Suchergebnisse

The United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has authority to act to prevent spread of communicable diseases, including, in some cases, imposing quarantine. On August 15, 2016, the CDC proposed a rule to update its quarantine regulations. For the most part, the proposed regulations modernize existing quarantine rules, add due process protections, and extend the CDC's authority in screening travelers. The proposed regulations also allow the CDC to issue travel restrictions or permits for quarantined individuals. They update the language and reflect existing practices better than the current regulations. The regulations were interpreted by writers publishing to an anti-vaccine audience as providing the CDC new and extensive powers to detain people infected with any communicable disease so designated, to force vaccinate, and to impose restrictions on whole towns. Articles decried the CDC's power grab, and argued that the proposed rule violates constitutional rights. Anti-vaccine organizations have called on members and readers to mobilize against the proposed rule and submit comments. This paper compares the description of the proposed rule by anti-vaccine organizations to the actual content of the rule. It examines the effect of the call to mobilization on the comments submitted by doing a content analysis of the comments. Drawing on the literature on participation in rulemaking and symbolic politics, it examines the normative and policy implications of mobilization that draws on misperception of the proposed rule but may still raise issues relevant to the policy behind it and its implementation, explains the problems and suggests solutions.The United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has authority to act to prevent spread of communicable diseases, including, in some cases, imposing quarantine. On August 15, 2016, the CDC proposed a rule to update its quarantine regulations. For the most part, the proposed regulations modernize existing quarantine rules, add due process protections, and extend the CDC's authority in screening travelers. The proposed regulations also allow the CDC to issue travel restrictions or permits for quarantined individuals. They update the language and reflect existing practices better than the current regulations. The regulations were interpreted by writers publishing to an anti-vaccine audience as providing the CDC new and extensive powers to detain people infected with any communicable disease so designated, to force vaccinate, and to impose restrictions on whole towns. Articles decried the CDC's power grab, and argued that the proposed rule violates constitutional rights. Anti-vaccine organizations have called on members and readers to mobilize against the proposed rule and submit comments. This paper compares the description of the proposed rule by anti-vaccine organizations to the actual content of the rule. It examines the effect of the call to mobilization on the comments submitted by doing a content analysis of the comments. Drawing on the literature on participation in rulemaking and symbolic politics, it examines the normative and policy implications of mobilization that draws on misperception of the proposed rule but may still raise issues relevant to the policy behind it and its implementation, explains the problems and suggests solutions.

BACKGROUND: Numerous countries imposed strict travel restrictions, contributing to the large socioeconomic burden during the COVID-19 pandemic. The long quarantines that apply to contacts of cases may be excessive for travel policy. METHODS: We developed an approach to evaluate imminent countrywide COVID-19 infections after 0–14-day quarantine and testing. We identified the minimum travel quarantine duration such that the infection rate within the destination country did not increase compared to a travel ban, defining this minimum quarantine as "sufficient." FINDINGS: We present a generalized analytical framework and a specific case study of the epidemic situation on August 8, 2021, for application to 26 European countries. For most origin-destination country pairs, a three-day or shorter quarantine with RT-PCR or antigen testing on exit suffices. Adaptation to the European Union traffic-light risk stratification provided a simplified policy tool. Our analytical approach provides guidance for travel policy during all phases of pandemic diseases. INTERPRETATION: For nearly half of origin-destination country pairs analysed, travel can be permitted in the absence of quarantine and testing. For the majority of pairs requiring controls, a short quarantine with testing could be as effective as a complete travel ban. The estimated travel quarantine durations are substantially shorter than those specified for traced contacts. FUNDING: EasyJet (JPT and APG), the Elihu endowment (JPT), the Burnett and Stender families' endowment (APG), the Notsew Orm Sands Foundation (JPT and APG), the National Institutes of Health (MCF), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (SMM) and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada EIDM-MfPH (SMM). RESEARCH IN CONTEXT: EVIDENCE BEFORE THIS STUDY: Evidence from early in the pandemic indicates that border closures at the epicenter slowed global dissemination of COVID-19. As community transmission became established in many nations, studies have suggested that the benefit of ...

