Suchergebnisse

Frei verfügbare Informationen zur tatsächlichen Anwendung chemischer Pflanzenschutzmittel in der Landwirtschaft werden für eine Reihe von wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen wie auch für die politische Argumentation dringend benötigt. Deshalb werden seit dem Jahr 2000 regelmäßig Erhebungen zur Anwendung chemischer Pflanzenschutzmittel (PSM) in den wichtigsten landwirtschaftlichen und gärtnerischen Kulturen Deutschlands durchgeführt (NEPTUN-Erhebungen). Diese werden seit 2011 unter veränderten gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen als PAPA-Erhebungen fortgesetzt. PAPA steht für Panel Pflanzenschutzmittel-Anwendungen. Das heißt, es wurden kulturspezifische Netze von Erhebungsbetrieben geschaffen, in denen jährlich die PSM-Anwendungsdaten detailliert erfasst und in anonymisierter Form an das Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) weitergeleitet werden.Alle Erhebungen und Auswertungen beziehen sich auf die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Verteilung der Panel-Betriebe erfolgte proportional zur Verteilung der Anbau­flächen pro Kultur.Die Ergebnisse der PAPA-Erhebungen zeigen, dass sich die Pflanzenschutzintensität im Weinbau in den letzten Jahren relativ stetig erhöht hat. Zum einen hat der Befallsdruck durch pilzliche Schaderreger auf den Dauerkulturstandorten (insbesondere im Weinbau) in den letzten Jahren erheblich zugenommen. Zum anderen war aber auch zunehmend das verstärkte Auftreten "neuer" Schad­erreger zu beobachten. Beides ist möglicherweise eine Folge der Klimaveränderung/Klimaerwärmung. Zum dritten führen aber auch der Wegfall hochwirksamer Pflanzenschutzmittel und die Ausbildung von Resistenzen zu einem Anstieg an PSM-Applikationen. Eine Verringerung der Anzahl chemischer Pflanzenschutzmaßnahmen ist deshalb auch in den kommenden Jahren nicht zu erwarten. DOI:10.5073/JfK.2015.12.03, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2015.12.03 ; Freely available information on the actual use of chemical plant protection products (PPPs) in agriculture is highly necessary for a number of scientific questions and political discussion. Therefore, since 2000, regular surveys on the use of PPPs have been carried out for the most important agricultural and horticultural crops in Germany (NEPTUN projects). In 2011, they were adjusted to legal framework changes. Since then they are known as PAPA surveys with "PAPA" being an abbreviation for Panel Pesticide Applications. For each crop a network of farms was built up. In each the PPP application data are collected annually. The participating farms are distributed throughout Germany proportionally to the production area per crop. The data was anonymized and forwarded to the Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI). All surveys and analyses based on the panel refer to the Federal Republic of Germany.The results of PAPA surveys show that in grape the plant protection intensity has increased steadily in recent years. One reason for this development is a considerable increase in fungal pathogens in permanent crop sites (especially in viticulture). In addition, an increase of "new" pathogens was observed. Both may be a consequence of climate change/global warming. Finally, the ban of some highly effective pesticides and the development of resistances lead to an increase in pesticide applications. Therefore, a reduction of chemical plant protection measures cannot be expected in the next few years. DOI:10.5073/JfK.2015.12.03, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2015.12.03

In an increasingly interconnected world wine market, evolving consumer demands, technologies, and climate have all contributed to large shifts in global patterns of production and consumption of wine. These shifting patterns of wine production and consumption have entailed changes in the vineyard in terms of total area planted, production practices, and the mix of grape varieties grown. In this book, for the first time, we have a detailed empirical picture, country by country and region by region within countries, of which varieties of grapes have been grown where, and how those varietal choices have changed over time. This statistical compendium will be directly useful for anyone interested in knowing about and understanding the changing patterns of production of wine and wine grapes around the world. It also will serve as an invaluable resource for economists and others who seek to analyze those patterns and their causes

