Cooperation between Norwegian and Russian scientists on marine science in the Barents Sea dates back to the 1950s. Science, as well as the resource management it serves, has evolved dramatically since then. In terms of its substance, scientific foci and methods have increased substantially. Previously, research efforts targeted a few commercial fish species, whereas entire ecosystems and non–commercial as well as commercial species are addressed today. A further dimension of change is that of organization of science: While cooperation was initially sporadic, it has gradually become embedded in a wider framework of scientific collaboration and become more organized. This framework is included in the bilateral management of the living marine resources in the Barents Sea. The Norwegian–Russian Joint Fisheries Commission (JNRFC) and the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) work as the peer reviewers of science and providers of scientific advice to the authorities in Norway and the Russian Federation. This article discusses these issues with regard to developments in science, in international regimes and the role of science in policy-making.Keywords: Scientific cooperation Norway–Russian Federation, fisheries management, Barents SeaCitation: Arctic Review on Law and Politics, vol. 3, 2/2012 pp. 244–274. ISSN 1891-6252
Рассмотрены вопросы, касающиеся восточной границы арктической акватории России в контексте пересмотренного частичного Представления Российской Федерации о внешней границе континентального шельфа в Северном Ледовитом океане. Кратко изложена предыстория вопроса разграничения морских пространств России и США. Отмечено, что большинство публикаций по данной проблеме посвящено границе в Беринговом море. Показана обоснованность значения долготы меридиана секторальной линии в системе координат WGS-84, которая получена путем преобразования его величины, заданной на эллипсоиде Красовского в постановлении Совета Министров СССР 1979 г. Представлено значение координат северной точки разграничения морских пространств России и США в Северном Ледовитом океане в соответствии с нормами международного морского права согласно временно действующему в Российской Федерации Соглашению между СССР и США от 01.06.1990 г . На основе расчета площадей участков вдоль секторальной линии показано, что для Чукотского моря использование линии разграничения по указанному Соглашению от 01.06.1990 г. является менее выгодным, чем граница по медианной линии между Российской Федерации и США. Отмечено, что изложенные технические вопросы будут являться предметом двухсторонних переговоров Российской Федерации и США с целью достижения договоренности как необходимого этапа, предваряющего рассмотрение частично пересмотренного Представления Российской Федерации в Комиссии по границам континентального шельфа ООН. ; The study examines the eastern boundary of Russian Arctic water areas in the context of the Partial Revised Submission of the Russian Federation to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in respect of the continental shelf of the Russian Federation in the Arctic Ocean. The historical issues concerning the Russian U.S. maritime boundary are briefly covered. The majority of publications covering this problem discuss the issues of the maritime boundary in the Bering Sea. The numerical value of the maritime boundary meridian 168°49'30' W (in the WGS-84 coordinate system) stated in the agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Maritime Boundary in the Chukchi and Bering Seas (1990) as a result of datum transformation from the value: 168°58'49.4'W (Krasovsky ellipsoid) which was approved by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR No. 8908 (1979) is justified. The most northern point of the possible maritime boundary between Russia and the U.S. in the Arctic Ocean, based on the mentioned agreement according with the international maritime legislation practice is calculated and commented upon. The areas along the sectorial line stated in the mentioned agreement which were formed by the median line between Russia and the U.S are calculated. The use of the median line boundary in the Chukchi Sea is stated as more favorable for Russia. Finally it is mentioned that the observed technicalities would be the subject-matter of negotiations with the U.S. as an essential preliminary stage before the Russian Federation Partial Revised Submission examination at the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf.