AbstractThis study explores the relationships among the variables: willingness to quarantine, perception of the epidemic, willingness to do outdoor activities, government credibility, and public morality. To understand these relationships, it integrates theories including epidemic prevention and control, government credibility, public morality, and social network systems. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with bootstrapping estimation was conducted using data calculated from 368 healthy citizens who are quarantining at home due to COVID‐19 in Chinese cities that have launched a first‐level primary public safety incident response. The results show that residents' perception of the epidemic has a positive effect on their willingness to quarantine, and willingness to do outdoor activities has a negative effect. Moreover, government credibility and public morality have a mediating effect on the relationship between the perception of epidemic and willingness to quarantine. What is more, government credibility has a moderating effect on the relationship between willingness to do outdoor activities and willingness to quarantine. We discuss the implications of these results for beating future epidemics that may break out.

Summary
On 13 January 1518, a series of ordinances to regulate plague outbreaks were proclaimed in London. These have previously been thought to have been the first set of quarantine measures issued in England; part of an ambitious new social policy led by the King's chief minister, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, and intended to bring England in line with the leading Renaissance states in Europe. The discovery of two previously unknown documents from the archives of St George's College, Windsor—which predate the London ordinances—requires a reconsideration of this narrative. The article argues that demands for plague quarantine regulations were driven primarily by Henry VIII's personal and pronounced fear of infection and considers the factors that may have led to such a fear. In doing so, it introduces new evidence for the death of Henry's grandmother, Elizabeth Woodville, and explores the ways in which medical ideas travelled across Europe.

The constitution is the basis for all the space for a country to move, whether the country is in normal or abnormal conditions. It based on the constitution as the basic norm that is the highest guideline for a country. In the case of an abnormal state, Posner explains that there is flexibility needed to deal with abnormal conditions in the constitution. Indonesia declared the country's status in a health emergency based on Presidential Decree Number 11 of 2020 on the Determination of a Corona Virus Disease Public Health Emergency and Government Regulation In Lieu Of Law Number 1 of 2020 on State Financial Policy and Financial System Stability for Handling the Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemic and/or In Facing Threats That Endanger the National Economy and/or Financial System Stability that cause the economy to decline and conflict in society. The government is faced with policy choices in dealing with this Covid. In Indonesia, the real meaning of lockdown is regional quarantine. The area quarantine itself is regulated in Law Number 6 of 2018 on Health Quarantine (Health Quarantine Law). Although Indonesia has been able to adapt to Covid-19, it is possible that in the future there will be a genetic mutation of this virus, causing an increase in the spread of Covid-19. Therefore, before there is a spike in Covid-19 in the future, it must be clear in the division of authority both in the central government and regional governments regarding the lockdown (regional quarantine).

Testimony issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "U.S. agriculture generates over $1 trillion in economic activity annually, but concerns exist about its vulnerability to foreign pests and diseases. Under the agricultural quarantine inspection (AQI) program, passengers and cargo are inspected at U.S. ports of entry to intercept prohibited material and pests. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 transferred responsibility for inspections from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Customs and Border Protection (CBP). APHIS retained some AQI-related responsibilities, such as policy setting and training. This testimony is based on issued GAO reports and discusses (1) steps DHS and USDA took that were intended to strengthen the AQI program, (2) views of agriculture specialists of their work experiences since the transfer, and (3) management problems. As part of these reports, GAO surveyed a representative sample of agriculture specialists on their work experiences, analyzed inspection and interception data, and interviewed agency officials."

Background: Numerous countries have imposed strict travel restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, contributing to a large socioeconomic burden. The long quarantines that have been applied to contacts of cases may be excessive for travel policy. Methods: We developed an approach to evaluate imminent countrywide COVID-19 infections after 0-14-day quarantine and testing. We identified the minimum travel quarantine duration such that the infection rate within the destination country did not increase compared to a travel ban, defining this minimum quarantine as "sufficient." Findings: We present a generalised analytical framework and a specific case study of the epidemic situation on November 21, 2021, for application to 26 European countries. For most origin-destination country pairs, a three-day or shorter quarantine with RT-PCR or antigen testing on exit suffices. Adaptation to the European Union traffic-light risk stratification provided a simplified policy tool. Our analytical approach provides guidance for travel policy during all phases of pandemic diseases. Interpretation: For nearly half of origin-destination country pairs analysed, travel can be permitted in the absence of quarantine and testing. For the majority of pairs requiring controls, a short quarantine with testing could be as effective as a complete travel ban. The estimated travel quarantine durations are substantially shorter than those specified for traced contacts. Funding: EasyJet (JPT and APG), the Elihu endowment (JPT), the Burnett and Stender families' endowment (APG), the Notsew Orm Sands Foundation (JPT and APG), the National Institutes of Health (MCF), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (SMM) and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada EIDM-MfPH (SMM). ; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100304

