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Rivalry is an attempt to understand facets of entrepreneurial societies by integrating the economic analysis with historical, political and psychological considerations, customarily shunned by economists. The author argues that decisions to make new business ventures, and readiness to take risks are both related to concepts of ranking hierarchies on local, national or international levels. He then constructs a theory of business enterprise and of rivalry supported by evidence on entrepreneurship, innovation, advertising, all examined with their historical, political or organisational concerns. This notion of rivalry among businessmen is used to derive guidelines for anti-trust legislation. Instead of pricing, profitability, concentration ratios and other criteria used today to infer non-competitive behaviour, he suggests using a measure of a firm's relative rate of innovation to infer it. By extending the notion of rivalry to the political sphere, national and international, guidelines are derived to evaluate the performance of state-owned enterprises and to examine policies related to free trade

For Introductory Financial Accounting courses at the MBA level, and for rigorous undergraduate courses. Introductory Financial Accounting, 9e provides a unique and perfect blend of robust financial statement analysis with early statement of cash flows coverage. Marlene A. Plumlee, Ph.D, CPA, Associate Professor of Accounting at the University of Utah, authored Pearson`s International Financial Reporting Standards supplement ISBN 013612304X for our Introduction to Financial Accounting 9th edition by Horngren. This IFRS Supplement discusses the general context of US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and provides background information about the use of US GAAP and IFRS and `players` that will ultimately affect how and when IFRS will be adopted internationally. Included also is an overview of the conceptual frameworks that underlie the formation of US GAAP and IFRS. A comparison of two companies is offered, one that employs US GAAP to prepare its financial report and one the employs IFRS to prepare its financial report.

Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I. Views of technical progress -- 1 The historiography of technical progress -- 2 Marx as a student of technology -- Part II. Some significant characteristics of technologies -- 3 Technological interdependence in the American economy -- 4 The effects of energy supply characteristics on technologyand economic growth -- 5 On technological expectations -- 6 Learning by using -- 7 How exogenous is science? -- Part III. Market determinants of technological innovation -- 8 Technical change in the commercial aircraft industry,1925-1975 David C. Mowery and Nathan Rosenberg -- 9 The economic implications of the VLSI revolution Nathan Rosenberg and W. Edward Steinmueller -- 10 The influence of market demand upon innovation: a critical review of some recent empirical studies David C. Mowery and Nathan Rosenberg -- Part IV. Technology transfer and leadership: the international context -- 11 The international transfer of technology: implications for the industrialized countries -- 12 U.S. technological leadership and foreign competition:De te fabula narratur? -- Index

1. The Key Word is Choice -- 2. Productivity, Luxury, and Poverty -- Productivity -- Acceleration -- Luxury -- Poverty -- 3. Competition in the Market Place -- Materials -- Gadgets -- Purposes -- News and entertainment -- Competition within firms and bureaucracies -- Options for jobs and careers -- 4. Odds against Equality: the Competition for Money, Freedom and Power -- Reasons for the degree of equality -- The very rich -- The poor in America -- Productivity and incomes -- International sharing -- The foreign accent in international relations -- Communication as income -- Power as income -- 5. The Political Arena: Options at Home and Abroad -- Alternatives of economic organization -- Some "isms" in competition -- The balance of order and freedom -- The power instinct -- Public diplomacy -- Package deals, propaganda, and loss of options -- 6. The Urge to Conform -- Communication and social conformity -- The industrial pressure -- The lock-in systems -- Imitating the rich and the powerful -- The American suburb — at home and abroad -- 7. Addiction, Drop-Outs, and Non-Involvement -- Physical poisons -- Monotony -- Drop-outs -- Flight from communication -- Non-involvement -- 8. A Balance Sheet.