Global change threatens invertebrate biodiversity and its central role in numerous ecosystem functions and services. Functional trait analyses have been advocated to uncover global mechanisms behind biodiversity responses to environmental change, but the application of this approach for invertebrates is underdeveloped relative to other organism groups. From an evaluation of 363 records comprising >1.23 million invertebrates collected from rivers across nine biogeographic regions on three continents, consistent responses of community trait composition and diversity to replicated gradients of reduced glacier cover are demonstrated. After accounting for a systematic regional effect of latitude, the processes shaping river invertebrate functional diversity are globally consistent. Analyses nested within individual regions identified an increase in functional diversity as glacier cover decreases. Community assembly models demonstrated that dispersal limitation was the dominant process underlying these patterns, although environmental filtering was also evident in highly glacierized basins. These findings indicate that predictable mechanisms govern river invertebrate community responses to decreasing glacier cover globally. ; This work was funded by the following organisations: The UK Natural Environment Research Council grants and studentships GR9/2913, NE/E003729/1, NE/E004539/1, NE/E004148/1, 20 NE/G523963/1, NER/S/A/2003/11192, and NE/L002574/1; the European Union Environment and Climate Programme Arctic and Alpine Stream Ecosystem Research (AASER) project (ENV-CT95-0164); EU-FP7 Assessing Climate impacts on the Quality and quantity of WAter (ACQWA) project (212250); Icelandic Research Council (954890095, 954890096); University of Iceland Research Fund (GMG96, GMG97, GMG98), Wyoming Center for Environmental Hydrology and Geophysics-National Science Foundation (1208909); USA-Wyoming NASA Space Grant Faculty Research Initiation (#NNX10A095H); USA-NSF Wyoming Epscor; Nationalpark Hohe Tauern, Austria; the Royal Society (International Outgoing Grant 2006/R4); the Leverhulme Trust; the Universities of Leeds, Birmingham, Iceland and Innsbruck; European Centre for Arctic Environmental Research (ARCFAC): a Research Infrastructures Action of the European Community FP6 (026129-2008- 72); the Stelvio National Park (2000-2001); the Autonomous Province of Trento (HIGHEST project, 2001-2004, del. PAT n. 1060/2001; VETTA project, 2003-2006, del. PAT n. 3402/2002); MUSE-Museo delle Scienze. We are grateful to Russell Taylor and Mike Winterbourn at the University of Canterbury, NZ, who helped to collect NZ invertebrate data and assisted with identification, and to Hakon Adalsteinsson who contributed to data collection in Iceland. Many other people, too numerous to mention, assisted with fieldwork at all of the study locations. The European Science Foundation sponsored an exploratory ┘ラヴニゲエラヮ WミデキデノWS さGノ;IキWヴ-fed rivers, hydroecology and climate change: current knowledge and future network of monitoring sites (GLAC-HYDROECO-NETぶざ デエ;デ ┘;ゲ エWノS キミ Birmingham, UK in September of 2013 where some of the ideas in this paper were first discussed ; Peer Reviewed
Inuit residents of the Canadian Arctic balance a commitment to the land and to land-based traditions with full engagement in governance across different scales of decision-making. In this article, I suggest that thinking with and through 'affect' offers a promising approach to conceptualizing the dynamic role of Inuit knowledge across these different scales. Food sharing in remote Inuit settlements tangibly demonstrates the affective dimensions of Inuit knowledge, reflecting practices rooted in social and ethical relations with land, animals, and human community. Affect also informs the role of Inuit knowledge in international environmental negotiations. I explore this relationship in the work of the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC), an organization that advocated for a ban on persistent organic pollutants (POP) in the negotiations leading up to the Stockholm Convention. Facilitated by the gift of an Inuit carving, ICC shared a moral and ethical perspective that helped connect negotiators to the physical harms caused by pollutants. Drawing on the philosophy of former ICC Chair Sheila Watt-Cloutier and the non-capitalist framework of J.K. Gibson-Graham (2006), I examine the role this gift played in the POPs negotiations. I conclude that thinking through affect offers new ways of conceptualizing the emergent possibilities of environmental politics and practice.Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, persistent organic pollutants, Stockholm Convention, environmental politics, the gift, food sharing, Gibson-Graham.
Inuit residents of the Canadian Arctic balance a commitment to the land and to land-based traditions with full engagement in governance across different scales of decision-making. In this article, I suggest that thinking with and through 'affect' offers a promising approach to conceptualizing the dynamic role of Inuit knowledge across these different scales. Food sharing in remote Inuit settlements tangibly demonstrates the affective dimensions of Inuit knowledge, reflecting practices rooted in social and ethical relations with land, animals, and human community. Affect also informs the role of Inuit knowledge in international environmental negotiations. I explore this relationship in the work of the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC), an organization that advocated for a ban on persistent organic pollutants (POP) in the negotiations leading up to the Stockholm Convention. Facilitated by the gift of an Inuit carving, ICC shared a moral and ethical perspective that helped connect negotiators to the physical harms caused by pollutants. Drawing on the philosophy of former ICC Chair Sheila Watt-Cloutier and the non-capitalist framework of J.K. Gibson-Graham (2006), I examine the role this gift played in the POPs negotiations. I conclude that thinking through affect offers new ways of conceptualizing the emergent possibilities of environmental politics and practice.Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, persistent organic pollutants, Stockholm Convention, environmental politics, the gift, food sharing, Gibson-Graham.
