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Abstract
The popular approach to estimating the elasticity of marginal utility of consumption (EMUC) (Chetty 2006, "A New Method of Estimating Risk Aversion." American Economic Review 96 (5):1821–1834. doi:10.1257/aer.96.5.1821. http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.96.5.1821) is here extended by including household production. It is shown that this generalization of the model is important as omission of household production may lead to bias, as demonstrated in a numerical sensitivity analysis. An extended model with household production is used to derive new EMUC formulas. Empirical estimates based on current evidence of the included parameters suggest a lower bound for EMUC of about 0.9.

As conveyors of knowledge, beliefs, and skills of the profession, textbooks play an instrumental role in educating soon-to-be-practicing students. A content analysis of references to men and women in seven Introduction to Social Work textbooks was conducted to determine how male social work students might perceive the role of men in the profession. A manifest content analysis counted the number and types of social work provider and client references. A latent content analysis noted misrepresentations, oversimplifications, and omissions in the texts. Findings indicated that although men and women were represented equally in the texts, biases existed that marginalized the male social worker presence. Implications for social work educators and textbook authors are included.

To find oneself cited sympathetically along with one's colleagues—notably Roger Masters, Glen Schubert, and Fred Willhoite—in an intellectual history by a Pulitzer Prize-winning historian is pleasant discovery. But it also constitutes something of a conflict of interest in pronouncing a judgment upon the work—it could, after all, turn out to be a disappointing dud. So it is doubly a pleasure, even allowing for an inevitable bias, to report that Carl Degler's In Search of Human Nature is a masterly account of the influence of Darwinism upon American social thought. (I was a bit troubled, though, by one or two omissions; there was no mention, for example, of Ellsworth Huntington among early Darwinis ts.)

Previous research on the distribution of federal aid monies has been dominated by the donor's perspective. Different distribution formulas, political influence of congressional representatives, bureaucrats, and individual aid recipients have been studied as the sole determinants of aid allocations. Each explanation, however, fails to examine the question of aid allocations from a demand-side perspective. This omission assumes that all governmental units are equally desirous of federal assistance and that any bias in the distribution of federal aid is a function of supply-side conditions. Identifying a linkage between demand-side and supply-side determinants of aid allocations, this article proposes and tests hypotheses derived from an integrated model of federal aid allocations.

Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show a cognitive bias for threatening information, reflecting dysregulated executive control for affective stimuli. This study examined whether comorbid mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) with PTSD exacerbates this bias. A computer-administered Affective Go/No-Go task measured reaction times (RTs) and errors of omission and commission to words with a non–combat-related positive or negative valence in 72 deployed United States service members from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Incidents of military-related mTBI were measured with the Boston Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury-Lifetime. PTSD symptoms were measured with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Participants were divided into those with (mTBI+, n =34) and without a history of military-related mTBI (mTBI−, n =38). Valence of the target stimuli differentially impacted errors of commission and decision bias (criterion) in the mTBI+ and mTBI− groups. Specifically, within the mTBI+ group, increasing severity of PTSD symptoms was associated with an increasingly liberal response pattern (defined as more commission errors to negative distractors and greater hit rate for positive stimuli) in the positive compared to the negative blocks. This association was not observed in the mTBI− group. This study underscores the importance of considering the impact of a military-related mTBI and PTSD severity upon affective executive control.

ABSTRACTWikipedia is a powerful tool that reinforces dominant knowledge paradigms, especially those emanating from the Global North. Simultaneously, it has subversive potential to challenge these paradigms, offering a far-reaching platform to voices that have been traditionally marginalized and underserved. Despite this potential, instructors often employ an "abstinence approach" to Wikipedia, telling students to avoid using it in their academic work. This article advocates for active engagement with Wikipedia with the aim of challenging bias resulting from omission or underrepresentation of particular material to develop more diverse, publicly accessible political science content. First, I explain the theoretical objectives of the assignment and describe its structure. Then I reflect on its successes, challenges, and possible modifications.

We evaluate several concerns related to measuring the demand for public risk prevention policies, using an innovative national survey and new modeling strategies. We find that the omission of avoided morbidity leads to an upward bias in estimates of the marginal utility of avoided deaths. Individuals experience diminishing marginal utility in the scope of mortalityand morbidity-reducing policies. Individual attitudes towards government involvement and, particularly, perceptions of the personal benefits of different policies, appear to be important determinants of demand. Finally, we uncover little evidence of heterogeneity in demand for public health policies according to the proximate health threat (e.g. cancer, stroke, respiratory disease, injury) or the underlying cause (e.g. exposure to contaminants in air, water, food; highway hazards).

Based on new, exceptionally informative and large German linked employer-employee administrative data, we investigate the question whether the omission of important control variables in matching estimation leads to biased impact estimates of typical active labour market programs for the unemployed. Such biases would lead to false policy conclusions about the cost-effectiveness of these expensive policies. Using newly developed Empirical Monte Carlo Study methods, we find that besides standard personal characteristics, information on individual health and firm characteristics of the last employer are particularly important for selection correction. Moreover, it is important to account for past performance on the labour market in a very detailed and flexible way. Information on job search behaviour, timing of unemployment and program start, as well as detailed regional characteristics are also relevant.

