Suchergebnisse

The state of exception is implemented to protect the security of citizens and public order. During that time the human rights become limited in favor of public authorities. In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, only some countries in Europe have declared a state of exception. It is worth to consider what caused this decision. The aim of this article is therefore to determine whether and to what extent a specific model of social policy dominating in the state had an impact on the steps taken to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, and above all whether it determined the implementation of a state of exception. The concept created and developed by many researchers, among the others Bogusław Jagusiak became the background for the considerations. He classified and defined the existing forms of social policy, putting them in the framework of models. The starting point for this research was the typology proposed by Gøst Esping-Andersen. This concept has been developed and the following models have been distinguished: Nordic, Anglo-Saxon, Continental, Mediterranean and Post-Communist. According to the above distinction, five countries that that represent a specific model of social policy to the greatest extent will be selected. For the Nordic, Anglo-Saxon, Continental, Mediterranean and Post-Communist models, these will be Sweden, Great Britain, Germany, Italy and Poland. Then they will be subjected to comparative studies in relation to the issues described above.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has gained significant prominence in China in the period after the reforms and opening-up of the Chinese economy which ushered in the separation of corporate management and state administration as well as the integration of the Chinese economy with the global economy. Since then, the Chinese government and citizens have realized the need to hold enterprises responsible for the effects of their activities on society; and hence began to formulate CSR policies, and to integrate relevant laws, incentives, supervision and control mechanisms in corporate regulations. In 2001, China's accession to the WTO provided a platform for international reference and exchanges for the development of CSR policies. In 2006, CSR was recognized by the country's highest authority in legal form for the first time, which also meant that CSR became a national economic development strategy and policy. Unlike the private sector-led CSR in Europe and North America, this study shows that CSR in China is mainly a government-guided phenomenon and more popular among state-owned enterprises (SOE). In this light, we opine that the improvement of CSR policy and practice in China requires reforms designed with special consideration of the unique characteristics of the Chinese society to encourage stakeholder involvement in the policy formulation and participation in the implementation process.

Food policy is high on the public policy agenda, but still suffers from a lack of overview and integration. The paper reviews examples of policy limitations where tighter and more explicit links could usefully be made between environmental, social and public health considerations. The paper proposes a new ecological health approach to public policy. This offers marked advantages over the present "productionist" approach to food policy. With this old policy regime in crisis, the paper reviews current moves towards adoption of the ecological health model in Britain, Europe and globally.

Gardant à l'esprit la classification existante des régimes de protection sociale, ce document passe en revue les différentes typologies afin d'examiner les cinq politiques sociales - les prestations de vieillesse, de maladie et de maternité, d'accident du travail, de chômage, et les allocations familiales - réparties dans 30 pays européens. Ces programmes sont comparés de deux points de vue : (1) les sources de financement, à savoir, le gouvernement central, les employeurs, les personnes assurées, ou bien une combinaison des trois, et (2) les restrictions d'admissibilité, à savoir, l'emploi, les critères de revenus, et/ou la couverture universelle. Ces deux dimensions comprennent la solidarité et les aspects de l'inclusion des programmes sociaux, qui sont essentielles en les replaçant dans le contexte du modèle social européen. En outre, par le développement de cette nouvelle base de données des politiques sociales à travers l'Europe, le document met en évidence la diversité continue des dispositifs institutionnels à travers plusieurs types de modèles d'État providence en Europe, ainsi que l'absence de modèle postcommuniste commun.<