В статье представлен анализ современного состояния международного молодежного сотрудничества, существующих проблем и путей их преодоления на основе системного подхода. Актуальность затрагиваемых вопросов объясняется тем, что международное молодежное сотрудничество является колоссальным ресурсом деятельности как государственных органов, так и общественных объединений в развитии долгосрочного сотрудничества и взаимопонимания между странами. Ведь молодежь это неотъемлемая часть развития общества и государства. От того, как будет выстроена работа с молодежью, зависит развитие государства в целом. В статье выявлены проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются сегодня государственные органы и молодежные организации при реализации международного молодежного сотрудничества, дано системное описание и анализ современного состояния и перспектив развития международного молодежного сотрудничества на государственном уровне. Впервые представлена попытка целостного описания международного молодежного сотрудничества России, комплексного определения проблем в этой сфере деятельности на основе анализа доступных отечественных и зарубежных источников, официальных публикаций, документов и отчетов межправительственных и международных организаций. Основными источниками информации для анализа явились материалы официальных сайтов Совета Европы (www.coe.int/youth), Европейского Союза (www.europa.eu.int), Совета Баренцева Евро-Арктического региона (www.beac.st) и Совета государств Балтийского моря (www.cbss.org). ; The article turns to the analysis of current international youth cooperation, existing problems and ways to solve them on the bases of system approach. Actuality of the touched questions is explained by the fact that international youth cooperation is a colossal resource of the government institutions as well as non-government organisations in development of long-term cooperation and mutual understanding between society and government. The overall national development depends on the way how the youth work is structured. The article reveals problems which face government institutions and non-government organisations by realisation of international cooperation, provides the system description and analysis of the current state and perspectives of the development of the international youth cooperation on the government level. It is the fist attempt to describe international youth cooperation integrally, to define problems in complex in this field on the bases of analysis of accessible home and foreign sources, official publications, documents and reports of international and intergovernmental organisations. The main sources for analysis were materials from official sites of the Council of Europe (www.coe.int/youth), European Union (www.europa.eu.in), Council of Barence Euro-Arctic region (www.beac.st) and Council of Baltic See States (www.cbss.org ).
This study has been supported by the Research Council of Norway (project ID: 275407, COMBAT - Quantification of Global Ammonia Sources constrained by a Bayesian Inversion Technique). Nikolaos Evangeliou and Sabine Eckhardt received funding from the Arctic Monitoring & Assessment Programme (AMAP). John Backman was supported by the Academy of Finland project Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts (NABCEA; project no. 296302), the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence programme (project no. 307331) and COST Action CA16109 Chemical On-Line cOmpoSition and Source Apportionment of fine aerosoL, COLOSSAL. The research leading to the ACTRIS measurements has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research And Innovation programme (grant agreement no. 654109) and the Cloudnet project (European Union contract EVK2-2000-00611). ; All measurement data and model outputs used for the present publication are publicly available and can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.21336/gen.b5vj-sn33 (Evangeliou et al., 2020) or upon request to the corresponding author. All prior emission datasets are also available for download. ECLIPSE emissions can be obtained from http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/air/Global_emissions.html (Klimont et al., 2017), EDGAR version HTAP_V2.2 from http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/methodology.php# (Janssens-Maenhout et al., 2015), ACCMIP version 5 from http://accent.aero.jussieu.fr/ACCMIP_metadata.php (Lamarque et al., 2010) and PKU from http://inventory.pku.edu.cn (Peking University, 2021). FLEXPART is publicly available and can be downloaded from https://www.flexpart.eu (Pisso et al., 2019) and FLEXINVERT+ from https://flexinvert.nilu.no (Thompson and Stohl, 2014). MERRA-2 reanalysis data can be obtained from https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov (NASA Earth Data, 2021) and AERONET measurements from https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov (Holben et al., 1998). ; The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2675-2021-supplement. ; Following the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for COVID-19 in December 2019 in Wuhan (China) and its spread to the rest of the world, the World Health Organization declared a global pandemic in March 2020. Without effective treatment in the initial pandemic phase, social distancing and mandatory quarantines were introduced as the only available preventative measure. In contrast to the detrimental societal impacts, air quality improved in all countries in which strict lockdowns were applied, due to lower pollutant emissions. Here we investigate the effects of the COVID-19 lockdowns in Europe on ambient black carbon (BC), which affects climate and damages health, using in situ observations from 17 European stations in a Bayesian inversion framework. BC emissions declined by 23 kt in Europe (20 % in Italy, 40 % in Germany, 34 % in Spain, 22 % in France) during lockdowns compared to the same period in the previous 5 years, which is partially attributed to COVID-19 measures. BC temporal variation in the countries enduring the most drastic restrictions showed the most distinct lockdown impacts. Increased particle light absorption in the beginning of the lockdown, confirmed by assimilated satellite and remote sensing data, suggests residential combustion was the dominant BC source. Accordingly, in central and Eastern Europe, which experienced lower than average temperatures, BC was elevated compared to the previous 5 years. Nevertheless, an average decrease of 11 % was seen for the whole of Europe compared to the start of the lockdown period, with the highest peaks in France (42 %), Germany (21 %), UK (13 %), Spain (11 %) and Italy (8 %). Such a decrease was not seen in the previous years, which also confirms the impact of COVID-19 on the European emissions of BC. ; Research Council of Norway ; rctic Monitoring & Assessment Programme (AMAP). ; Academy of Finland project Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts (NABCEA) 296302 ; Academy of Finland 307331 ; European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) CA16109 ; European Union's Horizon 2020 Research And Innovation programme 654109 ; Cloudnet project European Union EVK2-2000-00611