Frei verfügbare Informationen zur tatsächlichen Anwendung chemischer Pflanzenschutzmittel in der Landwirtschaft werden für eine Reihe von wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen wie auch für die politische Argumentation dringend benötigt. Deshalb werden seit dem Jahr 2000 regelmäßig Erhebungen zur Anwendung chemischer Pflanzenschutzmittel (PSM) in den wichtigsten landwirtschaftlichen und gärtnerischen Kulturen Deutschlands durchgeführt (NEPTUN-Erhebungen). Diese werden seit 2011 unter veränderten gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen als PAPA-Erhebungen fortgesetzt. PAPA steht für Panel Pflanzenschutzmittel-Anwendungen. Das heißt, es wurden kulturspezifische Netze von Erhebungsbetrieben geschaffen, in denen jährlich die PSM-Anwendungsdaten detailliert erfasst und in anonymisierter Form an dasJulius Kühn-Institut (JKI) weitergeleitet werden. Alle Erhebungen und Auswertungen beziehen sich aufdie Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Verteilung der Panel-Betriebe erfolgte proportional zur Verteilung der Anbau­flächen pro Kultur. Die Ergebnisse der PAPA-Erhebungen zeigen, dass sich die Pflanzenschutzintensität im Weinbau in den letzten Jahren relativ stetig erhöht hat. Zum einen hat der Befallsdruck durch pilzliche Schaderreger auf den Dauerkulturstandorten (insbesondere im Weinbau) in den letzten Jahren erheblich zugenommen. Zum anderen war aberauch zunehmend das verstärkte Auftreten "neuer" Schad­erreger zu beobachten. Beides ist möglicherweise eine Folge der Klimaveränderung/Klimaerwärmung.Zum dritten führen aber auch der Wegfall hochwirksamer Pflanzenschutzmittel und die Ausbildung von Resistenzen zu einem Anstieg an PSM-Applikationen. Eine Verringerung der Anzahl chemischer Pflanzenschutzmaßnahmen ist deshalb auch in den kommenden Jahren nicht zu erwarten. ; Freely available information on the actual use of chemical plant protection products (PPPs) in agriculture is highly necessary for a number of scientific questions and political discussion. Therefore, since 2000, regular surveys on the use of PPPs have been carried out for the most important agricultural and horticultural crops in Germany (NEPTUN projects). In 2011, they were adjusted to legal framework changes. Since then they are known as PAPA surveys with "PAPA" being an abbreviation for Panel Pesticide Applications. For each crop a network of farms was built up. In each the PPP application data are collected annually. The participating farms are distributed throughout Germany proportionally to the production area per crop. The data was anonymized and forwarded to the Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI). All surveys and analyses based on the panel refer to the Federal Republic of Germany. The results of PAPA surveys show that in grape the plant protection intensity has increased steadily in recent years. One reason for this development is a considerable increase in fungal pathogens in permanent crop sites (especially in viticulture). In addition, an increase of "new" pathogens was observed. Both may be a consequence of climate change/global warming. Finally, the ban of some highly effective pesticides and the development of resistances lead to an increase in pesticide applications. Therefore, a reduction of chemical plant protection measures cannot be expected in the next few years.

In view of the growing concern about the impact of synthetic fungicides on human health and the environment, several government bodies have decided to ban them. As a result, a great number of studies have been carried out in recent decades with the aim of finding a biological alternative to inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens. In order to avoid the large losses of fruit and vegetables that these pathogens cause every year, the biological alternative's efficacy should be the same as that of a chemical pesticide. In this review, the main studies discussed concern Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts as potential antagonists against phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus and the species Botrytis cinerea on table grapes, wine grapes, and raisins.

The article considers the legislative and regulatory acts that specify the tasks in the implementation of breeding processes. The results of the creation, variety testing, patenting and introduction of grape varieties and clones into the State Register of the Russian Federation for 2010–2020 are presented. The article analyzes the relationship between the indicators of industrial development with the production volumes of planting material, the use of domestic varieties that are included in the State Register of the Russian Federation. The characteristic of ampelographic collections – the genetic resources of grapes – is given. A comparative analysis of many years' worth of data on the assessment of the adaptive potential of domestic varieties and introduced varieties is presented. The article describes domestic varieties, from which premium wines are produced, which not only competes with European varieties, but also surpasses the organoleptic properties and biochemical parameters of grape must and wine material. The main problems hindering the wide demand for domestic varieties on the market, including a substantial amount of imported European varietal planting material, are described. The necessity of accelerating breeding processes is actualized, modern methods are identified, including those of generative and genomic selection, transgenic technologies, cellular, mutational, and clone selection, and priority areas in breeding are presented. The numerical and qualitative analyses of the composition of breeding scientists is given, the trends of increasing the number and qualitative composition of breeders, the influx of young people, the growing need for training qualified personnel are noted. The number of bachelor's, master's and post-graduate students specializing in viticulture in general and in selection in particular as well as the number of defended dissertation studies on grape breeding has been found to be insufficient. The main scientific and practical problems in the organization and implementation of breeding processes in ensuring the development of the industry are updated, including a low share of domestic varieties in the produced planting material and planting, the lack of a systemically implemented varietal and technological policy, the imperfection of the legal system for the protection of intellectual property, a low availability of instrumentation and analytical equipment for the implementation of breeding by modern methods. ; Рассмотрены законодательные и нормативные акты, конкретизирующие задачи в осуществлении селекционных процессов. Представлены результаты создания, сортоиспытания, патентования и введения в Государственный реестр Российской Федерации сортов и клонов винограда за период 2010–2020 гг. Проанализирована взаимосвязь показателей отраслевого развития с объемами производства посадочного материала, использованием сортов отечественной селекции, составляющих предмет Государственного реестра РФ. Приведены характеристика ампелографических коллекций – генетических ресурсов винограда, и сопоставимый анализ многолетних данных по оценке адаптивного потенциала сортов отечественной селекции и сортов-интродуцентов. Охарактеризованы сорта отечественной селекции, из которых производятся вина класса премиум; они не только составляют конкуренцию сортам европейской селекции, но и превосходят их по органолептическим свойствам и биохимическим показателям виноградного сусла и виноматериала. Обозначены основные проблемы, сдерживающие широкую востребованность рынком сортов винограда отечественной селекции, к числу которых следует отнести значительный объем импорта европейского сортового посадочного материала. Подчеркнута необходимость ускорения селекционных процессов, обозначены современные методы, в том числе генеративная и геномная селекция, трансгенные технологии, клеточная, мутационная, клоновая селекция. Представлены приоритетные направления в селекции. Приводятся и анализируются сведения о количественном и качественном составе ученых-селекционеров, отмечены тенденции увеличения их численности и качественного состава, притока молодежи, растущей потребности в подготовке квалифицированных кадров. Актуализированы основные научно-практические проблемы в организации и осуществлении селекционных процессов в обеспечение развития отрасли, среди которых низкая доля сортов отечественной селекции в производимом посадочном материале и закладке насаждений, отсутствие системно реализуемой сортовой и технологической политики, несовершенство правовой системы по охране интеллектуальной собственности, низкая обеспеченность приборно-аналитическим оснащением для осуществления селекционных процессов современными методами.

