Suchergebnisse

Most empirical contributions to the normative power Europe (NPE) debate concentrate on whether and when the EU promotes its core internal norms abroad. In contrast, we investigate how norms emerging from international fora come to be accepted and internalised by the EU in the first place. We examine the case of the emerging responsibility to protect norm (R2P) and argue that the EU's implementation has been more limited and slower than one would expect from the NPE procedural ethics of 'living by example'. We examine the potential reasons for this failure to 'live by example': the role of persuasion by norm entrepreneurs; the role of inducements and costs; the goodness of fit between R2P and existing EU norms; and the clarity of the norm. We find that the lack of goodness of fit and clarity of the norm are important factors, but argue that low levels of bureaucratic receptivity were the greatest obstacle.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Abstract -- Table of contents -- List of Abbreviations and Acronyms -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- A. Introduction -- I. Introductory remarks -- II. Climate change and displacement -- 1. Observed effects and drivers of climate change -- 2. Future impacts of climate change -- 3. Adaptation and mitigation -- III. Political and legal responses to climate change -- 1. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -- 2. Kyoto Protocol -- 3. 2015 Paris Agreement -- 4. Remarks -- IV. Research objective -- 1. The gap in legal literature -- 2. Research question -- 3. Analytical framework -- B. Human rights dimension of climate change -- I. Climate change effects as human rights violations? -- 1. Individual human rights -- 2. Collective human rights -- 3. Human rights violations in a strict legal sense? -- II. States' human rights obligations regarding climate change -- 1. Potential scenarios -- a) Extreme humanitarian catastrophes -- aa) States' obligations towards their own population -- bb) States' obligations towards populations of other states -- (1) Potential obligations -- (2) Legal bases -- (a) Extraterritorial extension of environmental human rights jurisprudence -- (b) Obligations under the international duty of cooperation -- (c) Obligations under international refugee law -- b) Mitigation of climate change -- aa) States' obligations towards their own populations -- bb) States' obligations towards populations of other states -- (1) Potential obligations -- cc) Erga omnes obligations -- 2. Remarks -- III. Conclusion -- C. The responsibility to protect -- I. History -- 1. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty -- 2. High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change -- 3. World Summit Outcome document -- 4. Annual reports of the Secretary-General.

Children and R2P : an introduction / Luke Glanville -- Agendas : R2P and children and armed conflict / Jeremy Shusterman and Michelle Godwin -- 'The intolerable impact of armed conflict on children' : the United Nations Security Council and the protection of children in armed conflict / Katrina Lee-Koo -- R2P and the prevention of mass atrocities : a child-centric approach / Cecilia Jacob -- The politics of norm glocalisation : limits in applying R2P to protecting children / Jochen Prantl and Ryoko Nakano -- Representing children responsibility to protect the future : children on the move and the politics of becoming / Jana Tabak and Leticia Carvalho -- R2P and the novel : the trope of the abandoned refugee child in Stella Leventoyannis Harvey's The brink of freedom / Erin Goheen Glanville -- Ultimate tests : children, rights, and the politics of protection / J. Marshall Beier -- Children on the front lines : responsibility to protect in the Israeli Palestinian conflict / Timea Spitka -- Post-war stigma, violence and 'Kony children' : the responsibility to protect children born in Lord's Resistance Army captivity in northern Uganda / Myriam Denov and Atim Angela Lakor -- Prevent to protect : early warning, child soldiers, and the case of Syria / Dustin Johnson, Shelly Whitman and Hannah Sparwasser Soroka -- Conclusion : of responsibilities, protection, and rights: children's lives in conflict zones / Bina D'Costa.

