Suchergebnisse

AbstractReferendums are rare events in most parliamentary democracies, and when they do occur they present an analytical puzzle. Are they such unusual events that they fall outside of the theoretical frameworks familiar to students of elections? Or, even though they enter political life infrequently, can they be understood as something not entirely foreign to our thinking about electoral politics? Here, we argue that voting in referendums such as the constitutional referendum of October 26, 1992 is driven by many of the same factors that are present in elections—parties, leaders, issues, a campaign timetable, the interplay between long- and short-term forces and the dynamic of the campaign itself. In spite of their unique features, referendums can be understood in terms of models of voting behaviour familiar to students of elections in Canada and elsewhere. But, devoid of some of the long-term partisan and social anchors which play a role in elections, their outcome is even more dependent on the short-term elements of the campaign. As such, referendums are subject to greater volatility and uncertainty than that typically found in ordinary parliamentary elections.

548Treaties — Effect in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Legislation enacted by the EEC institutions — Status under municipal law — Directives — Implementation under municipal law — Direct effect — Conditions — Whether directives capable of creating rights for individuals under municipal lawTreaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Acts of institutions established by EEC Treaty — Directives — Italian Constitution, Article 75 — Request for popular referendum to abrogate provisions of municipal law — Possible interference with implementation of Community directives by Italy — Whether referendum admissible in such circumstancesInternational organizations — EEC — Powers — Legislation — Directives enacted by Council — Direct effect — Institutions — Court of Justice of the European Communities — Effect of decisions in municipal legal order of Member StatesEnvironment — Land — Control of use of pesticides in foodstuffs — EEC — Council Directives fixing maximum permitted levels for pesticide residues in foodstuffs — Implementation in municipal law — Referendum — Legality — The law of Italy

The 1967 Referendum symbolised the political and legal emancipation of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. However, despite the high hopes the referendum set out to achieve, the equivocation of the 'yes' vote over constitutional reform led to no real or clear-cut changes at all

Il presente lavoro affronta il tema della rilevanza del coinvolgimento dei cittadini sul tema delle riforme costituzionali. In particolare, l'elaborato è dedicato alla analisi dell'istituto del referendum costituzionale ponendo l'attenzione non soltanto sugli aspetti strettamente giuridici ma anche su quelli politici. La trattazione inizia con il resoconto dei lavori nell' Assemblea Costituente (l'organo legislativo elettivo che nel 1946 fu preposto alla stesura di una Costituzione per la neonata Repubblica italiana) avendo riguardo al rilievo dato all'epoca a questo istituto; inoltre si racconta il periodo successivo fino ai giorni nostri cercando ,in particolare, di capire le ragioni della sua lunga inattuazione. Successivamente si approfondiscono i temi della iniziativa referendaria, la mancata previsione di un quorum necessario al fine della validità della consultazione, le problematiche relative alla natura (oppositiva o confermativa) del referendum costituzionale, le leggi costituzionali nn. 1/93 e 1/97, la legge attuativa del referendum (n. 352/1970), i caratteri del quesito, l'omogeneità e il cosiddetto "spacchettamento". Alla fine, si conclude con una panoramica sulle prospettive di riforma del referendum costituzionale, dando conto altresì delle due ultime applicazioni dell'istituto nel 2006 e nel 2016.