Suchergebnisse

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between official development assistance (ODA) on CO2 emissions based on both direct and indirect frameworks, using the annual panel data of 30 recipient countries of Korea from 1993 to 2017. It employs a modified impact, population, affluence, and technology (IPAT) model and a simultaneous equation framework for the direct model and indirect model, respectively. The empirical results suggest that ODA has both a direct and an indirect mitigation impact in the recipient countries. Compared to the direct impact, a small indirect mitigation impact of ODA on CO2 emissions is derived. However, the estimation results of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) equation imply that economic growth has the potential of mitigating the environmental degradation when the economic development in recipient countries of Korea reaches a certain level. Therefore, the bilateral cooperation, through ODA and the supportive policy, should make an effort to promote economic development and mitigation of environmental degradation in developing countries.

Facilitating trade has been suggested as a tool for the economic development in poorer countries. However, developing countries are still struggling to integrate into world trade. The purpose of aid-for-trade is to improve the interests and access of developing countries to international markets. The previous literature on the provision of general aid suggests that aid is most effective when allocated while taking into consideration the recipient's needs as well as merits of the recipient based on the quality of its policies. This thesis examines whether recipients' needs, the quality of recipients' policies, or the donor's own export interests explain the allocation of aid-for-trade funds in the case of Norway. A panel data set of 113 recipient countries during 2005-2014 is analyzed by estimating a fixed effects model, a random effects model, and a Tobit model. In addition, the data set is used to perform qualitative analysis that groups recipients into aid-recipient types according to high/low per capita GDP, good/poor implementation and enforcement of the rule of law, voice and accountability, and trade openness. The results show that the motivations suggested in the literature that explain the allocation of general aid do not explain Norway's allocation of aid-for-trade funds. Only democracy and human rights is a statistically significant factor in affecting allocation decisions. Supplementary qualitative analysis showed that democracy and human rights levels are more important in decision-making when the recipients being considered are those with relatively higher per capita income levels. The estimation results provide no compelling evidence to suggest that Norway systematically allocated aid-for-trade by considering the per capita income level of recipients. Nevertheless, relatively poorer recipients seem to be prioritized for aid allocation by Norway based on average values of the aid provided. Moreover, there is no consistent evidence found that aid-for-trade is allocated by taking into account the level of institutional quality and the degree of trade openness. Finally, there is also no evidence found that Norway pursues its economic interests while allocating aid. Further research should be undertaken to provide more insight into the decision-making process for the allocation of aid-for-trade funds and to understand how the motivations might work differently to the decision-making that governs the allocation of general aid. ; M-ECON

This thesis examines the impact of macroeconomic instabilities on institutions in developing countries andthe role played by aid. The thesis further invetigates the role of history in explaining those impacts. Thethesis consists of four essays analyzing the impacts of macroinstabilities, aid and history on institutions. Thefirst chapter provides a comprehensive literature survey on the institutional impacts of aid and sheds lighton the controversial findings evidenced. The second chapter focuses on the impact of trade instability oninstitutions and the role that aid can play in this context. We provide evidence that aid can have a positiverole in democracy building in the long term by dampening the adverse effects of terms-Of-Trade instabilityon growth and thereby by making it more stable. The third chapter examines the instability of aid flowand addresses the question of whether unpredictable aid flows can create or aggravate corruption among theelites, and thereby weaken institutions. The findings from the empirical analysis provide evidence that higheraid unpredictability is associated with more rent-Seeking and corruption, this impact being more severe forthe countries having weak initial institutions. The fourth chapter investigates the extent to which thosepre-Existing institutional conditions matters for explaining the impacts of aid on institutions, by introducingthe role of history and more particularly the role of institutional transplantations. The chapter provides supportivefindings to the hypothesis that the institutional crisis caused by the unreceptive transplants largelyaccounts for aid's impacts on the quality of institutions. ; Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'impact des instabilités macroéconomiques sur les institutions dans les pays endéveloppement et au rôle joué par l'aide. Le rôle de l'histoire dans l'explication de ces impacts est aussiexaminé. La thèse se structure en quatre essais qui analysent l'impact des instabilités macroéconomiques, del'aide et de l'histoire sur les institutions ...

