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For suitable illumination and observation conditions, sparkles may be observed in metallic coatings. The visibility of these sparkles depends critically on their intensity, and on the paint medium surrounding the metallic flakes. Based on previous perception studies from other disciplines, we derive equations for the threshold for sparkles to be visible. The resulting equations show how the visibility of sparkles varies with the luminosity and distance of the light source, the diameter of the metallic flakes, and the reflection properties of the paint medium. The predictions are confirmed by common observations on metallic sparkle. For example, under appropriate conditions even metallic flakes as small as 1 μm diameter may be visible as sparkle, whereas under intense spot light the finer grades of metallic coatings do not show sparkle. We show that in direct sunlight, dark coarse metallic coatings show sparkles that are brighter than the brightest stars and planets in the night sky. Finally, we give equations to predict the number of visually distinguishable flake intensities, depending on local conditions. These equations are confirmed by previous results. Several practical examples for applying the equations derived in this article are provided. ; European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP) Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness(DPI2011-30090-C02) Comunidad de Madrid (CM: S2013/MIT-2790). The EMRP is jointly funded by the EMRP participating countries within the European Association of National Meteorlogy (EURAMET) and the European Union.

Scientists use diagrams not just to visualize objects and relations in their fields, both empirical and theoretical, but to reason with them as tools of their science. While the two dimensional space of diagrams might seem restrictive, scientific diagrams can depict many more than two elements, can be used to visualize the same materials in myriad different ways, and can be constructed in a considerable variety of forms. This article takes up two generic puzzles about 2D visualizations. First, How do scientists in different communities use 2D spaces to depict materials that are not fundamentally spatial? This prompts the distinction between diagrams that operate in different kinds of spaces: real, ideal, and artificial. And second, How do diagrams, in these different usages of 2D space, support various kinds of visual reasoning that cross over between inductive and deductive? The argument links the representational form and content of a diagram (its vocabulary and grammar) with the kinds of inferential and manipulative reasoning that are afforded, and constrained, by scientists' different usages of 2D space.

I want to sketch a line of reasoning about politics, a way of looking at politics. Every point of view must stand on its own legs; it is not something that can be proved. An analysis is a way of looking at something, a way of seeing something we could not see before we made it. We adopt a point of view because it is suggestive and persuasive in its own inner logic.More specifically, I want to examine politics as a strategic concept. The concept of political strategy is itself a point of view loaded with implications for the study of politics.Strategy is the heart of politics, as it is of war.What are the implications of the concept? Any strategy of politics assumes that there is something that we can do about politics, that we have choices, and that what we think and do and want makes a difference. It assumes that we have something to talk about and that what we think and say and do is likely to have consequences. Without these conditions there can be no political strategy.

D'Lane Compton and Tristan Bridges on the difference between reality show awareness and real-life change.

Queer Visibility, Media and Sexuality in Ireland -- Respectably Gay? Gay Male Visibility on Current Affairs Television (1974-1980) -- Fifty Shades of Gay: Lesbian and Gay Visibility on The Late Late Show (1980-1989) -- AIDS and the Disruption of Queer Visibility (1983-1994) -- Coitus Interruptus: Queer Visibility on the Sitcom and Soap Opera (1995-1998) -- Queer Visibility, Television Drama and the Celtic Tiger (1999-2007) -- Conclusion: Queer Visibility Beyond Marriage Equality and Leo Varadkar.