Suchergebnisse

Kurzer Überblick über die Wirtschaftsentwicklung seit 1955. Das Strukturanpassungsprogramm von 1986 wird durch Beibehaltung des Zentralismus, exzessive öffentliche Ausgaben, Überregulierung der Wirtschaft, Protektionismus und zu enge Orientierung am urbanen Sektor behindert. Notwendig wäre stärkere Förderung des Rural Development und von marktwirtschaftlichen Ansätzen. (DSE)

Hage and Harary present a comprehensive introduction to the use of graph theory in social and cultural anthropology. Using a wide range of empirical examples, the authors illustrate how graph theory can provide a language for expressing in a more exact fashion concepts and notions that can only be imperfectly rendered verbally. They show how graphs, digraphs and networks, together with their associated matrices and duality laws, facilitate the study of such diverse topics as mediation and power in exchange systems, reachability in social networks, efficiency in cognitive schemata, logic in kinship relations, and productivity in subsistence modes. The interaction between graphs and groups provides further means for the analysis of transformations in myths and permutations in symbolic systems. The totality of these structural models aids in the collection as well as the interpretation of field data. The presentation is clear, precise and readily accessible to the nonmathematical reader. It emphasizes the implicit presence of graph theory in much of anthropological thinking

Climate change -- Contribution of buildings to climate change -- Uncertainty of carbon footprints : data quality and variability -- Data sources, tools, and rating systems -- Concrete -- Masonry -- Structural steel -- Wood -- Fiber reinforced polymers -- Examples

Abstract
The concepts of structure and structural changes can be applied in many different ways. Relatedly, the roughest distinction is reflected in two approaches: development economics approach and econometric approach. This paper will rely on the development economics, because it seems that the econometric approach oversimplifies the structural analysis and structural changes. Development economics, which evolved through the interaction between theoretical research and empirical studies, deals with many issues related to structure and growth in less developed (developing) countries. In development economics, the economic structure analysis is observed mostly through micro and macro approach. The paper relies on a macroeconomic approach which views the economic development as a set of interrelated long-term processes of structural transformation accompanying the growth.
Unlike the neoclassical approach, which makes a simple distinction of the economy to sectors producing tradable goods (with a high substitution) and sectors producing non-tradable goods, development economics studies structural adjustments of much serious complexity. Unlike other branches of economy, development economics has no universally accepted doctrine or paradigm. Instead, it is based on continuous evaluation of thinking, creating a ground for understanding the processes of modern economic development.

Financial difficulties of U.S. cities have recently become a major issue of concern. However, there is little agreement on why certain cities experience crises while others do not. Two arguments are put forward: Cities suffer from (1) structural problems like high immigration, congestion etc. (2) nonstructural political problems like the weakness of the mayor, union-power etc. Starting from a common pool model of municipal goods we estimate demand equations for spending and debt with structural variables. The estimation is based on 900 US cities in 1985, 1991 and 1999. Structural factors predicted by the model explain most of the variation of spending and debt levels. Furthermore coefficients are stable over time. However, excessively high debt burdens as indicators of potential crisis, and high spending levels are outliers and not explained by structural factors.

1. Introduction -- 2. Wood Structure and Properties -- 3. Production and Grading of Sawn Lumber -- 4. Loads and Allowable Stresses -- 5. Connections—Nails, Screws, and Bolts -- 6. Selecting Sawn-Timber Beams -- 7. Selecting Sawn-Timber Compression and Tension Members -- 8. Glued Laminated Members -- 9. Bolts, Timber Connectors, and Special Weldments -- 10. Timber Trusses -- 11. Plywood and Similar Wood Products -- 12. Diaphragm Action and Design -- 13. Built-Up and Composite Members -- 14. Formwork for Concrete -- 15. Miscellaneous Structure Types -- 16. Wood Durability, Protection, and Preservation -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- Appendix C.

This paper provides a quantitative evaluation of the macroeconomic, distributional, and fiscal effects of three reform proposals for Germany: i) a reduction in the social security tax in the low-wage sector, ii) a publicly financed expansion of full-day child care and full-day schooling, and iii) the further deregulation of the professional services sector. The analysis is based on a macroeconomic model with physical capital, human capital, job search, and household heterogeneity. All three reforms have positive short-run and long-run effects on employment, wages, and output. The quantitative effects of the deregulation reform are relatively small due to the small size of professional services in Germany. Policy reforms i) and ii) have substantial macroeconomic effects and positive distributional consequences. Ten years after implementation, reforms i) and ii) taken together increase employment by 1.6 percent, potential output by 1.5 percent, real hourly pre-tax wages in the low-wage sector by 3 percent, and real hourly pre-tax wages of women with children by 2.7 percent. The two reforms create fiscal deficits in the short run, but they also generate substantial fiscal surpluses in the long-run. They are fiscally efficient in the sense that the present value of short-term fiscal deficits and long-term surpluses is positive for any interest (discount) rate less than 9 percent--Abstract