Suchergebnisse

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) management has undoubtedly resulted in a notable economic burden on healthcare systems globally, including Greece. Its cost has never been estimated so far, especially during the recent 10-year unprecedented financial crisis. Direct medical and procedural costs for one attempt "outpatient" Hp eradication treatment were estimated as the following: (I) first-line regimens: 10 and 14 days standard triple, 10 and 14 days sequential, 10 and 14 days concomitant non-bismuth quadruple, 14 days hybrid, (II) second-line salvage regimens: 10 and 14 days levofloxacin-containing triple regimens. Treatment costs using prototypes and/or generic drugs were calculated. Drug prices were collected and confirmed from two official online medical databases including all medicines approved by the Greek National Organization for Medicines. Regimens based on generics were more affordable than prototypes and those including pantoprazole yielded the lowest prices (mean: 27.84 €). Paradoxically, 10-day concomitant and 14-day hybrid regimens (currently providing good (90–94%) first-line eradication rates in Greece) cost the same (mean: 34.76 €). The expenditures for Hp eradication treatment regimens were estimated thoroughly for the first time in Greece. These data should be taken into account by Public Health policymakers both in Greece and the European Union, aiming for a better and less expensive therapeutic approach.

The internal market of the European Union seeks to guarantee the four fundamental freedoms. The increase in free movement of persons, goods and services inevitably results in an increase in the potential number of cross-border disputes. Therefore, the European area of justice has not only economic, but also legal connotation. As a result, the EU has adopted a number of legislative instruments designed to help individuals and companies with cross-border litigation. In order to simplify and accelerate the taking of evidence in a state other than the one in which the matter is pending, the Council adopted Regulation (EC) No 1206/2001 of 28 May 2001 on Cooperation between the Courts of the Member States in the Taking of Evidence in Civil or Commercial Matters. The aim of this paper is to consider the principle of procedural economy in the context of the taking of evidence, as the costs and duration of procedures may deter parties from exercising their rights. ; Evropská unie se snaží, aby v jednotném vnitřních trhu byly garantovány čtyři základní svobody. Rozvoj volného pohybu osob, zboží, služeb a kapitálu nevyhnutelně vedl k nárůstu potenciálního počtu přeshraničních sporů. Z toho důvodu má evropský justiční prostor nejenom ekonomický, ale také právní význam. Důsledkem bylo přijetí řady unijních legislativních nástrojů, které mají pomoci jednotlivcům i společnostem v soukromoprávních sporech s mezinárodním prvkem. Aby se zjednodušilo a urychlilo provádění dokazování ve státě odlišném od státu, ve kterém probíhá řízení, bylo přijato Nařízení Rady (ES) č. 1206/2001 ze dne 28. května 2001 o spolupráci soudů členských států při dokazování v občanských nebo obchodních věcech. Cílem tohoto příspěvku je zvážit princip procesní ekonomie v kontextu dokazování, protože náklady a délka řízení mohou strany odradit od uplatňování jejich práv. ; The internal market of the European Union seeks to guarantee the four fundamental freedoms. The increase in free movement of persons, goods and services inevitably results in an increase in the potential number of cross-border disputes. Therefore, the European area of justice has not only economic, but also legal connotation. As a result, the EU has adopted a number of legislative instruments designed to help individuals and companies with cross-border litigation. In order to simplify and accelerate the taking of evidence in a state other than the one in which the matter is pending, the Council adopted Regulation (EC) No 1206/2001 of 28 May 2001 on Cooperation between the Courts of the Member States in the Taking of Evidence in Civil or Commercial Matters. The aim of this paper is to consider the principle of procedural economy in the context of the taking of evidence, as the costs and duration of procedures may deter parties from exercising their rights.

Contracting out has been considered one of the main performance management strategies to reduce costs and bring more expertise to government agencies. However, there is a lack of research assessing the performance of contractors compared with that of in-house agency employees, when both contractors and public employees deliver complex services. This study examines whether or not contracting achieves better performance in democratic-constitutional, procedural (DCP) tasks compared with in-house delivery, by analyzing contracting use in the Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) discrimination complaint process. Using agency-level panel data from the Federal EEO Statistical Report of Discrimination Complaints, combined with data from the Federal Procurement Data System and the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey, the study offers evidence resolving the competing logics for a relationship between contracting use and performance in DCP tasks. The findings show that an increase in contracting is associated with a decrease in timely completion of case investigations, which is a key measure of DCP task performance.

