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To speed up residential energy retrofitting in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter(HSCW) zone, the barriers to retrofitting projects need elimination. Energy retrofitting contributes to improving building quality and living comfort, but has not been accepted by the public. It stems from poor project performance in quality, time, costs, etc. The risk is an essential factor hindering such project objectives and project success. Residential energy retrofitting in China is exposed to various risks due to uncertainties regarding finance, organization, coordination, technology, etc. This thesis thus aims to deepen the understanding of risks in the whole process of residential energy retrofitting to smoothen its implementation and develop risk mitigation strategies for the HSCW climate zone of China. The thesis adopts Transaction Costs Theory (TCT) to identify the risks in the whole process of project implementation and assesses the importance of these risks in both objective and subjective aspects. Given the importance of homeowners-related risks and the key role of the government in retrofitting projects, this research develops s series of develop strategies for risk mitigation from the viewpoints of both homeowners and the government. The thesis contributes to the body of knowledge by conducting a systematic exploration of risks in retrofitting projects. In terms of the practical contributions, it does not only enable project managers to recognize the priority of project risks, but also help the government tackle these issues at its source for promotion of residential energy retrofitting.

Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Energy simulations of buildings complement or replace the static calculations used so far and provide detailed answers to questions such as: what is the energy demand for individual purposes in a building and how does it change over the course of a day, a month, a year and also enable a comparison of several design variants and the selection of the optimal one in terms of energy consumption. Therefore, energy simulations of buildings help make decisions to optimise architectural and installation solutions, leading to a reduction in electricity, gas and water demand for the designed building. They indicate to what extent individual factors affect the demand for heating, cooling and electricity. The results of the analyses can be used as a basis for design and system decisions, and also provide interesting feedback to the investor. This paper focuses on the year-round analysis of a three-zone building in TRNSYS. Attention is given to the values of the heat transfer coefficients through the envelope, heating and cooling demand, the effect of heat gains/losses on the energy demand of the building and thermal comfort. The article points out that the correct determination of the energy needs of a building influences the correct choice of renewable energy source and the lowest cost of installation. ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme Cultural-E under grant agreement N. 870072.

This paper consists of an experimental and numerical study into transient behaviour in a residential building. The analysed effects occur by centrifugal pumps when they start with a direct supply (fixed-speed pumps are connected to the service pipe without an atmospheric tank). Direct supply increases the transient effect and places higher demands on the water main. The properties of such an installation were analysed using a hydraulic model in order to detect the most unfavourable scenario. The results were compared to experimental data. Basic hydraulics demonstrates that a pressure drop occurs during the startup. The magnitude mainly depends on the pump capacity. But, numerical and field results show that other variables related to service pipe design could also negatively affect the pressure surge. The study provides water utilities with information about the influence of the different variables on pressure surge magnitude and basic design criteria to minimize these effects. ; This work was supported by the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia of the Spanish Government under Grant No CGL2005-03666. ; Soriano Olivares, J.; Arregui De La Cruz, F.; Espert Alemany, VB.; García-Serra García, J. (2014). Hydraulic transient in residential buildings with a direct pump connection. Urban Water Journal. 2014:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2014.989860 ; S ; 1 ; 13 ; 2014 ; Basupi, I., Kapelan, Z., & Butler, D. (2013). Reducing life-cycle carbon footprint in the (re)design of water distribution systems using water demand management interventions. Urban Water Journal, 11(2), 91-107. doi:10.1080/1573062x.2012.750374 ; Bergant, A., Tijsseling, A. S., Vítkovský, J. P., Covas, D. I. C., Simpson, A. R., & Lambert, M. F. (2008). Parameters affecting water-hammer wave attenuation, shape and timing—Part 1: Mathematical tools. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 46(3), 373-381. doi:10.3826/jhr.2008.2848 ; Cantor, K. P., Lynch, C. F., Hildesheim, M., Dosemeci, M., Lubin, J., Alavanja, M., & Craun, G. (1998). Drinking ...

