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The first issues of the I. P. I. Report, published by the International Press Institute, appeared during this quarter. They furnish an unequalled report on communications around the world. L'Echo de la Presse became a weekly on April 11, realizing a seven-year dream of Editor Jacquemart. News developments included progress on reform of the British law of libel, evidence of the growth of advertising in Great Britain during the Socialist emphasis on the welfare state, and consideration of new basic press laws in West Germany, Pakistan and France. The chief editor of a leading Catholic daily in The Netherlands was dismissed. La Prensa of Buenos Aires reappeared as the painted darling of the Peron dictatorship and La Razon of La Paz appeared dead of intimidation by Estenssoro's revolutionary gangs. A leading Communist editor went to jail in France as part of the government's gesture of warning against armed agitation. A new international federation of journalists, the West's answer to the Communist IOJ, elected a famed British labor leader as president.

The National Security Council, created by the National Security Act of 1947, is the instrument through which the President obtains the collective advice of the appropriate officials of the executive branch concerning the integration of domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to the national security. An outline of the genesis of this new governmental agency will indicate in part its present rôle.Even before World War II, a few far-sighted men were seeking for a means of correlating our foreign policy with our military and economic capabilities. During the war, as military operations began to have an increasing political and economic effect, the pressure for such a correlation increased. It became apparent that the conduct of the war involved more than a purely military campaign to defeat the enemy's armed forces. Questions arose of war aims, of occupational policies, of relations with governments-in-exile and former enemy states, of the postwar international situation with its implications for our security, and of complicated international machinery.

Quatre livres. C'est le russe qu'on lit le premier : Roubinstein, de la Frauda, trente-six pages seulement, mais quelle flamme ! Cela commence par une lutte de titans : Lénine et Staline d'un côté, Kautski et Hilferding de l'autre, et la nuée des doctrinaires bourgeois qu'on néglige. Non, les cartels ne donnent pas la possibilité d'organiser une société pacifique internationale en régime capitaliste. Et Hilferding a beau prétendre qu'en s'opposant au phénomène international des cartels les communistes se conduisent en antimarxistes. Non, les cartels ne sont pas un facteur de paix et d'équilibre, ils aggravent au contraire les contradictions du régime capitaliste dont la résolution ne peut être obtenue que par la force, ils jugulent par le contrôle des brevets et le système des quotas l'évolution progressive de l'économie, ils déjouent la démocratie en passant d'un pays à l'autre des conventions secrètes nuisibles aux intérêts des peuples, leur intérêt à eux, cartels, étant de pousser à la guerre génératrice de surprofits. Et voici des exemples, frappants et bien choisis.

The attempt to give international society a minimum of government and order through the establishment of a League of Nations has proved only moderately successful. It is true that states have begun to play politics in Geneva, but they have not ceased the older and grimmer struggle for power in the world at large. The state is still today, as far as its international relations are concerned, primarily a military organization. Its specific aims in its struggle for power may be many, but among them the geographic objectives, the attainment of which will increase the state's relative military strength, are the oldest and the most persistent.There are several types of geographic objectives, but in this analysis we shall concern ourselves with the strategic geographic objectives of foreign policy. Before we attempt to analyze these specific objectives, however, it is essential to consider briefly the phenomenon of expansion as such, which may be defined as a mere advancement of frontier in contrast to the conquest of a particular bit of territory for strategic reasons.

The Theory of Economic Development. By Joseph A. Schumpeter. Translated by Redvers Opie. (Harvard University Press London: Humphrey Milford. Pp. 255. 15s.) Economics in Practice. By A. C. Pigou. (Macmillan. pp. 154. 4s. 6d.) The Theory of Money and Credit. By L. von Mises. Translated by H. E. Batson. Introduction by Lionel Robbins. (Cape. 18s. pp. 445.) The Economics of Imperfect Competition. By Joan Robinson. (Macmillan. 18s.) The Theory of Monopolistic Competition. By Edward Chamberlin. (Harvard University Press. London: Humphrey Milford. 14s.) The Future of Monetary Policy; a Report on International Monetary Problems by a Group of the Royal Institute of International Affairs. (Oxford University Press: Humphrey Milford, London. 1935. Pp. 219. 10s. 6d.) The Industrial Crisis. By K. E. Edgeworth. (Allen and Unwin. Pp. 207. 5s.) The Trade Balance. By K. E. Edgeworth. (Allen and Unwin. Pp. 130. 3s. 6d.) Principles and Methods of Taxation. By G. Armitage Smith. Revised and Re‐written by R. G. Hawtrey. Eleventh Edition. (Murray. 5s. pp. 236.)

