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A book chapter on small holder agricultural commercialization in Zimbabwe. ; Smallholder commercialization has been a long drawn out process in both the colonial and post-colonial period. Colonial rule in 1890 saw the emergence of the large-scale commercial farming sector, consisting of white settlers alongside a subsistence smallholder fanning sector composed of blacks. The white large-scale commercial fanning sector received unqualified government political and policy support to raise agricultural production and productivity, largely at the expense of the smallholder farming sector. This scenario persisted until the attainment of independence in 1980. The agricultural thrust of the majority rule government was to increase productivity in the smallholder sector while maintaining production on large-scale commercial farms. In this regard, the government focused on empowering smallholder farmers through research and extension, establishing marketing depots in communal areas, and providing favorable pricing policies to increase agricultural production. This policy thrust contributed to the agricultural revolution of the 1980s and 1990s. Smallholder farmers have transformed themselves from subsistence to commercial producers of a number of key agricultural enterprises over the last 20 years

A report containing 57 proposals for expanded activities in technical assistance for economic development was transmitted by Director General N. E. Dodd to member governments of the Food and Agriculture Organization. The report contained portions of the general cooperative program agreed upon by the executive heads of the United Nations and the specialized agencies which referred particularly to work in FAO's field. The projects did not constitute an inclusive list but were rather a series of concrete examples of fields of activities in which technical assistance was needed for economic development. The projects were considered as part of an expanded program of general economic development and were to be closely related to the present program of work, but because the regular working program included little continuing assistance to governments in particular problems, the supplementary projects were to concentrate on that kind of aid. FAO proposed work in the fields of agriculture, fisheries, forestry, rural services and economic and statistical services. The proposals totaled in cost about $9.5 million for the first year and about $11.5 million for the second year, while actual programs and cost would depend on the degree of participation by beneficiary governments, who would be expected to bear a considerable part of the total cost.

The 38th session of the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was held at UN Headquarters, New York, on April 16 and 17, 1962, under the chairmanship of Mr. Louis Maire. The Council discussed the report of the first session of the Intergovernmental Committee on the World Food Program (IGC) and recommended that the program be initiated with minimum delay and that the pledging conference be convened at the earliest possible date.

The sixth session of the Food and Agriculture Organization Conference, held from November 19 to December 7, 1951 in Rome,1 elected Amintore Fanfani (Italy) chairman and reappointed Norris E. Dodd Director-General for an additional two-year period. On November 21, 1951 the conference voted to admit to FAO Argentina by 53 votes to 0, Japan by 47 votes to 0, Nepal by 49 votes to 1, and Laos by 44 votes to 2.

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- 1 About Enabling the Business of Agriculture -- 2 Findings -- 3 Data Notes -- Methodology -- Supplying seed -- Registering fertilizer -- Securing water -- Registering machinery -- Sustaining livestock -- Protecting plant health -- Trading food -- Accessing finance -- Indicator and aggregate scores -- 4 Summaries of Enabling the Business of Agriculture Reforms between 2016 and 2018 -- 5 Country Tables -- Acknowledgments and Experts -- Acknowledgments -- Experts.

The use of information technology in the field of agriculture is one of the biggest challenges in the field of agriculture in economic transition in Montenegro. Montenegrin society has made significant progress in the development of agriculture, but there are difficulties in the implementation of modern technologies in all phases of agricultural production. The importance of ICT application in agriculture is very significant from the standpoint of reductions in manufacturing costs, yield increase, protection of the environment, etc. This paper will deal with the problems and proposed solutions (examples) for the application of ICT in the production process, in the process of planning and reporting within the agricultural sector. The research focuses on a comparison of the current situation in the Montenegrin agricultural sector with the situation at the EU level as well as several global initiatives. ICT application in agriculture is also important from the point of view of producers (small and large), and from the standpoint of the state in terms of monitoring the implementation of planned activities. Therefore, it is crucial for Montenegro to keep developing in this field. This paper could also serve as a guideline for the Government in implementation of development policies in the e-Agriculture field. This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

The Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) held its 26th session in Madrid, June 3–14, 1957, under the chairmanship of S. A. Hasnie. During its discussion of current FAO activities the Council 1) decided to accept the invitation of the United States government to act as host to the fifth World Forestry Congress in 1960; 2) agreed to the proposed procedures for organizing the second session of the joint Food and Agriculture Organization/Economic Commission for Europe Committee on Forestry Working Techniques and the Training of Forest Workers, which was to be held in Moscow in September 1957; 3) established the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission to promote improvements in inland fisheries and to give advice on the matter; 4) approved certain budgetary amendments to the constitution of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease; 5) received the report of a mission which had been appointed in 1951 to examine the Moroccan agricultural and food supply situation arising from drought conditions, noted subsequent developments and the intentions of several governments to assist Morocco, and requested the Director-General to keep the situation under review and to take further steps which might be necessary; and 6) requested the Director-General to examine the advisability of establishing a committee on settlement, resettlement, and agrarian reform, as proposed by the government of Israel.

In his report on the work of the Food and Agriculture Organization in 1951–1952, the Director-General (Dodd) stated that one of the striking developments of the year ending in mid-1952 was the intensified interest in the food and population problem. He believed that during the past year FAO had made more progress in its work than in the previous five years of its existence, adding that this was mainly because nations were "moving ahead more rapidly in the program of technical assistance for economic development." One of the ways by which FAO was trying to help meet the shortage of competent technical people in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and related fields, which he described as one of the biggest obstacles to economic development in countries where it was most needed, was through regional training and demonstration courses in which governments and organizations cooperated with FAO. Other principal "forward steps" in the work of the organization in 1951–1952 were: 1) increasing international cooperation in the form of regional action programs; 2) more attention was being paid by many governments to working out specific goals and programs for increasing production; 3) a movement to remedy un-satisfactory land tenure conditions was getting under way; 4) proposals for establishing international reserves to relieve acute food shortages and famine were under consideration; 5) expansion in the number of development projects in individual countries; and 6) continuance and improvement of basic technical services useful on a worldwide scale.

I started studying the structure and performance of Pakistan's
agriculture in the early 1960s. Sadly this sector of the economy is
still in a precarious state. I think the blame rests with the state, its
policies and agents, more than the vagaries of nature. But the good news
is that we can influence public policy far more than the moods of
nature. The basic challenges for the agriculture sector in Pakistan are
to:

The initial focus of Ancient Greek Agriculture is firmly on the art of agriculture proper, the tools and the technique, the plants cultivated and the animals reared. Thereafter, Isager and Skydsgaard focus on the position of agriculture in the society of gods and men in the Greek city-states . The arguments of Ancient Greek Agriculture are strengthened by the book's close adherence to contemporary Greek sources, literary as well as archaeological, avoiding the use of later as well as Roman material

Diversity exists among all kinds of microorganisms. As evolution preceded new kinds of microorganisms appeared. The structural, functional and genetic diversity of any cell represents its evolutionary event. Both culturable and non-culturable (metagenomic) bacteria play a significant role in human welfare. They have multifarious functions, as effective as other synthetic agents applied in agro-ecosystem. The various facets of bacterial diversity are presented in relation to their emergence in agriculture in this volume entitled "Bacterial Diversity in Sustainable Agriculture"

Part of a series designed to give a comprehensive analysis of some of the complex problems facing contemporary Latin America. The contributors focus on land reform, property rights, the problems of the rural poor, and changes in agricultural practice in Chile.