1 13 2014 ; S ; This paper consists of an experimental and numerical study into transient behaviour in a residential building. The analysed effects occur by centrifugal pumps when they start with a direct supply (fixed-speed pumps are connected to the service pipe without an atmospheric tank). Direct supply increases the transient effect and places higher demands on the water main. The properties of such an installation were analysed using a hydraulic model in order to detect the most unfavourable scenario. The results were compared to experimental data. Basic hydraulics demonstrates that a pressure drop occurs during the startup. The magnitude mainly depends on the pump capacity. But, numerical and field results show that other variables related to service pipe design could also negatively affect the pressure surge. The study provides water utilities with information about the influence of the different variables on pressure surge magnitude and basic design criteria to minimize these effects. This work was supported by the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia of the Spanish Government under Grant No CGL2005-03666. Soriano Olivares, J.; Arregui De La Cruz, F.; Espert Alemany, VB.; García-Serra García, J. (2014). Hydraulic transient in residential buildings with a direct pump connection. Urban Water Journal. 2014:1-13. doi:10.1080/1573062X.2014.989860 Basupi, I., Kapelan, Z., & Butler, D. (2013). Reducing life-cycle carbon footprint in the (re)design of water distribution systems using water demand management interventions. Urban Water Journal, 11(2), 91-107. doi:10.1080/1573062x.2012.750374 Bergant, A., Tijsseling, A. S., Vítkovský, J. P., Covas, D. I. C., Simpson, A. R., & Lambert, M. F. (2008). Parameters affecting water-hammer wave attenuation, shape and timing—Part 1: Mathematical tools. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 46(3), 373-381. doi:10.3826/jhr.2008.2848 Cantor, K. P., Lynch, C. F., Hildesheim, M., Dosemeci, M., Lubin, J., Alavanja, M., & Craun, G. (1998). Drinking Water Source and Chlorination ...

A zero-carbon society requires dramatic change everywhere including in buildings, a large and politically sensitive sector. Technical possibilities exist but implementation is slow. Policies include many hard-to-evaluate regulations and may suffer from rebound mechanisms. We use dynamic econometric analysis of European macro data for the period 1990–2018 to systematically examine the importance of changes in energy prices and income on residential energy demand. We find a long-run price elasticity of −0.5. The total long-run income elasticity is around 0.9, but if we control for the increase in income that goes towards larger homes and other factors, the income elasticity is 0.2. These findings have practical implications for climate policy and the EU buildings and energy policy framework. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10584-021-03164-3.

The School of Architecture of the University of Navarra has begun a project which consists in constructing a prefabricated module, consisting of a simplified inhabited housing unit, and monitoring over the course of one year the behavior of a thermoelectric installation that provides service to this module. The principal objective of the project is to quantify the response capacity of a thermoelectric climate control system applied to a prototype, and evaluate its energy and economic costs in the case that the system were applied in an apartment building. The development of this project represents the application in the field of construction of a technology that already is in use in other areas, fundamentally the military and aerospace. Therefore, we do not seek to demonstrate the performance of Peltier cells per se, but rather to evaluate how they function when applied to the residential area, and to analyze both the positive and negative aspects of their use. In this regard, it must not be forgotten that Spanish regulations also require the evaluation of the maintenance needs of climate control equipment, and, in this regard, Peltier cells offer an important advantage: Despite the fact that the initial investment is greater than with a conventional method of climate control, the maintenance costs are nearly zero. For these reasons, an objective of the project is to estimate the construction and amortization costs of the application of this technology in the residential area.

The School of Architecture of the University of Navarra has begun a project which consists in constructing a prefabricated module, consisting of a simplified inhabited housing unit, and monitoring over the course of one year the behavior of a thermoelectric installation that provides service to this module. The principal objective of the project is to quantify the response capacity of a thermoelectric climate control system applied to a prototype, and evaluate its energy and economic costs in the case that the system were applied in an apartment building. The development of this project represents the application in the field of construction of a technology that already is in use in other areas, fundamentally the military and aerospace. Therefore, we do not seek to demonstrate the performance of Peltier cells per se, but rather to evaluate how they function when applied to the residential area, and to analyze both the positive and negative aspects of their use.

The Portuguese housing sector experienced a significant growth throughout the 20th century, particularly in the last quarter, after the democratic revolution in 1974. In fact, the number of buildings built between 1970 and 1990 is more than one third of the buildings actually existing in Portugal. Therefore most of them were built before the publication of the first regulation concerning the energy efficiency in buildings. Regarding this scenario, it would be expected that rehabilitation activities would represent most of the current construction activities. However, given some remaining barriers from old social policies, this situation is not observed; actually building retrofitting is the least significant sector, accentuating the degradation level of major part of the Portuguese housing stock. Several studies show that the main problems are found in the buildings envelope elements, such as roofs and façades. Based on this context, the aim of this paper is to introduce some examples of building retrofitting systems that, adapted to the Portuguese main needs and requirements may represent sustainable solutions to overcome the identified needs of Portuguese buildings' ...

