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In the present article questions of Ñyberterrorism and cybercrime counteraction in the XXI century are discussed. Reasons for the new types of crimes from the theoretical and practical point of view and explains why new types of crime, including terrorism are so important for study and law-enforcement are discussed. During discussion author presents opinions of scientists and specialists in the sphere of information technologies, law and security. Different meanings of the terms "Сyberterrorism" and "Cybercrime" are discussed and analyzed. Differences and similarities of the terms "Сyberterrorism" and "Cybercrime" are presented. Characteristics of "Сyberterrorism" and "Cybercrime" in terms of actions are presented. In the conclusion author present opinion that without appropriate legal regulation of activities in the Internet it would be impossible to protect rights of persons and organization. Author explains that due to the fact that Internet is global (more than 150 countries are connected to) it would be appropriate to regulate Internet activity on the international level.Â

Front cover -- Half title page -- Title page -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chronology -- Maps and Images -- General Introduction -- Section I: Global Piracy and European Law -- 1. Dutch Counterpoint: The Legal Opinion of Hugo Grotius (c.1603-1604) -- 2. Death to All Pirates: The Legal Opinion of Leoline Jenkins (c.1668) -- 3. The High Court of Admiralty Defines Piracy (1696) -- 4. The Weak Arm of the Law (1717) -- Questions to consider for Section I -- Section II: Atlantic Expansion and the First Global Pirates -- 5. Piracy in the Portuguese Atlantic (c.1548) -- 6. Casual Piracy in the North Atlantic (c.1556) -- 7. John Hawkins of Plymouth, Slaver and Corsair along the Spanish Main (1565-1568) -- 8. Francis Drake Attacks Nombre de Dios, Panama (1572) -- 9. Contrasting Views from Francis Drake's Famous Voyage (1577-1580) -- 10. Francis Drake to Philip II of Spain: 'Don't Call Me a Pirate!' (1586) -- 11. Francisco de Sande, "The Pirate Limahon attacks Manila" (1574) -- 12. The Pirates of India's Malabar Coast Described by Pyrard de Laval (c.1601) -- Questions to consider for Section II -- Section III: Pirates ofthe Mediterranean -- 13. Life among the Corsairs of Algiers (c.1581) -- 14. A Letter from Barbary (1630) -- 15. The Ransom Receipt of Miguel de Cervantes (1580) -- 16. Miguel de Cervantes' Captive Fantasies of the Golden Age (1615) -- 17. The Corsair Alonso de Contreras Tells His Tale (1630) -- 18. An English Diplomat Describes the Corsairs at Tripoli (c.1680) -- Questions to consider for Section III -- Section IV: The Age of Dutch Corsairs -- 19. An Encounter with Dutch Pirates in the Philippines (1600) -- 20. Catch as Catch Can: Joris van Speilbergen's Pacific Journal (1615) -- 21. Catch and Release? Catalina de Erauso and the Dutch Corsairs (1615).

"In this book, three scholars of Egypt--one American, two Egyptian--explore the universality of modern Egyptian society and politics. The authors guide readers through Egyptian politics from the 1950s to the present in a manner that is clear, fair to the distinctive features of Egypt, but also alert to ways in which Egypt resembles other societies. In the process, they employ many of the insights used by political scientists to understand the sorts of questions they ask about state formation, regime type, social movements, and political economy: how strong states emerge; how different regime types arise and evolve; when and how various kinds of social organizations emerge and press political agendas; and how wealth and power interact. These comparative and conceptual tools allows them to present a consistent answer to these questions when it comes to Egypt, as well. Egypt's modern state has indeed built strong institutions; it has also been led by regimes that tried to closely control and lead those institutions with some sustained but no permanent success. The book will thus tell the story of the emergence of that state and of various attempts by regimes to steer and manage it"--

Purpose
– This paper aims to offer an interrogation for the purposes of theoretical clarity, precision and validity. Family communication patterns (FCPs) about consumption is a commonly used measure in consumer socialisation. However, it has not been properly assessed for validity in marketing since it was developed in the 1970s. Previously developed and commonly used scales were used to examine communication styles and communication quality to test whether these older measures were still valid and applicable to the modern consumer context.


Design/methodology/approach
– Critique of extant measures suggested the need for a more precise and contemporary conceptualisation of family communication about consumption. A new conceptualisation was then empirically tested using a psychometric theory approach to scale development. By using a dyadic design, family communication between parents and young adult children in 180 families was examined.