Se realizo un análisis de las diferentes fases por las que ha pasado la Conciliación Laboral como requisito de procedibilidad y se estudio porque legal y jurisprudencialmente no es en la actualidad un requisito de procedibilidad. Se hizo un análisis estadístico sobre las conciliaciones realizadas por el ministerio del trabajo a nivel nacional de los años 2009 a 2013 y se pudo comprobar la eficiencia de esta figura para logrando evitar un proceso largo y dispendioso además de contribuir a descongestionar los despachos judiciales, lo cual redunda en la economía no sólo de tiempo y dinero para las partes, sino para el aparato judicial. El hecho de que sea requisito intentar dirimir las controversias antes de iniciar un proceso, no dificulta el acceso a la justicia y por el contrario, es más fácil para un ciudadano acudir a esta figura en lugar de iniciar un proceso judicial, ya que no le genera ningún costo y los conflictos se solucionan de forma más rápida con iguales efectos jurídicos que si se acudiera a un proceso complejo y dilatado ante la jurisdicción laboral. Por todo lo anteriormente expuesto la conciliación prejudicial en materia laboral debe ser requisito de procedibilidad siempre y cuando se siga mejorando la infraestructura física y logística del Ministerio del Trabajo, se le permita a los estudiantes de consultorio jurídico conciliar, se realice un mayor control sobre la función y desempeño de los Inspectores del Trabajo y se regulen legalmente algunos aspectos del proceso conciliatorio. (texto tomado de la fuente) ; One that is not legal and jurisprudential now a procedural requirement analysis of the different phases that have passed the Labor Conciliation as a procedural requirement and the study was conducted. A statistical analysis on the reconciliations performed by the Ministry of Labour nationally the years 2009 to 2013 and could prove the efficiency of this figure to avoid making a long and expensive process and contribute to decongest court offices was made, what which results in the economy not only time and money to the parties but to the judiciary. That requirement is trying to settle disputes before starting a process, not hinder access to justice and on the contrary, it is easier for a citizen to attend this figure rather than a prosecution, since there will generates no cost and conflicts are solved faster with the same legal effect as if they keep a complex and lengthy process before the labor courts. For all the foregoing preliminary conciliation in labor should be procedural requirement provided they continue to improve the physical infrastructure and logistics of the Ministry of Labour, will be allowed to reconcile legal clinic students, greater control is performed on function and performance of labor inspectors and some aspects of the conciliation process is legally regulated. ; Maestría ; Derecho del Trabajo y Seguridad Social

The urgency of the research consists in the existence of problem issues related to managing transaction costs in terms of rental relations, the main ones being their identification, measurement, accounting, control and analysis. The root cause of the existence of these problems is the uncertainty of procedural content and the composition of the management functions of transaction costs. The purpose of the research is to determine the composition, interconnection and content of the main management functions of transaction costs. The research methodology is dialectical, abstract-logical and bibliographic methods, by which, based on the critical analysis of the main management functions of transaction costs, the composition of the main management functions of transaction costs is determined; techniques of induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis are applied to identify the content of the management functions of transactional costs of the enterprise as the basis for formation of an interaction system of the management mechanism of such costs. It has been established that management of transaction costs is an obligatory component of the dynamic management process of a business entity, which must be harmonized with the general management process and be consistent with its main purpose – to achieve high economic results of the enterprise. The structure of the main management functions of transaction costs (planning, organization, motivation, accounting, control, analysis, adjustment and coordination), logic of their implementation, interconnection and essence within the framework of implementation of rental relations are established. The practical significance of the research is to create a basis for building a management system for transaction costs and to determine the conditions for its effectiveness. The obtained scientific results will form the prospects for further research, which will consist in determining the elements of the system and the mechanism of transaction costs management by entities of rental relations.

