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There are several indicators which reflect the level of economic development of each country. Among most important — GDP, GDP per capita, scientific and technological potential human resources, the country's positions in the world trade and capital transactions. The author makes a conclusion that the US positions remain strong in the world economy and international economic relations. The article aims to show the evolution of the American model of capitalism and its opportunities to adapt to new challenges of the 21st century. The author reviews the basic characteristics of this model and its distinction from other market economy models. It is demonstrated that in the USA, the leading role in economic development is played by private sector, and the government occupies much more modest positions. The author demonstrates that due to the liberal model the country has reached significant economic and social results, including high economic growth and high living standards. The advantages of the American model are quite obvious: commitment to high economic efficiency, development of science and innovations, economic growth and high living standards. The shortcomings of the American model are also quite evident. Among them there are: a problem of social and income inequality, the emergence of new economic challenges, including those connected with pandemics and climate change, which test the American model for its sustainability and effectiveness. Another issue is new emerging markets that are not liberal at all. Especially we can talk about China which became the real rival to the American economy. The modern stage of globalization puts several new problems before the American capitalism, such as the is exacerbation of contradictions between old industrial countries and emerging economies, between strengthened multinational corporations and the governments of the countries they came from. The author makes a conclusion that despite both internal and external challenges the existing potential of the American economic model is still not exhausted. At the same time, it is evident that the question of its adaption to all existing issues is quite real and demands solution.

A 1977 survey of petty enterprises in Accra, Ghana, is discussed. Data were gathered through open-ended questionnaires administered to petty producers (N not given) in the following businesses: upholstery, footwear, bags, vehicle repairs, metal & wood products, & cement blocks. The total network of links each enterprise had with the wider economy & the subordinate or autonomous nature of these relationships are examined. The contributions petty producers make to the local economy are also analyzed. The petty producers discussed here had not become financially, & therefore organizationally, subordinate to foreign or local capital -- although this could happen in the future. They are, however, subject to the noneconomic constraints resulting from state power & policies & the powerful controlling position of local traders, as well as to the normal pressures of market competition. Petty enterprises in "dependent" economies may be even more susceptible to the vagaries of market forces than larger enterprises, because their lack of capital confines them to highly marginal businesses & reduces their ability to survive adversity. Both the International Labor Organization's view of petty producers as largely autonomous & capable of continuous expansion, & the Marxian view that they mainly function as sources of "unearned" surplus pumped out by & for multinationals require modification. 2 Tables. Modified AA.

"An address by Richard Holbrooke, Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, before the Women's National Democratic Club in Washington, D.C., on March 27, 1980." ; Caption title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In the last few years there has been a growing interest in that very considerable and hitherto mostly unrecorded part of the economic life of the Third World which flourishes outside the state and foreign-owned medium and large-scale concerns. This great mass of non-enumerated enterprises and activities is a major source of employment and production. For the purpose of this article, it will be argued that many of those undertaking research in this sector can be regarded as belonging to one or other of two fairly distinct schools of thought formed by (1) a number of officials from the International Labour Organisation, the World Bank, and other international and government agencies, as well as some purely academic writers,1 and (2) the majority of social scientists attached to the British Sociological Association Development Group, some of whom operate to a greater or lesser extent within a Marxian or neo-Marxian perspective.2 For purposes of abbreviation only, these will be referred to as the 'I.L.O.' and the 'Radical' groups.

Women's socioeconomic position has a significant effect on health services use. With the nature of the socioeconomic empowerment process in relation to improvements in sexual and reproductive health, population-based contraceptive use is key to determining the growth in the human development index of every country. We looked into the effects of women's socioeconomic position on modern approaches to birth control in sub-Saharan African (SSA) women of childbearing age. A sample of 496,082 respondents was analyzed from 2006–2021 Demographic and Health Surveys data. From the analysis, Southern SSA (46.0%), Eastern SSA (27.0%), Central SSA (16.0%), and Western SSA (15.0%) have decreasing prevalence of any modern methods of contraceptive uptake among all women. Similarly, Southern SSA (57.0%), Eastern SSA (37.0%), Western SSA (16.0%), and Central SSA (14.0%) have decreasing prevalence of married women currently using any modern methods of contraception. Furthermore, Southern SSA (76.0%), Eastern SSA (56.0%), Western SSA (36.0%), and Central SSA (26.0%) have decreasing prevalence of demand for family planning satisfied by modern contraceptives. While Southern SSA reported a total fertility rate of 3.0%, other sub-regions have a pooled rate of 5.0%. Our results indicated that increasing women's socioeconomic position can increase contraceptive use and, thus, maternal healthcare service utilization.

Auseinandersetzung mit den innenpolitischen Verhältnissen und den außenpolitischen Beziehungen Swazilands zu seinem mächtigen Nachbarn Südafrika. Politische Verhältnisse und südafrikanische Integrationsversuche vor der Unabhängigkeit. Außen- und innenpolitische Entwicklung nach der Unabhängigkeit. König Sobhuza II und die nationalen Befreiungsbewegungen. Das Sicherheitsabkommen mit Südafrika. Einflüsse regionaler Instabilität. Entwicklungen nach der Regierungsübernahme durch König Mswati III. (DÜI-Hlb)

Explaining Swaziland's political position in the context of Southern Africa has been difficult and never in vogue. This small Kingdom with a population of less than 700,000 has often been neglected in African analyses, and where facts and figures have been presented, these have not been sufficient to give us any real understanding as regards what has happened in recent years, and why. What to some has defied objective explanation has been the Kingdom's non-conflictual relationship with South Africa which, in a regionally polarised situation, has come to be interpreted as a ready willingness to collaborate with theapartheidstate.

In this essay, we offer our views on some of the fundamental issues involved in creating a revolutionary Marxist position, which we feel must be involved in any adequate systematic analysis of the current development of capitalism and distinguish it from a Keynesian analysis whose inevitable politics are at best Social Democratic. We are not interested in boilerplate Marxism but rather in a sharp and clear analysis of the present day conjuncture as viewed through a historical materialist lens

Following the tradition of social contract theories of the early modern age, John Rawls, in A Theory of Justice, renewed the notion of the "original position," that is, a set of behavioral assumptions from which general principles of justice are deduced. José Saramago's novel Blindness enriches Rawls's normative theory by adding behavioral assumptions that help clarify some of the problems raised by the theory's critics and enhance its application to social and political settings.

Completing course of education, any student is expected to have not only bundle
of professional knowledge and put them into practice, but also have ability to solve
nonstandard professional tasks independently and with imaginative approach. A
professional shall be able to accept responsibility for his/her decision that comports
with understanding of subject of activity. From our point of view, it is the prerogative of universities to form future specialists' capabilities to solve problems of that kind.
Learning of a subject of professional activity at university level should take place
proceeding from its structural and level organization and be considered with regard to
content of professional education.

ABSTRACTIdentifying voters who share policy positions with the candidates has become an important component of modern political campaigns as they rely on microtargeted estimates to guide targeting decisions. Using survey data and microtargeted estimates from the 2012 election, I conduct one of the first independent examinations of the accuracy of microtargeting. The estimates are the most accurate in Florida, a state that requests information on the race of voters when they register and has party registration. The estimates are less accurate in the other battleground states that do not collect as much information. The accuracy rates range from 36% to 82% depending on the issue and state.