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Consistencies in risk-taking behavior were investigated in a multi-method, convergent validity study of 13 risk-related measures. Fifty-six student nurses served as subjects. As with earlier studies, a general convergence was not found. However, factor analysis of the correlations indicated
two qualitatively different kinds of dimensions. In addition to five strategy traits, a single motivational trait was identified. The motivational trait was interpreted as identifying a person's general willingness to approach or avoid risk situations. Data, independent of the factor
analysis, supported the approach-avoidance construct. The results suggest (a) a redefinition of risk-taking as a personality trait; and (b) that consistencies in risk behavior do occur across a variety of situations.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Dedication -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bacon, Atomism, and Imposture: The True and the Useful in History, Myth, and Theory -- 3 The New Science and the Via Negativa: A Mystical Source for Baconian Empiricism -- 4 The Feminine Birth of the Mind: Regendering the Empirical Subject in Bacon and His Followers -- 5 "The Very Idea!": Francis Bacon, E. O. Wilson on the Rehabilitation of Eidos -- 6 Francis Bacon and the Unity of Knowledge: Reason and Revelation -- 7 The Hidden Life of Matter: Techniques for Prolonging of Life in the Writings of Francis Bacon -- 8 "The Purer Foundations": Bacon and Legal Education -- 9 A Society of Baconians?: The Collective Development of Bacon's Method in the Royal Society of London -- 10 Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning, and Historical Thought -- 11 "Seated Between the Old World and the New": Geopolitics, Natural Philosophy, and Proficient Method -- Select Bibliography -- Index

Sporulation is a critical developmental process in Bacillus spp. that, once initiated, removes the possibility of further growth until germination. Therefore, the threshold conditions triggering sporulation are likely to be subject to evolutionary constraint. Our previous studies revealed two spontaneous hypersporulating mutants of Bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii, both containing point mutations in the spo0F gene. One of these strains (Detrick-2; contains the spo0F101 allele with a C:T [His101Arg] substitution) had been deliberately selected in the early 1940s as an anthrax surrogate. To determine whether the experimental conditions used during the selection of the "military" strains could have supported the emergence of hypersporulating variants, the relative fitness of strain Detrick-2 was measured in several experimental settings modeled on experimental conditions employed during its development in the 1940s as a simulant. The congenic strain Detrick-1 contained a wild-type spo0F gene and sporulated like the wild-type strain. The relative fitness of Detrick-1 and Detrick-2 was evaluated in competition experiments using quantitative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-specific real-time PCR assays directed at the C:T substitution. The ancestral strain Detrick-1 had a fitness advantage under all conditions tested except when competing cultures were subjected to frequent heat shocks. The hypersporulating strain gained the maximum fitness advantage when cultures were grown at low oxygen tension and when heat shock was applied soon after the formation of the first heat-resistant spores. This is interpreted as gain of fitness by the hypersporulating strain in fast-changing fluctuating environments as a result of the increased rate of switching to the sporulating phenotype.