Suchergebnisse

Introduction. Geopolitical changes in the Eastern Mediterranean following the Fourth Crusade destabilized the situation in the region which became the area of conflict of the Greeks, Latins, and Turks. Their rival caused the power vacuum which influenced political and economic development in the region under study. This article addresses the phenomenon of the 15th-century piracy in the context of ethnopolitical changes in the Aegean. Methods. Taking the results of the comparative analysis of Western European and Byzantine sources as the background, the author of this article evaluates the scope of the Eastern Mediterranean piracy and the place of this phenomenon in the political processes that changed the regional leader. Analysis. In the beginning of the period under study, Catalans and Genoese did a great part of sea robbery by plundering ships and devastating coastal areas. However, later on they gradually moved the focus of their actions to the Adriatic. The most important changes occurred in the actions of Ottoman pirates, who significantly enlarged their presence in the area in question. Under the unstable political situation in the area with an actually absent evident regional political leader, piracy became a tool of political struggle. The Turkish government used the struggle against the pirates as a way of strengthening its maritime power and the pretext for occupying new territories. Results. Shaping of Pax Turcica resulted in the gradual decrease of piracy by the late 15th century, and the stabilization of the Aegean and Pontic maritime traffic. From that time on, sea robbery concentrated in the waters of the Adriatic, Cyprus, and Levantine Seas where piracy continued flourishing. © 2019 Volgograd State University. All rights reserved. ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 18-09-00091 ; 1 Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ, проект № 18-09-00091. The reported study was funded by RFBR, project no. 18-09-00091.

World migration in the long twentieth century / Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown -- Twentieth-century urbanization : in search of an urban paradigm for an urban world / Howard Spodek -- Women in the twentieth-century world / Bonnie G. Smith -- The gendering of human rights in the international systems of law in the twentieth century / Jean H. Quataert -- The impact of the two world wars in a century of violence / John H. Morrow, Jr. -- Locating the United States in twentieth-century world history / Carl J. Guarneri -- The technopolitics of Cold War : towards a transregional perspective / Gabrielle Hecht and Paul N. Edwards -- A century of environmental transitions / Richard P. Tucker

Entangled objects and hybrid practices? : material culture as a new approach to the history of diplomacy / Harriet Rudolph -- Corals, brass and firearms : material commodities in cultural interactions between Edo and Portuguese in Benin around 1500 / Gregor M. Metzig -- Gifts of time : watches and clocks in Ottoman-British diplomacy, 1693-1803 / Michael Talbot -- Peace medal diplomacy in Indian-white relations in nineteenth-century North America / Volker Depkat -- Society of the "economic miracle" and the non-European world : material culture of state visits during the presidency of Theodor Heuss / Frieder Günther -- Assembling things right : the material dimensions of West German diplomacy (1950s to 1970s) / Simone Derix -- Forum -- The colonial past is never dead, it's not even past : histories of empire, decolonization, and European cultures after 1945 / Matthew G. Stanard.

"At the turn of the twenty-first century, historical studies of internationalism--above and beyond the call to the workers of the world to unite--have become the norm in a relatively short space of time. This shift has occurred in the context of a historical vogue for 'transnationalism,' that is, capturing experiences that traversed and transcended the borders of nation-states both within and beyond the European world. The work of the diplomatic historian Akira Iriye has been central to these developments, illuminating the traces of a distinctively twentieth century history of 'cultural internationalism' that resonated through the realms of politics. Following in the footsteps of Iriye and others--including feminist and pacifist historians who had long engaged the internationalist past--a new cohort of international historians, often sensitive to cultural analyses and with expertise in imperial and transnational as well as national histories, are now accruing broad-ranging evidence of the geographies of internationalism and the political and economic reach of its various strands at critical moments in the twentieth century"--