This second IGES White Paper is a summary of current climate change policies in the Asia-Pacific region and new recommendations, based on strategic research carried out at IGES so far. The Asia-Pacific is experiencing rapid economic development and, as well as being a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, it is feared that the region will suffer the worst impact. Climate change is the most urgent problem facing the international community and in pursuing a post-2012 framework, attention is focused on ways to deal with climate change in Asia Pacific countries. This White Paper proposes climate strategies that fully take into account the needs of developing countries in Asia and the Pacific. It looks at the impact of climate change in the Asia-Pacific region and current policies from various aspects such as international framework, market mechanisms, forestry, biofuels, waste, water and business, and sets out policy recommendations that integrate climate change policies and sustainable development and shows the way for new development towards the realisation of a low-carbon society

Since their first publication, the four volumes of the Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations have served as the definitive source for the topic, from the colonial period to the Cold War. The fourth volume of the updated edition explores the conditions in the international system at the end of World War II, the American determination to provide leadership, and the security dilemma each superpower posed for the other. This revised and expanded edition incorporates recent scholarship and revelations, carrying the narrative through the years following the end of the Cold War into the administration of Barack Obama. The character of the American political system is explored, including the separation of political powers and the role of interest groups that prompted American leaders to exaggerate dangers abroad to enhance their domestic power. This new edition examines the conditions in the international system from the end of World War II to the present, focusing on the American determination to provide world leadership

Introduction, by M.A. Ormsby.--Frederic H. Soward and the development of international studies in Canada, by N.A.M. MacKenzie.--Politics, culture, and the writing of constitutions, by J. Conway.--Some thoughts on Canadian nationalism, by G.P. deT. Glazebrook.--Sir John A. Macdonald: the man, by P.B. White.--Mackenzie King and national unity, by H.B. Neatby.--Canada and the Pax Americana, by J.W. Holmes.--Antecedents and origins of the Canadian Institute of International Affairs, by E.D. Greathed.--Canadian and Australian self-interest, the American fact, and the development of the Commonwealth idea, by K.A. MacKirdy.--The Canadian Doctrine of the Middle Powers, by R.A. MacKay.--Collectivization, depression, and immigration, 1929-1930: a chance interplay, by H.L. Dyck.--Imperialism and free trade: Lancashire and India in the 1860s, by P. Harnetty.--The British East Africa High Commission: an imperial experiment, by J.B. Haynes.--Tribalism, nationalism, and patriotism in Nineteenth- and twentieth-century Africa, by J.B. Webster.--The Writings of Frederic H. Soward, by E. Mercer (p. [219]-228).

Twilight Over England was written by William Joyce in early 1940; that is, shortly after Britain's declaration of war against Germany. More commonly known as Lord Haw-Haw, the British 'traitor' who worked for German radio, there was much more to William Joyce than the character portrayed by Allied propaganda and post-war vengeance. Here Joyce explains his conception of a specifically British National Socialism, his commitment to the British Crown and Empire, and the history of England's takeover by international finance, the real enemy of all nations. He shows in a manner very relevant to the present, the ways by which the international bankers operate, and why they forced a war on Germany. The development of Free Trade capitalism is also examined—the system that has continued to intrude on every corner of the world with ever more aggression since its victory in 1945. The charges of treason against Joyce and his hanging are considered against the fact that he was never a British citizen, and the legality of his execution remains highly contentious.

AbstractWhen international agencies make claims of an "existential threat" to humanity and advocate for urgent action from countries, it should be a safe assumption that they are consistent with their own data. However, a review of the data and evidentiary citations underlying the claims of the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank, and the Group of Twenty (G20) reveals a troubling picture in which the stated urgency and burden of infectious disease outbreaks, namely those of pandemic threat, is grossly misrepresented. These discrepancies in key documents and subsequent recitations in pandemic preparedness proposals have significant policy and financial implications. Disproportionate pandemic preparedness based on these false premises risks a significant opportunity cost through unnecessary diversion of financial and political resources away from global health priorities of higher burden. As WHO Member States plan to transform the way international health emergencies are managed at the World Health Assembly in May 2024, there is a crucial need to pause, rethink, and ensure future policy reflects evidence of need.

