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The aim of the article is to define the content of the concepts of gender and gender culture as socio-cultural phenomena. The method of comparative critical analysis of alternative interpretations of these constructs is used, on the basis of which an integral approach to understanding gender and gender culture is formulated. It is noted that the former characterizes the sociocultural functions of sexes and the system of interpersonal rela-tions between men and women. It includes images that reflect physiological and social differences between the sexes, social and cultural norms of behavior, as well as the system of social interactions between their rep-resentatives. The gender culture of society is defined as the system of organization of intersex relations that has developed in the social structure, including the balance of interpersonal interactions, gender standards of masculinity and femininity; norms in the sphere of communication (legal, moral, religious, etc.), stereotypes of behavior of representatives of different sexes. Gender culture of an individual is the consciousness and self-consciousness of the individual in the context of belonging to the male or female sex. In addition, the gender consciousness of an individual is the subject's perception of gender and the relationship between men and women. Gender self-awareness of an individual is gender self-identity, that is, who an individual imagines himself to be, and on the basis of which an individual's gender behavior is formed. The concepts of gender and gender culture as sociocultural phenomena are methodological tools for studying the specifics and dynamics of specific gender cultures emerging in certain sociocultural public systems.

В статье рассматривается проблема функционирования педагогических классов в современной образовательной практике сквозь призму перспективы и исторической ретроспективы, т. е. в контексте истории развития педагогического образования в России. Цель исследования - научное обоснование педагогических классов как социокультурного и социально-экономического феноменов на основе рассмотрения их в историческом аспекте. Для реализации данной цели автором проводится анализ истории российской практики создания педагогических классов как прообраза современной системы предпрофессиональной подготовки педагогических кадров в системе среднего образования, выявляются социокультурные доминанты и социально-экономические предпосылки организации педагогических классов. Определены этапы становления системы педагогических классов в России. Дана сущностная характеристика педагогических классов, обозначены целевые ориентиры их создания и функционирования в системе профильного обучения в общеобразовательной школе, критериальные особенности, что позволяет рассматривать их как социокультурный и социально-экономический феномен.
The article examines the problem of functioning of pedagogical classes in modern educational practice through in historical perspective in the context of the history of the development of pedagogical education in Russia. The author aims to scientifically justify pedagogical classes as socio-cultural and socio-economic phenomena in historical perspective. To achieve this goal, the author analyzes the history of the Russian practice of creating pedagogical classes, as a prototype of the modern system of pre-professional training of teachers in secondary education; reveals the socio-cultural dominants and socio-economic prerequisites of the organization of pedagogical classes; identifies the stages of formation of the system of pedagogical classes in Russia; provides the essential characteristics of the pedagogical classes, the targets of their creation and functioning in the subject-oriented system in the secondary school, which allows to consider them as socio-cultural and socio-economic phenomenon.

This research is a field research by going directly to the community as informants to obtain data. The data were obtained through distributing questionnaires and interviews with young people in the Kobe District, Japan. These problems are summarized in a study entitled: Demographic Transition in Japanese Society One Socio-Cultural Study. In the data collection stage, a questionnaire method and Interview techniques were used. Meanwhile, the method used to analyze the data was descriptive method. In this study, the results of data analysis were presented using informal methods, namely explaining data by describing all elements descriptively. Factors causing the demographic transition experienced by Japanese society at this time include Japan's involvement in the World War, geographic contours that are prone to disasters, high cost of living, and the presence of sophisticated robots that are the choice of entertainers in Japanese society. From the problems that have occurred, there have been several efforts made by the Japanese Government, including announcing a special allowance program for families who want to give birth to more than three children. A working mother can use quite long leave both before and after giving birth.

A socio-anthropological theoretical framework of the so-called Grid-Group Cultural Theory provides a typological model for understanding and mapping of cultural biases (shared values and beliefs), corresponding social relations and strategic behaviours. The starting argument of this paper is that this model can be used to illuminate and investigate the socio-cultural differences in peacebuilding approaches as the four theoretical ideal-types of individualism, egalitarianism, hierarchy and fatalism, correspond to different peacebuilding approaches used by different international actors and in different post-conflict contexts. This typological understanding of approaches to peacebuilding enables also a theoretical analysis of socio-cultural viability of different approaches in different socio-cultural context. The final argument of this paper is thus that viable approaches to peacebuilding are those that are synchronized with the socio-cultural context, i.e., with the cultural bias, social relations and strategic behaviours used by the major social and political actors in the local society.

Der Autor gibt in 14 Kapiteln einen prägnanten Überblick über die Sozialanthropologie Afrikas. Nach einer kurzen theoretischen Einführung zur Sozialanthropologie und den Methoden der Studie untersucht das Buch eine Vielzahl von Aspekten der afrikanischen Kultur: Religion, Symbolismus, Rituale, Gemeinschafts-, Ehe- und Familienleben, Bildende Künste. Beachtung wird auch dem soziokulturellen Wandel angesichts der Urbanisierung in Afrika geschenkt. (DÜI-Sbd)