The aim of this paper is to point out to the immense value of the social history of the Serbian people under the Ottoman rule, since it is the only way to come to some conclusions about less-known issues, such as everyday life and family life.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Maps -- Introduction -- Author's Note -- 1 The First Decade, 1900-09 -- 2 The Paths to War, 1910-14 -- 3 First World War, 1914-18 -- 4 Aftermath of Armageddon, 1919-25 -- 5 Between Two Storms, 1926-32 -- 6 Towards the Abyss, 1933-39 -- 7 Second World War, 1939-45 -- 8 Recovery and Relapse, 1946-56 -- 9 Hopes Raised, Hopes Dashed, 1957-67 -- 10 Challenges of Modernity, 1968-79 -- 11 Renewed Expectations, 1980-89 -- 12 Brave New World, 1990-99 -- Maps -- Index

Beatrice Höller carefully analyzes the distinct and multivalent word-image relations rendered on three inkstone cases created in late fifteenth century Kyoto. The exquisitely designed cases are not only well known; with each one designated as an "important cultural property," there has been research by lacquer specialists in terms of stylistic, material, technical or poetic and historical aspects. The author focuses on the multiple socio-cultural layers of meaning by employing a number of notions, concepts and paradigms, including "cultural memory". The inkstone cases were all created during or after the rule of Ashikaga Yoshimasa (1449-1473, d. 1490), the eighth shogun of the Ashikaga House, who is known for his penchant for cultural pursuits rather than military prowess or political cunning. His rule and legacy is also characterized by one of the most devastating civil wars in Japan, the so-called Ōnin War (1467-1477), which destroyed the capital of Kyoto completely. It marked the beginning of a vast and destructive civil war that ended only after roughly one-hundred years towards the close of the sixteenth century. This era of martial strife caused unprecedented social upheaval and saw the construction of new cultural centers outside Kyoto, as well as novel forms of performing, visual and martial arts. It is the latter aspect of the fifteenth century, along with retired Shogun Yoshimasa's taste and cultural pursuits, and an approach that involves processes of identity formation through poetic allusions and their material re-interpretations with which this book is concerned. The author describes, analyzes, contextualizes, and historicizes the inkstone cases in each of her chapters from a new angle, digging ever deeper into layers of meaning, interpretation and contextualization whilst addressing and exploring different concepts. At the same time, she delves into material and visual properties, the poetics of the intricately rendered classical poems and their multiple levels of interpretations, along with the local and spiritual dimensions of the iconographies rendered or implied, which constitutes an immensely important aspect during this period of military and political conflicts.

Religious sometimes broke their vows and returned illegally to the society of the late Middle Ages. The study deals with the most radical violation of the monastic way of life, the escape from the monastery and the apostasy of the religious community. The focus is almost a thousand petitions from the Roman-German Empire. The study of apostasy provides insights into motives, dissemination, prevention and sanctions and explains divergences between norms and practice. - "Manchmal brachen Ordensleute die Gelübde und kehrten unerlaubt in das Diesseits der spätmittelalterlichen Gesellschaft zurück. Die Studie behandelt den radikalsten Verstoßg egen die monastische Lebensweise, die Flucht aus dem Kloster und den Abfall von der Ordensgemeinschaft. Im Zentrum stehen knapp tausend Bittschriften aus dem römisch-deutschen Reich, überliefert in
den Supplikenregistern der apostolischen Pönitentiarie sowie Kanzlei
und Kammer, ergänzt mit lokalen Quellen. Die Untersuchung der Apostasie
als Devianz von rechtlichen und gesellschaftlichen Normen bietet
Erkenntnisse über Motive, Verbreitung, Prävention und Sanktionen und
erklärt Divergenzen zwischen Norm und Praxis."

ABSTRACT:The aim of this article is to take stock of nineteenth-century transnational urban history. After a short introduction to transnational history, general urban histories are analysed with respect to the ways in which transnational perspectives are incorporated into the narratives. Specific contributions to urban history in a transnational perspective are analysed. Approaches to urban planning history that focus on transnational linkages and international organization are discussed. Approaches to urban history within enlarged geographical scales that go beyond the nation-state framework, with a particular focus on cities as nodes in translocal networks, are analysed. The article concludes with a critical discussion of nineteenth-century transnational urban history.