Abstract
The negotiations for a new instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of high-seas marine biodiversity (marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction; BBNJ) finally concluded after difficult negotiations. The BBNJ negotiations had to address a regime complex of sectoral and regional organizations regulating different aspects of marine biodiversity and a political struggle about the epistemologies that ought to inform marine biodiversity governance, which is driven by limited, unequally distributed, and contested knowledge. However, to be implemented, the new BBNJ Agreement will have to be equipped with expert authority to be able to address these challenges and make competent statements about the state of high-seas marine biodiversity. We address a gap in empirical work on expert authority in the regime complex by analyzing state references to the expertise of different international organizations in the BBNJ negotiations. Combining collaborative event ethnography and social network analysis, we show that states strategically and politically refer to the expertise of international organizations, and we coin the term authority shopping to describe this behavior.

This article examines the rationale behind the Turkish Cypriot position on the Two-State solution in Cyprus. The analysis consists of three interrelated parts. Initially, the question of whether Turkish Cypriots are entitled to 'peoplehood' that can exercise the right of self-determination according to international law is discussed. This is followed by evaluating the reasons driving the Turkish Cypriot side to exercise the right of self-determination and whether Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) fulfills the criteria for statehood. In accordance with arguments carried out in the previous sections, the final part delves into the reasons for the Turkish Cypriot position on the Two-State solution in Cyprus in detail. It is argued that Turkish Cypriot people possess all of the attributes of statehood and are entitled to the same rights and status as the Greek Cypriot side currently exercises. Therefore, reinstating Turkish Cypriot people's rights by reaffirming their sovereign equality and equal international status is necessary for a just and sustainable settlement in Cyprus.

Abstract
Travel to academic conferences—where international flights are the norm—is responsible for a sizeable fraction of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with academic work. In order to provide a benchmark for comparison with other fields, as well as for future reduction strategies and assessments, we estimate the CO2-equivalent emissions for conference travel in the field of astronomy for the prepandemic year 2019. The GHG emission of the international astronomical community's 362 conferences and schools in 2019 amounted to 42,500 tCO2e, assuming a radiative-forcing index factor of 1.95 for air travel. This equates to an average of 1.0 ± 0.6 tCO2e per participant per meeting. The total travel distance adds up to roughly 1.5 Astronomical Units, that is, 1.5 times the distance between the Earth and the Sun. We present scenarios for the reduction of this value, for instance with virtual conferencing or hub models, while still prioritizing the benefits conferences bring to the scientific community.

AbstractThe European Union's (EU's) 'geoeconomic turn' denotes the growing integration of international security considerations into EU economic policies. This article introduces the concept of 'geoeconomic power Europe' to show how this development has the potential to renew debates on the nature of EU power. Most existing conceptualisations of EU power – whether characterised as civilian, normative, market based, regulatory or liberal – tend to focus on the EU's endogenous characteristics. However, the added value of the concept of geoeconomic power is that it redirects attention to the 'co‐constitution' loop between global power competition and the evolution of EU power. In this article, I present an analytical framework that highlights the drivers of EU geoeconomic power and distinguishes between systemic pressures, the intra‐EU policy process and the impact on EU power. I conclude that the concept of geoeconomic power Europe can help to bridge theories of international security and economic interdependence, particularly neorealism and neofunctionalism.

Progress and challenges in corporate initiatives towards human rights in Japan
Emi Sugawara, Professor at Osaka University of Economics and Law, Faculty of International Studies, continues to examine business and human rights in Japan, charting the progress and challenges in corporate initiatives. Throughout this series, "Business and Human Rights in Japan", I examine movements regarding business and human rights in Japan, including civil society and Japanese Government initiatives. In this final instalment, we assess the current state of initiatives among Japanese corporations. A distinctive feature of efforts to respect human rights within Japanese companies is that corporate groups have led them. While Japanese corporations have grappled with various human rights issues such as environmental pollution, Buraku discrimination (a term the government refers to as "Dowa" issues) significantly influenced corporate practices in response to right-holder concerns. (1) Buraku discrimination is a form of discrimination based on "decent", as defined in the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. (2)