Renovation of the existing building stock is a vital part of reaching upcoming energy savings and CO2 emission targets. The European Union (EU) continuously publishes directives and guidance to support the transition of existing buildings to nearly-Zero Energy Buildings. A method for calculation of cost-optimal levels for minimum energy performance was introduced in 2012. Its aim is to compare and select different renovation alternatives, based on energy savings and global costs. It has been successfully applied on a package level; however, its complexity has restricted it from being used for comparing renovation alternatives between single components with the same and different functions. This paper presents a methodology for determination of a simplified value linking economical and efficiency parameters on a component level. The value allows for fast overview of cost-benefit of different renovation alternatives between components and systems. It serves a decision-making aid for compilation of renovation packages, which are further evaluated with the cost-optimal approach. The paper also introduces novel refurbishment assessment platform that can assist decision makers with fast compilation of refurbishment packages incorporating key aspects of the presented methodology. The current functionality of the platform is showcased at the end of the paper by a case study.

In developing countries like Saudi Arabia, the experience of a rapid rate of urbanisation and ‎ infrastructure expansion, especially with respect to buildings is immense. The role of buildings is even more ‎ important as they account for around 80% of the total national electricity consumption. Based on the 2030 local ‎ energy consumption trends, forecasts indicate an increase in domestic energy consumption with a growth rate ‎ which could reach 4 to 5% annually. A significant portion of this energy consumption growth results from the ‎ inefficient use of energy, and absence of coordinated enforcement and stakeholder engagement.This paper ‎ reports on an exploratory public survey to elicit information on respondent's views on issues such as the ‎ awareness and applications of sustainable building. The aim of this article is to identify factors influencing the ‎ development of sustainable buildings and energy consumption in residential sector in Saudi Arabia. A ‎ structured questionnaire was designed and electronically distributed to collect information from respondents ‎ across Saudi Arabia, employing a random sampling technique (Snowball Technique). The findings have ‎ significant implications for policy makers and practitioners. The implementation of sustainable residential ‎ buildings code requires strong support from the public, government and the housing industry.‎

The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 2010/31/EU requires EU Member States to calculate the cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements for new buildings and buildings that undergo major renovation. The European Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 and accompanying Guidelines 2012/C 115/01 establish a comparative methodology with regards to number of reference buildings for each building category, number of energy efficiency measures to be implemented in the study and the minimum level of cost analysis that is required. This paper fulfils the above requirements but also introduces an innovative approach that goes beyond the minimum requirements for the cost-optimal study, whereby a two-stage optimisation approach was undertaken. The first stage focuses on choosing a representative set of combined building envelope measures that cover the full range of possible energy performance levels, in such a way that these lie along the line of minimum space conditioning costs, known as the Pareto Front. While the second stage applies combinations of energy systems' upgrades to the selected iterations of stage 1. The scope is to minimize the time cost of these cost-optimal studies without sacrificing on their effectiveness or creating biased results. Cost optimal and nearly-zero energy levels were found for homes for the elderly, hotels, offices, restaurants, shops and sports complexes. Results showed that cost optimal levels are best achieved through upgrades of energy systems and solar shading rather than building envelope U-value upgrades for all building categories. This is primarily a result of the mild Mediterranean climate of Malta. Solar water heating and solar photovoltaics have shown to be cost optimal for all categories, except where these cannot be installed such as in shops and restaurants. Shading, heat pump water heaters and high efficiency air-conditioning systems have also been identified as cost-optimal measures. ; peer-reviewed

Many Energy Techniques and Measures (ETMs) are available to reduce the fossil energy use of residential buildings. However, the rate at which these ETMs are implemented is relatively low. Bram Entrop (1980) addresses, in this design-oriented research, the influence that ETMs have on the energy performance of dwellings, what financial impact they have, how decisions regarding their implementation are taken in residential building projects, and what is required for a new ETM to be implemented in such projects. It was found that although an ETM has an effect on the actual energy use of a dwelling and its residents, this is not necessarily shown through an improved theoretical energy performance, or vice versa. It was also found that although the energy use of a dwelling and its residents is reduced by implementing an ETM, the residents do not necessarily benefit financially from its implementation. This thesis offers developers and manufacturers of ETMs an assessment framework that makes it possible to assess the implementation potential of an ETM by means of its effects on actual energy use and on the theoretical EPI, its financial impact on investment costs and annual cash flows, and its compliance with the interests of the stakeholders involved. Furthermore, the insight is offered that it is almost impossible for a novel ETM to be implemented in residential building projects due to at least five barriers. These barriers are the complexity of how the energy use of dwellings and their residents is constituted and influenced, the required government-stipulated minimum energy performance, that incentives are split among stakeholders, the composition of energy costs, and that the underlying mechanisms of the preceding four barriers are frequently changed. To improve the implementation of ETMs, efforts by all stakeholders are needed. More data are needed on what effects ETMs will have when applied in a specific dwelling with all its characteristics. In order to achieve this in the construction industry, it is recommended that the government initiates and stimulates pilot projects.