Suchergebnisse

The monastery of Däbrä Ṣǝyon (Abunä Abrǝham), situated on a peak of the eastern chains of the Gärʿalta mountains, is one of the well-known medieval Ethiopian monasteries. It is said to have been established in the fourteenth century by St Abrǝham of Tǝgray. According to his own gädl, Abunä Abrǝham was not only the founder of the monastery, but was also known to be an active participant and director of the architectural work of the rock-hewn church. It is known that Gärʿalta is endowed with reflections of Aksumite culture, and the monastery of Däbrä Ṣǝyon also seems to have had its own share in its continuation. Many places and monasteries (in Tǝgray) are linked to this monastery in terms of shared monastic culture and land granting. Däbrä Ṣǝyon is a rock-hewn church in which many Christian historical artefacts have been preserved. Among the non-codex written artefacts, it has preserved, in particular, a ṭawos manuscript. Seventy-two Gǝʿǝz manuscripts, most of which of hagiographical and liturgical genre, are kept in the church. All were digitized, foliated, with quire number and structure sorted out in 2018, via a project carried out by the St Yared Center for Ethiopian Philology and Manuscript Studies (SYCEPMS) of Mekelle University. Material, physical, and chemical analysis of the manuscripts was not applied due to a lack of equipment and skill. The manuscripts are now in the process of being catalogued and examined for dating, and the article provides a synthetic survey of the whole collection. The ṭawos manuscript, that is, a peacock-type manuscript from the fifteenth century, is part of the collection; its format calls for consideration regarding the definition and significance of a special style of Ethiopic manuscript culture. As a result, this article aims at introducing the monastery and its manuscript collection.

A cross-cultural, comparative view on the transition from a predominant 'culture of handwriting' to a predominant 'culture of print' in the late medieval and early modern periods is provided here, combining research on Christian and Jewish European book culture with findings on East Asian manuscript and print culture. This approach highlights interactions instead of retracing a linear process from the manuscript book to its printed successor.

This collection of papers offers a variety of new perspectives on the related topics of literacy, education and manuscript transmission in Byzantium and among neighbouring cultures by analysing recently discovered or rarely consulted sources materials.

As the first study of manuscript collections, this book asks what changes when sayings, stories, songs, and spells are brought together on the same carrier. Covering a plethora of manuscripts from the Warring States and early empires, and spanning sources from philosophy, historiography, poetry, and technical literature, this study describes the whole life-cycle of multiple texts collected on a single manuscript. Drawing on comparative and interdisciplinary advances and based on careful study of manuscript materiality and textuality, this book shows the importance of collections in the development of and access to text and knowledge in early China.

What happened to the tremendous legacy of juridical knowledge left behind in Italy in the 6th century? Into what labyrinth did it plunge only to re-emerge after the silent age of the early Middle Ages into the light of day, and effectively come to shape the renewal of the jurisprudence at the beginning of the 12th century? One-and-a-half centuries after the fanciful writings of Hermann Fitting, legal historians are still looking for the answers to these questions. Considering the new information we have (especially coming from the paleographical research), this paper re-examines the existence as well as the activities of the school of Rome both during the Justinian Age and in the two centuries thereafter. The aim of this essay is to verify whether Rome, during the very early Middle Ages, continued to represent a centre of juridical culture. According to the hypothesis developed in this contribution, Rome – at that time – not only played a very important role with regard to the material conservation of the Justinian's libri legales, but also in the initial establishment of the new (i. e., Justinian) imperial law in the West and creation of its image as a significant juridical centre. The absence of such a centre as well as its wide-spread image would truly make the Bolognese renovatio appear "miraculous" and very difficult to explain. After Justinian, the 7th and 8th centuries can truly be characterised as "silent" in the history of Roman law in the West. However, by studying the medieval manuscript tradition, in particular, that of the Institutiones and the Novellae, we can gather together a series of elements helping us to clarify the situation. Also quite useful is an examination of the manuscript tradition of the Collatio legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum. Through the spread and use of these Late Antique works, we can see how – in conjunction with the actions of the papacy – Rome, toward the end of the 8th century, returned to being a centre of world politics and – given that law follows politics – of the legal culture.

By the beginning of the 21st century, digital multispectral and hyperspectral visualization has become one of the key components of the systematic study of historical manuscripts. Over the past twenty years, a significant amount of research with the application if this method has been carried out; therefore, the authors of this article have considered it necessary to reflect on the current situation in the field of application of multispectral visualization methods and to provide an overview of the most representative projects. It has been established that among the permanently operating foreign scientific institutions which use multispectral imaging methods, the most productive are the Center for the Study of Manuscript Cultures of the University of Hamburg, Centre of Image and Material Analysis in Cultural Heritage (Austria), and the Research Department of the Bodleian Library (Oxford). Among the temporary projects, studies related to the complex examination of palimpsests as well as to the evaluation of the state of the text carrier have been singled out since they had a significant impact on the development of multispectral visualization at the methodological and technical levels. The review provides characteristics of the equipment used for multispectral imaging; discusses the relationship between methods and specific research tasks. It is stated that nowadays multispectral visualization has become a routine technique in solving utilitarian tasks. The following directions have been distinguished as the most promising for the development of the research potential of this method: 1) analysis of the spectral behavior of the substance in determining the composition of the dye; 2) analysis of the spectral behavior of the text made with different inks, including the research related to the study of writing skills; 3) control of the state and dynamics of processes of the carrier.

Part of a symposium on the Marx-Engels Gesamtausgabe, Karl Marx's workbooks written between 1861 & 1863 are studied to illustrate the extent to which Marx engaged G. W. F. Hegel's understanding of the logical category of essence. It is contended that Marx utilized Hegel's conceptualization of essence that the latter promulgated in his The Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences & The Science of Logic. After reviewing Hegel's understanding of the logical category of essence, it is demonstrated that Marx adopted Hegel's notion of essence when he spoke of "inherent tendency" within capitalist modes of production. Marx's exploration of the function of essence within the processes of valorization, accumulation, & reproduction in the aforementioned workbooks is then addressed. Moreover, it is stressed that the origins of Marx's "Trinity formula" for determining the distribution of social revenue among the different social classes are strongly influenced by Hegel's understanding of essence. Nevertheless, while Marx is credited with expressing a systematic dialectic in his thought, it is claimed that Hegel adhered to the use of both a systematic & historical dialectic in his work. 25 References. J. W. Parker

Latvian theatre director Anna (Asja) Lācis and her life partner, German theatre director and theoretician Bernhard Reich, began their professional careers in Latvia and Germany in the 1920s during the period of European modernism. During the second half of the 20th century, the paths of both their private and professional relationships lead them to the Soviet Union – a place whose ideological system and theatre they remained intertwined with for the rest of their lives. Both artists were then directly affected by Stalinist repressions. In 1948, Anna Lācis returned to Latvia and began working at Valmiera Drama Theatre. In 1951, Bernhard Reich also moved to Latvia, which remained his place of residence until his death. Both internationally recognized artists were buried at the Rainis Cemetery in Riga. This article provides insight into Bernhard Reich's unpublished manuscript titled Valmieras teātris (Valmiera Theatre), which reveals the left-leaning western artist's perspective of the history of Valmiera Theatre in the 1950s and the 1960s as well as the art of Socialist Realism that was both surprising and, at the time, unheard of in the history of Latvian theatre.