to the Principles of European Contract Law and implementation of the legal provisions, legal doctrines, and jurisprudence, presentation of new concepts such as open contract as well as analysis of its nature, validity, and effects leads to establishment of grounds for accepting new contractual frameworks and its localization of contractual rights in Iran because it has been rejected due to traditional perspectives. It may result in legislation to pave the way for solving many legal problems in specialized issues such as oil contracts. In this regard, in addition to genealogy of open contract, this article aims to examine its types and its effects legally in the laws of countries like Iran and European countries.

Foreign drug kingpins, rogue dictators; state-sponsored terrorists. These "bad guys" are the leading threats to America's national security, replacing the old Soviet Union and a China that is no longer "Red." Conceptually, fighting the new bad guys is not as easy as fighting the old threats: "nuking" the Soviet Union or China always remained an option, however foolish. Overwhelming military force, however, was not designed to handle unconventional threats posed by drug dealers and terrorists and may be an inappropriate method of containing or crushing some dictators. Increasingly, the United States is turning to a new unilateral weapon - international trade measures - regardless of opposition from its allies and trading partners.

"Comparative law is increasingly used as a tool in the making of law at national, regional and international levels. Private international law is now often affected by international conventions, and the issues faced by classical conflicts rules are frequently dealt with by substantive harmonisation of law under international auspices"--

Comecon has achieved a goal long sought by the West: putting into effect a broad unification of international trade law. In 1958 each Comecon country adopted the Comecon General Conditions for the Delivery of Goods. Since then the General Conditions have regulated with the force of law every contract for the sale of goods between the Comecon countries. These General Conditions are a broad unification of both substantive law and conflict of laws rules.

Energy in the context of international trade law : concepts and changing markets -- The role of energy in international trade law history -- The current WTO legal framework relevant for energy -- Beyond the WTO : the energy charter treaty and preferential trade agreements -- Decentralising energy markets in light of international trade law : OPEC and the EU internal energy market -- Decarbonising energy markets : options for constraining dual pricing and fossil fuel subsidy reform in the WTO -- The emerging concept of 'energy security' in international trade law -- General conclusion and recommendations.