A complete and thorough study of the question should embrace the following points:A. The Pan-American idea: its inception, and its development up to the present time.B. The need of an international Pan-American understanding that shall create the desire for Pan-American conciliation.C. The promotion of Pan-American conciliation leading to the promulgation of an international Pan-American policy of coöperation in all affairs of the Americas.Under "A" we have to consider: The movement for political emancipation in the Americas; the early and subsequent attempts to establish unions, leagues and federations among the republics; the attitude of the political leaders in America toward closer relations; the conditions obtaining in the several sections of America, and their influence for or against the realization of the ideals upon which the commonwealths were established; the congresses, conferences, and meetings of every nature, held in the Americas to promote Pan-American policies; the evolution of the Pan-American idea since Bolivar and Henry Clay, through Blaine up to the present day.

There is something anomalous in the spectacle of the nations of the earth, great and small, making prodigious sacrifices in their zeal for military and naval armaments, while at the same time they are coöperating in a campaign to further the effectiveness of peaceful arbitration as a solution of international differences. In considering only the eight leading military powers, it is found that the vast total of nearly two billion dollars is spent annually by them for army and navy. The lesser powers are also spending more lavishly than ever before. Yet, notwithstanding the fact, as stated by Lord Rosebery, that never before has there been, in the history of the world, "so threatening and overpowering a preparation for war," monarchs and statesmen are perpetually indulging in platitudes on the blessings of peace. Arbitral tribunals are steadily gaining in prestige, peace societies are extending their influence, and public-spirited citizens, notable among whom is Mr. Carnegie, are endowing the cause of international peace.

General index: v. 8, p. 701-723. ; (cont.)--IV. Mediterranean commerce, etc. Nominations. Authorizations to accept decorations from foreign governements. International exhibitions. International conferences. Maritime canals. Pacific cables. Railroads. Trade and commerce with foreign nations. Tariff restrictions.--V. Trade and commerce with foreign nations. Foreign tariffs. Boundary and fishery disputes.--VI. Diplomatic relations with foreign nations. Hawaiian Islands.--VII. Diplomatic relations with foreign nations. Affairs in Cuba.--VIII. Treaties and legislation affecting them. General index. ; I. Claims of citizens of the United States against foreign governments.--II. Claims of citizens of the United States against foreign governments. La Abra Silver Mining Company.--III. Claims of citizens of the United States against foreign governments. Claims of citizens of the United States against the United States. Claims of citizens of foreign governments against the United States. Claims against the United States of diplomatic and consular officers of the United States for reimbursement and extra pay. ; Mode of access: Internet.

As communication nowadays commonly takes place via electronic means, the use of electronic evidence (e-evidence) is becoming a crucial element in criminal investigations. Due to the borderless nature of the internet, many criminal investigations include a cross-border dimension and therefore, commonly require access to electronic data and evidence that are stored outside the territorial jurisdiction of the investigating authority. Since data are typically held by private companies that are often located in a different country than the investigator, law enforcement authorities (LEAs) are either dependent on the willingness of these service providers to cooperate on a voluntary basis, or to resort to existing legal procedures for obtaining the data for investigations. The relevant procedures under the current framework to access data stored outside the European Union is based on so-called Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs), whereas judicial cooperation within the EU is, inter alia, governed by the Directive on the European Investigation Order in the form of the national transposition acts of the Member States. Because e-evidence is, due to its volatile nature, prone to modification and deletion, the timely acquisition of stored data is vital for LEAs. Therefore, informal cooperation between LEAs and private companies is a common method to obtain e-evidence, thereby bypassing the lengthy and often ineffective Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA) mechanisms. Such direct cooperation between law enforcement and private companies, which is commonly carried out on a unilateral basis, has led to a fragmented framework for the acquisition of data. Against this background, the European Commission, on 17 April 2018, proposed new rules on access to e-evidence, to secure and obtain preserved data faster and more effectively and to ensure that all providers that offer services in the EU are subject to the same obligations. Similar developments regarding the adoption of comparable legislative acts and instruments regarding direct law enforcement access to data stored by private companies take place elsewhere in Europe and beyond: The Council of Europe is currently preparing a 2nd Additional Protocol to the Budapest Convention on enhanced international cooperation, whereas in the U.S., the Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act on rules for cross-border law enforcement investigations was enacted in March 2018. This contribution will address concerns regarding the role of private companies as 'extended arm' of LEAs and the measures that seek to cope with the legal uncertainty and fragmentation that emerged with the informal public-private relationships around the acquisition of e-evidence. The article suggests that the initiatives on different levels might result in even more conflicts of laws than is currently the case, if lacking a coordinated and coherent approach in Europe and internationally. Moreover, the article discusses the impact of the abovementioned developments with regard to EU data protection standards. The compliance of the new rules on access to e-evidence with the EU data protection acquis, namely the GDPR and Directive (EU)2016/680, will be one of the relevant matters covered in this article.