This article investigates the Chinese government's evolving policies toward the emerging global norm of 'responsibility to protect' (R2P). While its principle of non-interference persists, Beijing has gradually acknowledged the responsibility to respond to humanitarian catastrophes in certain circumstances. Meanwhile, to ensure the concept's limited application and reducing the instances where it might breach state sovereignty, Beijing actively participated in relevant debates to shape R2P in a direction that gives primacy to capacity-building and preventative measures. After examining how China engaged with the R2P in the recent crises in Darfur, Libya and Syria, the article argues, perceived threat from R2P upon its regime security explains Beijing's continued efforts to constrain the norm's development, while its aspiration for a status of responsible power encourages the Chinese government to engage with R2P more actively and flexibly. The case of R2P thus sheds new light on the complex interactions between China and the evolving global order. (J Contemp China/GIGA)

"This Handbook offers a comprehensive examination of the Responsibility to Protect norm in world politics, which aims to end mass atrocities against civilians. The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is amongst the most significant norms in global politics. As the authoritative guide to R2P, this edited volume gathers together the most respected and insightful voices to address key issues related to this emerging norms"--Provided by publisher.

The consensus on the doctrine of the 'responsibility to protect' has replaced ideas of humanitarian intervention with a new vision of the responsibilities that states have to protect their peoples from the most egregious suffering. The contention of this article is that this is a politics of exceptionalism, whereby power is legitimated by reference to its effectiveness in responding to emergency or crisis. By analysing the doctrine in this way, new light is shed on the debate surrounding the responsibility to protect. First, understanding the doctrine in terms of exceptionalism helps explain the paradox of how the doctrine has been assimilated so readily into institutional and state practice without manifesting any greater commitment to international intervention. Second, understanding these new security practices in terms of exceptionalism allows us to move beyond questions of imperialism. Once understood in terms of exceptionalism, it can be shown that the stakes in the debate on the responsibility to protect are restricted not only to relations between states, but also to relations within them: principles of representative government are to be substituted with paternalist and authoritarian visions of state power.

This book provides a systematic analysis of reform measures aimed at strengthening the implementation of the 'Responsibility to Protect' (R2P) doctrine, utilising a cosmopolitan lens. In 2005, member states of the United Nations (UN) accepted a 'Responsibility to Protect' against four mass atrocity crimes: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and ethnic cleansing. Despite this commitment, mass atrocities remain a pervasive aspect of the international landscape. In addressing R2P reform, the book utilises a 'transitional cosmopolitan' lens. The aim of this transitional cosmopolitan approach is to promote incremental progress towards solving moral problems by operating within particular contexts and practical barriers to change. Three areas for reform are explored: the UN Security Council P5's power of veto, to prevent the veto obstructing timely and decisive R2P response action; the powers of the UN General Assembly as an alternative means for responding to mass atrocity situations; and the establishment of an 'R2P Commission' to hold states accountable for their R2P commitments. These are not advocated as the definitive areas for R2P reform. However, each of the recommendations made can contribute at least some positive progress towards a more cosmopolitan application of the R2P that would help in curbing mass atrocity and improving the protection of fundamental human rights.

Objectives: The paper aims to present a legal analysis of R2P in light of contemporary international law. It questions whether R2P is lawful as a just war (jus bellum justum) doctrine under international law, specifically, under the general prohibition for the use of force pursuant to the Charter of the United Nations. The paper first analyzes the just war doctrine in light of international law. Thereafter, it studies the legal framework for the use of force in the UN Charter. Thirdly, it studies R2P in legal light as a just war doctrine. Methodology: The research is executed through a deductive approach, its scientific objective is exploratory, and its research technique is a bibliographical and documentary survey. It finds its methodological limits in a legal approach of the subject from a normative perspective focused on the legal validity of the institute under international law. Results: The paper concludes that R2P has legal flaws and does not stand against UN Charter regulation on the usage of force, notably the norm that states that the use of force in international relations is an exclusive responsibility of the United Nations Security Council. Contributions: The study shows its pertinence as an endeavor into a strictly legal analysis of a complex and highly political subject of humanitarian interventions. The matter becomes even more relevant when it is considered that, contemporaneously, the debate on a potential humanitarian intervention in Latin America (in Venezuela, specifically) resurfaces the risk of the continent being overtaken by an international armed conflict.

A Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is desirable in a perfect world but problematic in a world rife with aggression, occupation, & exploitation. Although the R2P should ideally be implemented by the UN, it is contended that the UN Security Council has become corrupted & would have to be reformed to achieve a North-South balance. Both the UN Charter & international law must be applied equally to large & small states before a shared R2P can become a reality. Adapted from the source document.