From Ernest and Julio Gallo to Francis Ford Coppola, Italians have shaped the history of California wine. More than any other group, Italian immigrants and their families have made California viticulture one of America's most distinctive and vibrant achievements, from boutique vineyards in the Sonoma hills to the massive industrial wineries of the Central Valley. But how did a small group of nineteenth-century immigrants plant the roots that flourished into a world-class industry? Was there something particularly "Italian"in their success? In this fresh, fascinating account of the ethnic ori

In the late 1990s, widespread outbreaks of Pierce's disease in grapevines were linked to transmission via the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), threatening California's multibillion-dollar table, raisin and wine grape industries. Government agencies responded to the crisis by implementing two control programs to manage GWSS. We analyzed the long-term economic impact of these two programs on citrus, grape and nursery producers. The net economic effects on all citrus producers and on grape producers in the southern San Joaquin Valley were insignificant, while all grape producers in the Temecula Valley saw an average increase in annual production costs of about $13.04 an acre. Based on our survey of nurseries in Southern California, approximately 11% had an infestation in 2008 and 2009, but only 3.0% in 2010. Average losses to nurseries per GWSS infestation were about $12,238. Nursery producers also undertook a variety of pest control methods to prevent infestations and plant losses, and to meet quarantine regulations. Average annual per-acre costs of these approaches were $2,975 for barrier methods to prevent GWSS from entering a premises, $1,032 in pesticide controls and $1,588 for in-house monitoring.

Δημοσίευση σε επιστημονικό περιοδικό ; Summarization: The object of this research is to investigate the ways and the degree of contamination of Cretan grapes from the area of Chania and their alcoholic products, with the elements aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium, iron, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc. Fifteen samples of grapes were collected and used for the production of experimental wines from rinsed and unrinsed grapes. A microwave furnace was used for the digestion and dissolution of the experimental wines, the precipitates that originated in these wines, as well as the wines of the corresponding producers. The analyses of all mentioned samples as well as 34 local alcoholic distillates were performed using total reflection X-ray fluorescence and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations for all the elements that were determined were almost in all cases, well below the maximum permissible levels by the Greek and the European Union legislation ; Presented on: Science of the Total Environment

A Grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody wines of the flowering plants genus vitis. The horticulture sector immensely contributes to strengthen the financial condition of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, poverty alleviation, employment generation and has become a core sector of the economy of Jammu and Kashmir. It supports around 23 lakh people with direct and indirect work and has the potential for more growth. In view of this, the State Government has declared horticulture a major area and is implementing several measures to enhance it. It is also known as the back bone of the Jammu and Kashmir's economy. The area under the fruit in Jammu and Kashmir has increased from 2.21 lakh hectare in 2001-2002 to 3.33 lakh hectare in 2017-2018 likewise the production has increased from 10.97 Lakh MT's in 2001-2002 to 24.29 Lakh MT's in 2017-2018. Ganderbal, particularly known as The Grape Town of Kashmir is located between 34.23oN and 74.78oE at an average elevation of 1619 metres a.m.s.l. Repora village in Ganderbal district is famous for grapes and one of the Sufi saints of Kashmir Sheikh-ul-Alam has spoken golden words about Repora as "Dachi Repore Nazar Chapoor" means (Repora, the village of grapes and eyes on all sides). The area under grapes in Ganderbal has increased from 84 hectare in 2007-2008 to 192 hectares in 2017-2018, and the production of grapes in the district has increased from 265 MTs in 2007-2008 to 572 MTs in 2017-2018. This study is based on secondary sources of data and an attempt has been made to know the increase in area and production of grapes in district Ganderbal