Humans have more copies of amylase genes than other primates. It is still poorly understood, however, when the copy number expansion occurred and whether its spread was enhanced by selection. Here we assess amylase copy numbers in a global sample of 480 high coverage genomes and find that regions flanking the amylase locus show notable depression of genetic diversity both in African and non-African populations. Analysis of genetic variation in these regions supports the model of an early selective sweep in the human lineage after the split of humans from Neanderthals which led to the fixation of multiple copies of AMY1 in place of a single copy. We find evidence of multiple secondary losses of copy number with the highest frequency (52%) of a deletion of AMY2A and associated low copy number of AMY1 in Northeast Siberian populations whose diet has been low in starch content. ; This research was supported by European Research Council Starting Investigator grant FP7-261213 (T.K., C.E.I., L.P., T.E.), Estonian Research Infrastructure Roadmap grant no. 373 3.2.0304.11-0312, the European Union European Regional Development Fund Centre of Excellence in Genomics to the Estonian Biocentre and Estonian Institutional Research grant IUT24-1 (T.K., L.S., G.H., M.M. and R.V.); French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs and French ANR grant number ANR-14-CE31-0013-01 (F.-X.R.); Program of the RAS Presidium "Basic research for the development of the Russian Arctic" (B.M.).
Among his many distinguished accomplishments, General McNaughton was President of the National Research Council of Canada, commanded the First Canadian Army during the Second World War, was Head of the Canadian Delegation to the United Nations, and for many years was Chairman of the Canadian Section of both the International Joint Commission and the Permanent Joint Board on Defence. In all of these great responsibilities General McNaughton devoted his talents to world-wide, North American, and Canadian affairs selflessly and with great skill. He fought many battles objectively and zealously, and always remained highly regarded and respected. None questioned his sincerity and purpose; whether for or against his point of view, all remained his friends and admirers. General McNaughton's comprehension and concern about the North and its development was no less than his concern for scientific, military, and other North American problems. He travelled the North widely, particularly in his capacity as Chairman of the Canadian Section of the Permanent Joint Board on Defence. He has contributed much to the North and always was a firm supporter of the Arctic Institute. It was a privilege to know this truly great Canadian. His death is a loss not only to his family, to his friends, and to his country, but to the modern world in which altruistic service is so rarely pursued with such great intelligence and insight.
Following the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for COVID-19 in December 2019 in Wuhan (China) and its spread to the rest of the world, the World Health Organization declared a global pandemic in March 2020. Without effective treatment in the initial pandemic phase, social distancing and mandatory quarantines were introduced as the only available preventative measure. In contrast to the detrimental societal impacts, air quality improved in all countries in which strict lockdowns were applied, due to lower pollutant emissions. Here we investigate the effects of the COVID-19 lockdowns in Europe on ambient black carbon (BC), which affects climate and damages health, using in situ observations from 17 European stations in a Bayesian inversion framework. BC emissions declined by 23 kt in Europe (20 % in Italy, 40 % in Germany, 34 % in Spain, 22 % in France) during lockdowns compared to the same period in the previous 5 years, which is partially attributed to COVID-19 measures. BC temporal variation in the countries enduring the most drastic restrictions showed the most distinct lockdown impacts. Increased particle light absorption in the beginning of the lockdown, confirmed by assimilated satellite and remote sensing data, suggests residential combustion was the dominant BC source. Accordingly, in central and Eastern Europe, which experienced lower than average temperatures, BC was elevated compared to the previous 5 years. Nevertheless, an average decrease of 11 % was seen for the whole of Europe compared to the start of the lockdown period, with the highest peaks in France (42 %), Germany (21 %), UK (13 %), Spain (11 %) and Italy (8 %). Such a decrease was not seen in the previous years, which also confirms the impact of COVID-19 on the European emissions of BC. ; his study has been supported by the Research Council of Norway (project ID: 275407, COMBAT – Quantification of Global Ammonia Sources constrained by a Bayesian Inversion Technique). Nikolaos Evangeliou and Sabine Eckhardt received funding from the Arctic Monitoring & Assessment Programme (AMAP). John Backman was supported by the Academy of Finland project Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic: From Historical Concentrations and Sources to Future Climate Impacts (NABCEA; project no. 296302), the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence programme (project no. 307331) and COST Action CA16109 Chemical On-Line cOmpoSition and Source Apportionment of fine aerosoL, COLOSSAL. The research leading to the ACTRIS measurements has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research And Innovation programme (grant agreement no. 654109) and the Cloudnet project (European Union contract EVK2-2000-00611). ; Peer reviewed
