Suchergebnisse

Historically, Denmark was a "fist-mover" as a signatory to liberal international humanitarian laws and conventions, especially with regard to refugees. Yet, in recent years Denmark has cherished the role of a different kind of "first mover" – namely as hardliner when it comes to immigration policies. This is evident in the existent political discourse and restrictive immigration policies personified not least in the number of times Denmark has altered (and tightened) immigration regulations. Yet, we demonstrate that while "barriers" exist in terms of entering Denmark, the Danish labour market structure is such that it ends up facilitating refugees' integration and legally protecting their labour rights. To be sure, this protection is a way of guaranteeing the rights of Danish workers who would adversely be affected by the proliferation of an unregulated labour market where refugees are compelled to work under worse legal and economic conditions. However, the Danish case ends up being one where, counterintuitively, legal barriers (to entering the labour market) coexist alongside enabling factors (legal guarantees) of refugees' rights.

This research aims to explore and identify the critical success factors (CSFs) needed to facilitate and guarantee the implementation of successful public private partnership (PPP) projects in the education sector in Egypt. Thus, the research proposed a CSFs model based on an exhaustive literature review to identify CSFs for PPPs' successful implementation. The identified 21 CSFs were divided into four groups: political, legal, economic and financial as well as operational and managerial. A qualitative and quantitative analysis that involved semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey tool was applied to gather required data. Then, data were analyzed using the Nvivo program, correlation, and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the hypothesis for the research. The results showed that the set of four CSFs groups which are political, legal, economic and financial as well as managerial and operational have positive significant impacts on successful PPP implementation in education in Egypt. Results also show that managerial and operational factors are the most significant factors followed by legal factors, political factors, then economic and financial factors. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the research findings provide the private sector investor with the direction, clarity and guidance essential to create the confidence needed to invest in the education market and programs in Egypt. It also provides public sector employees with a clear vision for the environment and conditions needed to embrace PPP projects in the sector of education in Egypt.

AbstractTurkish civil code permits child marriages at 16–17 years of age, but if a child is 16 years old judicial consent is needed. Before making a final decision on marriage consent, the judges refer these children to the doctor, and ask whether they are psychologically and physically ready for marriage. While the literature on child marriage in Turkey is rich, little is known about the underlying factors leading 16-year-old girls to request legal child marriage. This study examined the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of girls applying to the courts for judicial marriage consent. Hospital records of girls admitted to a hospital in the Istanbul province of Turkey between January 2015 and December 2018 for the assessment of their physical and mental readiness for marriage were scanned. Of the 122 girls admitted to hospital for this purpose, eight were excluded as they had incomplete data, leaving 114 participating girls. All girls were Turkish citizens and had been referred from the law courts. Being pregnant/having a child (54.4%), having had a religious (non-legal) marriage (49.1%) and having an intelligence score of less than 90 (91.2%) were common among the participants. Among those who had a religious marriage, 78.6% were pregnant/had a child at the time of evaluation and 32.1% reported that they were pregnant before their religious marriage took place. None of the participants reported being forced to marry, but many had run away from home to marry (33.3%). Among those running away to marry, the major reason for deciding to do this was being pregnant (63.2%). Running away from home to marry was found to be related to lower parental educational levels (p<0.05). Contrary to the literature, the findings indicate that girls who request judicial consent for legal child marriage in Turkey are not being forced to marry. However, lower educational level seems to be an important factor. Below-average intelligence of the girl and her parents, running away from home to marry and early unsafe sexual intercourse, leading to child pregnancy, were found to be closely associated with legal child marriage in Turkey.

The aim of the study was to determine the most effective model of legal regulation of the form of declaration of will in legal transactions from the survey of the legislation of several countries and their respective jurisprudence. The research covered the methods of statistical analysis, comparative law, dialectics and legal epistemology, as well as data selection and legal modeling. It is shown that the model of legal regulation of the form of declaration of will, which is based on the principle of free choice of the form of declaration of will, is the most effective in terms of these indicators in the case of: (Greece, Poland, Czech Republic). At the same time, these States provide for strict requirements for challenging legal transactions and provide for the prohibition of abuse of rights. It is concluded that it is justified that in the majority of states the principle of valid will is applied when concluding legal transactions. Moreover, the results of this study can be used to develop proposals for the improvement of legislation in the field of regulation of the forms of declaration of will in the conclusion of legal transactions in their various forms and modalities.

Summary Efforts to assess the risk of criminal legal system involvement among people with serious mental illness (SMI) often rely on strategies that locate the risk at the individual level. The present study examines environmental factors that contribute to criminal legal involvement for people with SMI in mental health treatment settings. Thirty-one people with serious mental illness and prior criminal legal involvement were interviewed in this qualitative study. Interviews focused on factors that contributed to and protected against criminal legal involvement. The research team engaged in inductive thematic analysis of interview data. Findings Findings reveal that understanding of physical, social, and treatment environments is critical to risk assessment with this population. In highlighting the role of the environment, we offer findings that may lead to improved strategies for service delivery with this population. Complicating contemporary approaches to risk assessment, our findings suggest that mental health treatment systems that serve individuals with serious mental illness should engage in meaningful consideration of environmental factors. Applications Identification of protective and risk factors in clients' physical, social, and treatment environments is critical for social work practice with individuals who have a history of criminal legal involvement and serious mental illness. Treatment settings can create opportunities for the development of protective factors by integrating wrap-around services, treatment services that follow an empowerment-participation strengths model, and post-incarceration services with clients.

The phenomenon of professional subculture in modern society is associated not only with the increasing differentiation of labour, but also with the attempts of people who work in any communities to separate themselves from other professional groups. The specifics of the professional subculture of legal professionals are determined not only by the peculiarities of legal activity and the uniqueness of professional knowledge and skills, but also by social engagement, the specifics of functioning social institutions that reproduce the subculture. The use of systemic and structural-functional approaches allows to single out objective and subjective factors that influence the formation of the professional subculture of legal actors, to consider the institutionalisation of informal legal practices as a cause of professional deformation of professionals. The process of legalisation and legitimisation of informal relations, which are outside of the public control, takes the form of various types of corruption. A new set of values, norms and rules is the changing content of the most important component – the professional culture. An analysis of empirical data obtained through the sociological research methods allows to conclude that the moral degradation of society, impunity, corruption, and a low legal culture of Russian citizens contribute to a negative transformation of the professional culture of the law professionals.