Based on new, exceptionally informative and large German linked employer-employee administrative data, we investigate the question whether the omission of important control variables in matching estimation leads to biased impact estimates of typical active labour market programs for the unemployed. Such biases would lead to false policy conclusions about the cost-effectiveness of these expensive policies. Using newly developed Empirical Monte Carlo Study methods, we find that besides standard personal characteristics, information on individual health and firm characteristics of the last employer are particularly important for selection correction. Moreover, it is important to account for past performance on the labour market in a very detailed and flexible way. Information on job search behaviour, timing of unemployment and program start, as well as detailed regional characteristics are also relevant.

Based on new, exceptionally informative and large German linked employer-employee administrative data, we investigate the question whether the omission of important control variables in matching estimation leads to biased impact estimates of typical active labour market programs for the unemployed. Such biases would lead to false policy conclusions about the cost-effectiveness of these expensive policies. Using newly developed Empirical Monte Carlo Study methods, we find that besides standard personal characteristics, information on individual health and firm characteristics of the last employer are particularly important for selection correction. Moreover, it is important to account for past performance on the labour market in a very detailed and flexible way. Information on job search behaviour, timing of unemployment and program start, as well as detailed regional characteristics are also relevant.

I augment the study of repeated interfirm exchanges with social cognition to expand the understanding of trust development and learning and how these combined forces shape subsequent contracts. Although scholars have extensively examined the independent effects of trust and learning on contracts in repeated exchanges, their coevolution and combined impact have received much less attention. I argue this omission occurs largely because social cognition is not typically considered in these literatures, even though both trust development and learning are sociocognitive processes influenced by each other, as well as by heuristics (contract frames) and cognitive biases (intergroup attribution bias). When these processes are examined in a positive exchange, the contract frame (prevention or promotion) influences initial reputation-based trust or prior development of knowledge-based trust (competence or integrity), which biases what is learned. This biased learning further impacts knowledge-based trust development, and together these factors shape adjustments to subsequent contracts. In a negative exchange, the contract frame, prior reputation-based trust, and partner explanation (internal versus external) impact what is learned from partner violations (competence or integrity). This biased learning influences knowledge-based trust development, and together they shape how subsequent contracts are adjusted. I also propose that biased learning influences when contracts act as complements or substitutes for different types of trust, addressing existing debates and critiques in these literatures. Finally, I discuss the dark side of integrity trust and trust repair under promotion contracts in repeated exchanges.

The principle of pay equity implies that work determined to be equally demanding in terms of skills or qualifications, responsibilities, efforts, and working conditions should be valued and paid equally. However, prevailing gender-based stereotypes and prejudices about female-dominated jobs get in the way of achieving pay equity. Gender biases in compensable job (sub) factors could result in undervaluation and/or omission of relevant job (sub) factors associated with female-dominated jobs, and/or unbalanced/biased interpretation of job (sub) factors by associating them mostly with male-dominated jobs. Using a case study of the Federal job evaluation system for white-collar, non-supervisory Federal jobs the present article argues for a proactive and an intentional inclusion of gender-neutral (sub) factors in job evaluation systems in service of fostering internal pay equity within organizations.

In this paper we examine the causal relationship between electricity consumption, exports and economic growth in the DRC, using the newly developed ARDL-bounds testing approach. In order to account for the omission-of-variable bias, the study incorporates exports as an intermittent variable between electricity consumption and economic growth – thereby creating a simple multivariate model. The empirical results of this study show that, while both electricity consumption and economic growth Granger-cause each other in the short run; in the long run, it is economic growth that Granger-causes electricity consumption in the DRC. This finding has important policy implications, as it indicates that the DRC's long-term economic growth is not fully dependent on the electricity consumption. This implies that in the long run, the country could successfully pursue electricity conservation measures – without necessarily stifling its economic growth.

After replicating Oneal and Russett's (International Studies Quarterly, 41, 1997, 267; Journal of Peace Research, 36, 1999, 423) democratic peace model, Gartzke's (American Journal of Political Science, 51, 2007, 180) study contends that "capitalism, and not democracy, leads to peace. Additional research is needed to corroborate, extend, and even refute the findings reported here." In response to this open invitation, this study re-evaluates Gartzke's capitalist peace model along with Oneal and Russett's democratic peace model. This study identifies that while the capitalist peace model suffers from model misspecification, observation omission, and sample selection bias, the democratic peace model commits measurement error. After correcting these four problems, this study uncovers that while capitalism does not emerge as a cause mitigating militarized disputes or wars in a consistent manner, democracy does. Adapted from the source document.

Bias, unreliability and omission have been documented in traditional sources of trade data; the lack of service data in trade statistics is the most frequently cited shortcoming. Current trade liberalization is likely to exacerbate these deficiencies. This paper develops and applies a location quotient based methodology for analysing core-periphery dualism, thus obviating the use of trade data. Our application to the European Union shows agglomeration in core areas of high technology, large scale manufacturing, and producer service industries. Peripheral countries are shown to specialize in agriculture, extractives, low technology manufacturing, and standardized production. Detailed examination of two peripheral economies, Ireland and Denmark, finds that each departs from the mean of peripheral nations. A comparison of proxied trade data to actual trade data indicates that the location quotient method is a statistically viable means of proxying trade patterns.