We study the political economy of commuting subsidies in a model of a mono-centric city with two income classes. Depending on housing demand and transport costs, either the rich or the poor live in the central city and the other group in the suburbs. Commuting subsidies increase the net income of those with long commutes or high transport costs. They also affect land rents and therefore the income of landowners. The paper studies how the locational pattern of the two income classes and the incidence of landownership affects the support for commuting subsidies.
We study the political economy of commuting subsidies in a model of a monocentric city with two income classes. Depending on housing demand and transport costs, either the rich or the poor live in the central city and the other group in the suburbs. Commuting subsidies increase the net income of those with long commutes or high transport costs. They also affect land rents and therefore the income of landowners. The paper studies how the locational pattern of the two income classes and the incidence of landownership affects the support for commuting subsidies.
Deutschland ist durch seine regionale Struktur - mit vielen Zentren intensiver wirtschaftlicher Aktivität - besonders interessant für Analysen zu räumlichen Mechanismen von Städten und zu Wechselwirkungen zwischen Regionen. Mit steigender Bevölkerungszahl in den Städten dient das Pendeln zwischen Wohn- und Arbeitsort als räumlicher Ausgleichsmechanismus und führt zu Interaktionen zwischen regionalen Arbeitsmärkten. Der Autor untersucht, wie lokale Arbeitsmärkte interagieren, wie stark besiedelte Märkte bei der Suche nach einem neuen Arbeitsplatz helfen und wie Beschäftigte auf Änderungen ihrer Pendlerdistanzen reagieren. Die verschiedenen Blickwinkel und die Verwendung von Mikro- und georeferenzierten Daten bieten neue empirische Erkenntnisse über die Interaktionen zwischen regionalen Arbeitsmärkten und das Mobilitätsverhalten in Deutschland.
The paper is written to foster understanding of the function of primary school pupils' highcommuting rate in Hungary's towns and cities and its role in the process of school choice. Based ontwo studies and on data collection covering all primary school pupils in the city of Pécs, I analyzed thepattern, direction and success rate of pupils' efforts to find higher quality schools than their districtschools. The aim of the study was to unpack the "commuting games" of the primary schools. Resultsindicate that, in contrast to national trends, the commuting rate of low-status and Roma primary schoolpupils is also very high within the city. However, while most of the commuting pupils have managedto enrol in higher quality schools than the ones in the catchment area of their homes, the majority oflow-status and Roma commuters appear to be attending lower quality schools than those close to theirhomes, because prestigious schools informally deter them. My findings challenge the literature whichclaims that the selection mechanisms of public education are predominantly regulated by the mutualchoices of prestigious schools and high-status pupils. Schools and their local or central maintenenceagents are unable to control the processes against the background of a centralized system.
Let R be an associative ring. The essential purpose of the present paper is to introduce the concept of generalized commuting mapping of R. Let U be a non-empty subset of R, a mapping : R R is called a generalized commuting mapping on U if there exist a mapping :R R such that =0, holds for all U. Some results concerning the new concept are presented.
ABSTRACT This paper shows that in the Baltic countries, commuting reduces urban‐rural wage and employment disparities and increases national output. To quantify the effect of commuting on wage differentials, two sets of earnings functions are estimated (based on Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian Labor Force Surveys) with location variables (capital city, rural, etc.) measured at the workplace and at the place of residence. We find that the ceteris paribus wage gap between capital city and rural areas, as well as between capital and other cities is significantly narrowed by commuting in some cases but remains almost unchanged in others. Different outcomes are explained by country‐specific spatial patterns of commuting, educational and occupational composition of commuting flows, and presence or absence of wage discrimination against rural residents in urban markets. A treatment effects model is used to estimate individual wage gains to rural—urban or inter‐city commuting; these gains are substantial in most but not all cases. Wage effects of commuting distance, as well as impact of education, gender, ethnicity, and local labor market conditions on the commuting decision are also explored.
