Suchergebnisse

Political systems of every description continuously confront a problem crucial to their survival: how to prepare the younger members of the system for the political responsibilities they must one day assume. This problem is quite general; it exists in all societies in every historical epoch, and it embodies a learning process that stretches back to a child's first perceptions of the larger social world. How children learn the values that will guide their future behaviour in politics, and what it is they learn, are questions with answers that vary from society to society.

SummaryIn this paper the authors present the results of a sampling experiment to determine the power functions of the two‐sample rank tests of WILCOXON, VAN DER WAERDEN and TERRY against shift alternatives for normal parent distributions, based on 2000 trials for each alternative. The sample sizes considered are m = n = 6 and m = n = 10. The powers of the three rank tests are compared with the power of the STUDENT t‐test and with each other. The results indicate that in small samples (i) the power of the WILCOXON test is not much smaller than the power of the t‐test and (ii) the normal scores tests are only slightly superior to the WILCOXON test, if at all.

SummaryThis paper describes a method for determining the power functions of the distribution‐free two‐sample tests of WILCOXON, VAN DER WAERDEN and TERRY by a simulation technique, and for comparing these tests with each other and with parametric tests. For samples of size 6 and normal shift alternatives the numerical results are reproduced.

An examination of G. A. Almond's approach in the field of comparative res on pol'al systems, contained in his Introduction to THE POLITICS OF DEVELOPING AREAS, Princeton, NJ: 1960. His functional approach compares Western & nonWestern systems in terms of a common conceptual framework. However, there are theoretical & practical objections to Almond's work. There is, for instance, no clear theoretical reason why he selects particular functions rather than others; & when applied to existing systems, it becomes very difficult to distinguish pol'al soc'ization from recruitment. The functions presented in the Introduction are not made operational, & this difficulty must be solved before Almond's scheme may become a useful tool in comparative res. IPSA.

SummaryEnsuing the recognition of indirect measurement of so‐called non‐measurable data in sociological research, many kinds of indices and scales have been constructed in order to grasp the essence of complex reality. Especially in the realm of attitude research the use of e.g. the GUTTMAN scale has been fruitful. Notwithstanding many critical remarks, new developments in scaling theory and scaling techniques warrant an optimistic view of sociology as an exact empirical science. More than up to now statistical thinking and methods will have to play a part in this development.

SummaryTwo test statistics t and b, testing equality of probabilities pi of success in k different series against the hypothesis of trend with given numbers gi (weights) of the series, are compared. The first teststatistic, due to C. van Ee den en J, Hemelrijk [1] is with ni1 equal to the number of successes in ni trials and Defining trend by it appears that the teststatistic t gives rise to a test consistent for the complete set of alternatives τ≠ 0.The other teststatistic is b gives rise to a test which is not consistent for the general set of alternatives τ≠ 0 but for a rather important subset of these alternatives, i.e. those alternatives which show a lineair trend.Neither of the tests in necessarily unbiased. The asymptotic relative efficiency of test t with respect to b is equal to or lower than unity. (Equal in casen1= n2=…= nk with b = t;in this case b is also consistent for the set of alternatives τ≠ 0). The variances of the teststatistics can be estimated with Both tests are based on the approximately normal distribution of the teststatistics. To judge this approximation the 3rd and 4th cumulants of the distributions of the statistics are evaluated in terms of number of elements of a binomial distribution.It is concluded that in case of possible non‐lineair relationships the teststatistic t is preferable as it gives rise to a consistent, designfree test. In case a lineair relationship has to be tested against the hypothesis of no trend the teststatistic b has to be prefierred, especially if the number of trials in the series are very different. An example is discussed.