Findings
– The early concepts are now outdated and do not readily translate into current language and family interaction styles. The terms "socio-" and "concept-orientation" no longer convey the essence of family communication. Contemporary families perceive "socio-oriented" communication as controlling and negative, while "concept-orientation" is seen as encouraging and positive. Thus, the dimensions are more purposefully labelled as encouraging and controlling family communication. A new typology of family communication styles (FCSs) was developed.


Originality/value
– A new, empirically tested, four-quadrant matrix of FCSs based on consumer socialisation theories is put forward. This includes four distinct communication styles within families, namely permissive (low encouraging and low controlling), prohibitive (low encouraging and high controlling), pluralistic (high encouraging and low controlling) and protective (high encouraging and high controlling) FCSs.

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Series Editors' Preface -- Introduction: Portuguese Economic Development and External Funding in the Modern Era -- Nuno Cunha Rodrigues and Alice Cunha -- 1. Portugal and the Marshall Plan -- Maria Fernanda Rollo -- 2. Financing the Portuguese Democracy: The International Monetary Fund and Other Creditors (1975-1979) -- Luciano Amaral -- 3. The IMF Intervention Process in Portugal between 1983 and 1985 -- João Zorrinho -- 4. The European Communities Pre-accession Aid to Portugal: A Dynamic Process -- Paulo Alves Pardal -- 5. The IMF in Portugal, 2011-2014: An Economic and Political Analysis -- Joaquim Ramos Silva -- 6. The Impact of the 2011 Troika Intervention in Portugal on the National Legal Framework -- Nuno Cunha Rodrigues -- 7. EU Funds and Taxation: Lessons from Portugal in Times of Covid -- Guilherme Waldemar d'Oliveira Martins and Joana Graça Moura -- 8. The International Monetary and Financial System and the Right to Assistance from the International Monetary Fund -- José Renato Gonçalves -- Conclusion: External Funding and Portugal's Unstable Development -- Ricardo Paes Mamede -- The Editors and Contributors -- Index -- Back Cover.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- CHAPTER 1. The Modern Era -- CHAPTER 2. Deterrence: Does It Prevent Others from Committing Murder? -- CHAPTER 3. Incapacitation: Does It Keep Them from Killing Again? -- CHAPTER 4. Retribution: Do They Deserve to Die? -- CHAPTER 5. Administration: Is the Death Penalty Carried Out Impartially, Reliably, and Efficiently? -- CHAPTER 6. Conclusion -- Appendix -- Notes -- References -- Index

"Term limits enjoy broad popularity amongst Americans yet scholarly literature has omitted two important questions from the study of municipal reform: Why are term limits so popular and what are the causes of movements for term limits. In this book, Douglas Cantor exposes the causes of term limits at the local level of government to shed light on how and why the movement to adopt term limits came to exist. Cantor begins his analysis by providing a history of term limits beginning with classical debates in Greek philosophy. He describes the benefits of studying the causes of term limits, and how term limits are a direct manifestation of older values rooted in the American traditions of municipal reform. Part Two examines twenty different municipalities across the continental U.S. that experienced a movement to implement term limits through a political campaign, voter initiative, or council-led charter amendment. Written to a common template and examining each case through the lens of the reform impulse, Cantor argues that the institutional lineage of the Progressives, namely council-manager governments, at-large elections, and nonpartisanship are largely responsible for movements to implement term limits somewhere in the United States in almost every election. Terms Limits at the Local Level brings a new dimension to the Progressive era, championing the study of local politics and its importance to understanding American politics"--

Between the years 1550 and 1650, Italy's Jewish intellectuals created a unique and enduring synthesis of the great literary and philosophical heritage of the Andalusian Jews and the Renaissance`s renewal of perspective. While remaining faithful to the beliefs, behaviors, and language of their tradition, Italian Jews proved themselves open to a rapidly evolving world of great richness. The crisis of Aristotelianism (which progressively touched upon all fields of knowledge), religious fractures and unrest, the scientific revolution, and the new perception of reality expressed through a transformation of the visual arts: these are some of the changes experienced by Italian Jews which they were affected by in their own particular way. This book explores the complex relations between Jews and the world that surrounded them during a critical period of European civilization. The relations were rich, problematic, and in some cases strained, alternating between opposition and dialogue.