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php). ; Objective: In Australia and other countries, participation in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening using fecal occult blood testing is low. Previous research suggests that fecal sampling induces disgust, so approaches not involving feces may increase participation. This study aimed to determine population preferences for CRC screening tests that utilize different sample collections (stool, blood, and saliva) and the extent to which specific attributes (convenience, performance, and cost) impact this preference. Materials and methods: People aged 50–74 years completed a survey. Preference for screening for CRC through stool, blood, and saliva was judged through ranking of preference and attributes critical to preference and confirmed via a discrete choice experiment (DCE) where test attributes were described as varying by performance, cost, and sample type. Participants also completed a measure of aversion to sample type. Results: A total of 1,282 people participated in the survey. The DCE and ranking exercise confirmed that all test attributes had a statistically significant impact on respondents' preferences (P < 0.001). Blood and saliva were equally preferred over stool; however, test performance was the most influential attribute. In multivariable analyses, those who preferred blood to stool collection exhibited higher aversion to fecal (OR = 1.17; P ≤ 0.001) and saliva (OR = 1.06; P ≤ 0.05) sampling and perceived that they had less time for home sample collection (OR = 0.72, P ≤ 0.001). Those who preferred saliva to stool had higher aversion to fecal (OR = 1.15; P ≤ 0.001) and blood (OR = 1.06, P ≤ 0.01) sampling and less time for home sample collection (OR = 0.81, P ≤ 0.5). Conclusion: Aversion to sample type and perceived inconvenience of sample collection are significant drivers of screening preference. While blood and saliva sampling were the most preferred methods, test performance was the most important attribute of a screening test, regardless of sample type. Efforts to increase CRC screening participation should focus on a test, or combination of tests, that combines the attributes of high performance, low aversion, and convenience of use. ; This research was supported in part by a Foundation Daw Park Grant (2010/2011) awarded to JMO, CJW, and GPY. IF, CJW, GC, JR, and GPY were supported by a grant funded by the financial support of the Cancer Council SA's Beat Cancer Project on behalf of its donors and the State Government of South Australia, through the Department of Health together with the support of the Flinders Foundation and its donors and partners.

La imposición de costas en la jurisdicción de lo contencioso administrativo presenta varios problemas en su aplicación, que van desde la conceptualización de la misma figura, la definición de los elementos que la integran, el uso de criterios para su imposición (objetivo y subjetivo), la remisión a diferentes cuerpos normativos, la cultura jurídica consistente en no condenar al Estado, la presencia de conceptos indeterminados como el interés público; circunstancias que, en suma, dificultan su aplicación práctica en el campo de lo judicial. Para identificar la problemática asociada al tema desde la legislación, se partió del análisis de la normativa anterior a la Ley 1437 de 2011, hasta llegar a la reciente reforma introducida por la Ley 2080 de 2021, se estudiaron diferentes pronunciamientos del Alto Tribunal de lo Contencioso Administrativo en referencia a la temática objeto de éste estudio y se acudió a la doctrina para comprender el impacto de introducir el concepto de interés público como excepción general para que no haya lugar a la condena en costas, sobre todo porque este es uno de los conceptos que en el derecho se denominan indeterminados y por los desafíos que esta misma situación impone al aplicarse en un caso concreto. Finalmente, se llegó a una conclusión asociada a la también dificultad de imponer costas en la jurisdicción de lo contencioso administrativo, y es que tanto en la ley como la jurisprudencia se encaminan esfuerzos para no condenar al Estado dentro de los procesos judiciales, por lo que vino perfecto a este propósito, la inclusión del concepto de interés público previsto en el artículo 188 de la Ley 1437 de 2011, concepto que al no estar determinado en ningún cuerpo normativo, da un amplio margen de interpretación al operador judicial para alcanzar este cometido. Lo anterior, constituye en una suerte de rezago moderno de la aplicación de la teoría de las prerrogativas públicas. ; The imposition of costs in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction presents several problems in its application, ranging from the conceptualization of the same figure, the definition of the elements that make it up, the use of criteria for its imposition (objective and subjective), the reference to different normative bodies, the legal culture consisting of not condemning the State, the presence of indeterminate concepts such as public interest; circumstances that, overall, hinder its practical application in the judicial field. To identify the problems associated with the issue from the legislation, we started from the analysis of the regulations prior to Law 1437 of 2011, until reaching the recent reform introduced by Law 2080 of 2021, different pronouncements of the High Court of the Administrative Litigation in reference to the subject matter of this study and went to the doctrine to understand the impact of introducing the concept of public interest as an exception general so that there is no place for costs to be awarded, especially since this is one of the concepts that in the law are called indeterminate and because of the challenges that this same situation imposes when applied in a specific case. Finally, a conclusion was reached associated with the difficulty of imposing legal costs. in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, and it is that both in the law and in the jurisprudence Efforts are directed not to condemn the State within the judicial processes, for which came perfect for this purpose, the inclusion of the concept of public interest provided for in article 188 of Law 1437 of 2011, a concept that, since it is not determined in any regulatory body, it gives a wide margin of interpretation to the judicial operator to achieve this task. It above, constitutes a sort of modern lag in the application of the theory of public prerogatives. ; Magister en Derecho Administrativo ; Maestría