This thesis examines the impact of macroeconomic instabilities on institutions in developing countries andthe role played by aid. The thesis further invetigates the role of history in explaining those impacts. Thethesis consists of four essays analyzing the impacts of macroinstabilities, aid and history on institutions. Thefirst chapter provides a comprehensive literature survey on the institutional impacts of aid and sheds lighton the controversial findings evidenced. The second chapter focuses on the impact of trade instability oninstitutions and the role that aid can play in this context. We provide evidence that aid can have a positiverole in democracy building in the long term by dampening the adverse effects of terms-Of-Trade instabilityon growth and thereby by making it more stable. The third chapter examines the instability of aid flowand addresses the question of whether unpredictable aid flows can create or aggravate corruption among theelites, and thereby weaken institutions. The findings from the empirical analysis provide evidence that higheraid unpredictability is associated with more rent-Seeking and corruption, this impact being more severe forthe countries having weak initial institutions. The fourth chapter investigates the extent to which thosepre-Existing institutional conditions matters for explaining the impacts of aid on institutions, by introducingthe role of history and more particularly the role of institutional transplantations. The chapter provides supportivefindings to the hypothesis that the institutional crisis caused by the unreceptive transplants largelyaccounts for aid's impacts on the quality of institutions. ; Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'impact des instabilités macroéconomiques sur les institutions dans les pays endéveloppement et au rôle joué par l'aide. Le rôle de l'histoire dans l'explication de ces impacts est aussiexaminé. La thèse se structure en quatre essais qui analysent l'impact des instabilités macroéconomiques, del'aide et de l'histoire sur les institutions essentiellement mesurées par des indices de démocratie et de corruption.Le premier chapitre résume la littérature sur les impacts de l'aide sur la qualité des institutions etanalyse les résultats controversés qui en ressortent. Le deuxième chapitre étudie l'impact de l'instabilitédes termes de l'échange sur la démocratie et le rôle que l'aide peut jouer dans ce contexte. Nous confirmonsl'hypothèse que l'aide peut bien avoir un impact positif sur la démocratie dans le long terme en atténuant leseffets néfastes de l'instabilité des termes de l'échange sur l'instabilité sur la croissance et ce, en rendant cettedernière plus stable. Le troisième chapitre s'intéresse à l'instabilité même de l'aide et aborde la questionde savoir si l'imprévisibilité des flux d'aide peuvent susciter ou aggraver la corruption et ainsi affaiblir lesinstitutions. Les résultats empiriques confirment cette hypothèse et montrent en plus que cet impact est plusimportant pour les pays ayant une faible qualité initiale des institutions. Le quatrième chapitre revienssur l'importance de ces conditions institutionnelles pré-Existantes pour expliquer les impacts institutionnelsde l'aide en introduisant le rôle de l'histoire et plus particulièrement le rôle des transferts institutionnels.Le chapitre conclut que la crise institutionnelle provoquée par l'échec de ces transferts explique en grandepartie les effets pervers perçus de l'aide sur la qualité des institutions.

We investigate whether democratic aid flows, which are directed toward the democratization of recipients by covering democracy‐related programs and government and civil society activities, affect the future political regime of recipient countries. We introduce a multinomial multivariate logit model and we use 5‐yr averaged data covering the period 1972–2004 for 59 democracy aid‐recipient countries categorized into three broad classes according to the prevalent political regime. We find strong evidence that democratic aid flows are positively associated with the likelihood of observing a partly democratic or a fully democratic political regime in democratic aid‐recipient countries and that this result is robust to the potential endogeneity of democratic assistance.(JEL D70, F35, C25)

Even if constrained in their international choices, recipient countries of global health programmes hold the capacity to autonomously define and pursue their own strategies, policies, and ultimately attain political goals. This is comparatively demonstrated through the analysis of PEPFAR's implementation in Botswana, Ethiopia and South Africa.