We construct a quantitative model of an economy hit by an epidemic. People differ by age and skill, and choose occupations and whether to commute to work or work from home, to maximize their income and minimize their fear of infection. Occupations differ by wage, infection risk, and the productivity loss when working from home. By setting the model parameters to replicate the progression of COVID-19 in South Korea and the United Kingdom, we obtain three key results. First, government-imposed lock-downs may not present a clear trade-off between GDP and public health, as commonly believed, even though its immediate effect is to reduce GDP and infections by forcing people to work from home. A premature lifting of the lock-down raises GDP temporarily, but infections rise over the next months to a level at which many people choose to work from home, where they are less productive, driven by the fear of infection. A longer lock-down eventually mitigates the GDP loss as well as attens the infection curve. Second, if the UK had adopted South Korean policies, its GDP loss and infections would have been substantially smaller both in the short and the long run. This is not because Korea implemented policies sooner, but because aggressive testing and tracking more effectively reduce infections and disrupt the economy less than a blanket lock-down. Finally, low-skill workers and self-employed lose the most from the epidemic and also from the government policies. However, the policy of issuing "visas" to those who have antibodies will disproportionately benefit the low-skilled, by relieving them of the fear of infection and also by allowing them to get back to work.

Rabies was eradicated from the UK in 1922 through strict controls of dog movement and investigation of every incident of disease. Amendments were made to the UK quarantine laws and the Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) was subsequently introduced in 2000 for animals entering the UK from qualifying listed countries. European Regulation 998/2003 on the non-commercial movement of pet animals initiated the European Union Pet Movement Policy (EUPMP) in July 2004. The introduction of EUPMP harmonized the movement of pet animals within the EU (EUPMPlisted) but raised the possibility of domestic animals entering the UK from a non-EU state where rabies is endemic (EUPMPunlisted). A quantitative risk assessment was developed to estimate the risk of rabies entering the UK from Turkey via companion animals that are incubating the disease and enter through PETS or EUPMP compared to quarantine. Specifically, the risk was assessed by estimating the annual probability of rabies entering the UK and the number of years between rabies entries for each scheme. The model identified that the probability of rabies entering the UK via the three schemes is highly dependent on compliance. If 100% compliance is assumed, PETS and EUPMPunlisted (at the current level of importation) present a lower risk than quarantine, i.e. the number of years between rabies entry is more than 170 721 years for PETS and 60 163 years for EUPMPunlisted compared to 41 851 years for quarantine (with 95% certainty). If less than 100% compliance is assumed, PETS and EUPMPunlisted (at the current level of importation) present a higher risk. In addition, EUPMPlisted and EUPMPunlisted (at an increased level of importation) present a higher risk than quarantine or PETS at 100% compliance and at an uncertain level of compliance.

BACKGROUND: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, billions of people were asked by their state and local governments not to go to work and not leave the house unless they had to. The goal of this qualitative study was to collect the lived experiences of a small group of parents and lactation professionals in the United States about what it was like to feed babies human milk under these conditions of quarantine. METHODS: This project is a social constructionist analysis of lactation narratives of 24 parents feeding their children human milk and 13 lactation professionals. They were interviewed remotely in 2020–21 via videoconferencing about their experiences and perspectives on the pandemic's effect on lactation. Additionally, photographs of 16 of the parents are provided to visualize their practices and how they chose to represent them. RESULTS: Four interrelated themes were identified in participants' narratives about how they experienced and made sense of human milk feeding during the pandemic: the loneliness of lactation during the pandemic, the construction of human milk as a resource to cope with the crisis, the (in)visibility of lactation amidst heightened multitasking, and the sense of connection created by human milk feeding at a time of unprecedented solitude. CONCLUSIONS: While the pandemic may have had both positive and negative effects on lactation, it exposed continuing inequities in infant feeding, generating new forms of (in)visibility for lactating labor. Going forward, one lesson for policy and lawmakers may be that to adequately support lactation, they should take cues from the families who had positive experiences during the crisis. This would call for systemically overhauling of US laws and policies by guaranteeing: universal basic income, paid parental leave for at least six months, paid lactation leaves and breaks, affordable housing, universal health care, subsidized childcare programs, and equal access to high-quality, non-discriminatory, and culturally appropriate medical care—including ...