From the introduction: The past decade has been a tumultuous and energized period in the study of administrative law and regulatory regimes. Debate continues over both positive and normative theories of the administrative state, as well as over the appropriate directions of innovation and "reinvention. Among legislators and the public, the tax system and the Internal Revenue Service have been targets for criticism. This paper outlines a receQt procedural innovation in the tax area, the Advance Pricing Agreement Program ("APA" program), and evaluates its success. Such a case study can play a significant role in linking procedural innovation to the broader issues of administrative law theory and regulatory reform. For example, a working model such as the APA program, built on flexibility and creativity, may support administrative theories advocating discretion, flexibility, and experimentation. Conversely, some interest group theories of regulation (e.g., public choice theory), can prompt critical examination of reforms like APAs that exhibit limited openness to scrutiny. The APA program is an ideal candidate for such analysis because it incorporates multiple factors germane to other fields including cross border transactions, intergovernmental relations, high information costs for regulation, and serious risks to all parties from' uncertainty. Ultimately, detailed understandings of innovations in administrative systems are essential to developing and challenging positive and normative theories of administrative law-and to designing concrete applications of administrative law policy.

Summary: The consequences of erroneous decisions on the procedural options to which to place a debtor in insolvency or cessation of payments are not irrelevant. Whether the debtor continues to be an economic entity or whether he disappears may depend on those decisions. An insolvency error, then, is not baladí. It is the role of legal literature to provide guidelines that highlight the characteristics, consequences and social implications of the error in the competition. This article seeks to give a dogmatic view, from the economic analysis of procedural law, on those issues. I also intend to examine the treatment of the cost of error in the new Chilean insolvency legislation. ; Resumen: Las consecuencias de las decisiones equivocadas sobre las opciones procedimentales a las cuales someter a un deudor en insolvencia o cesación de pagos, no son irrelevantes. De esas decisiones puede depender la subsistencia del deudor como entidad económica o bien su desaparición. Un error concursal, entonces, no es baladí. Es rol de la doctrina entregar lineamientos que pongan de relieve las características, consecuencias, e implicancias sociales que tiene el error en el concurso. Este artículo busca entregar una mirada dogmática, desde el análisis económico del derecho procesal, sobre esas cuestiones. Asimismo, pretendo examinar el tratamiento del coste del error en la nueva legislación chilena de insolvencia.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the work of the UN Compensation Commission in assessing the monetary costs in compensation terms that resulted from Iraq's 1990 invasion & subsequent occupation of Kuwait, by highlighting the background & structure of the Commission, outlining the results of its work to date in terms of compensation awarded, & identifying some of the key procedural & jurisdictional rules that have guided its work during this time. Adapted from the source document.

This paper discusses some institutional and procedural designs that can strengthen CBA as a decision making tool within the public sector. Our discussion is based on Chile's National Public Investment System (SNI) the earliest and most consolidated investment appraisal system in Latin America. The objective of Chile's SNI is to provide a coherent framework for identifying, coordinating, evaluating and implementing public investments. Chile's SNI has several interesting institutional characteristics. For example, it standardizes project presentation formats, establishes explicit application and evaluation processes for public funds, provides general as well as sector specific methodological guidelines for CBA of projects and programs, and introduces a system of "checks and balances" by separating the institution that evaluates projects from the institutions promoting projects. Besides describing the system and highlighting the features we believe strengthen the use of project appraisal as a decision making tool. The paper also presents data on the number of projects appraised by sector, the overall results of appraisals and other administrative data, as well as a summary of ex-post studies for a sample of road, rural electricity, education and health projects. Unfortunately, the limited data available and the lack of a proper counterfactual scenario do not allow for strong conclusions to be made regarding the performance of the system. However, the data presented serves as an illustration of the Chilean system and it may be of value to researches in this field as well as to policymakers in other countries wishing to improve their public investment systems.