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Histories of voice are often written as accounts of greatness: great statesmen, grands discours, famous singers. But for most, life consists of private conversations, intimate whispers, hot gossip or ceaseless quarrels. The volume suggests an extended practice of eavesdropping: it listens in on more mundane aspects of vocality - who speaks, whose voices resound in history - while questioning the modern equation between speech and representation.

An original study of empire creation and its consequences, from ancient through early modern timesThe world s first great empires established by the ancient Persians, Chinese, and Romans are well known, but not the empires that emerged on their margins in response to them over the course of 2,500 years. These counterempires or shadow empires, which changed the course of history, include the imperial nomad confederacies that arose in Mongolia and extorted resources from China rather than attempting to conquer it, as well as maritime empires such as ancient Athens that controlled trade without seeking territorial hegemony. In Shadow Empires, Thomas Barfield identifies seven kinds of counterempire and explores their rise, politics, economics, and longevity.What all these counterempires had in common was their interactions with existing empires that created the conditions for their development. When highly successful, these counterempires left the shadows to become the world s largest empires-for example, those of the medieval Muslim Arabs and of the Mongol heirs of Chinggis Khan. Three former shadow empires-Manchu Qing China, Tsarist Russia, and British India-made this transformation in the late eighteenth century and came to rule most of Eurasia. However, the DNA of their origins endured in their unique ruling strategies. Indeed, world powers still use these strategies today, long after their roots in shadow empires have been forgotten.Looking afresh at the histories of important types of empires that are often ignored, Shadow Empires provides an original account of empire formation from the ancient world to the early modern period

Machine generated contents note: Introduction: People and Buildings 1 -- 1 Prisons and Punishment before 1775 9 -- 2 Prisons in the Late Eighteenth Century 29 -- 3 National and Local Prisons, 1800-1835 54 -- 4 Pentonville and English Local Prisons, c 1835-1877 84 -- 5 Convict Prisons and Military Prisoners, -- c 1840-1900 120 -- 6 English Prisons 1878-1921:The Early Years -- of the Prison Commission 145 -- 7 New Ideals, New Problems: Prisons 1921-1963 173 -- 8 The Buildings of the Prison Department, -- 1963-1986 198 -- 9 Prisons in the 1990s 221

This book, originally published in 1923, embodies two related and yet distinct types of sociological endeavour. It is a study in the history of social thought, a field which had only been receiving serious and widespread attention in recent years, and attempts to give an historical cross-section of representative Utopian thought at the time. But it is also a study in social idealism, a study in the origin, selection and potency of those social ideas and ideals that occasional and usually exceptional men conceive, with particular emphasis upon their relation to social progress. It was the first book that attempted to give an unprejudiced, systematic treatment of the social Utopias as a whole.

Presentation on proposed changes to the element. Abstract: Events are a feature of life in space and time and hence are frequently encountered in witnesses of the human culture. Coming from diverse backgrounds within the TEI based realm of scholarly editing, the authors identified a common practice in digital editions for encoding events: dateable events are commonly recorded and marked up using e.g. simple `date/@when*` structures. To date, there is no easy single solution to model events that include basic other event features, mainly referring back to the questions of `what` happened `when` and with `whom`/`what` as subjects and objects of any given event. There are numerous examples from generically and disciplinarily varying editions where a unified way of describing events could provide added value. Our showcase examples feature material as diverse as a) a medieval itinerary and medieval calendars, b) an Austrian author's diary from the 1950s and c) a corpus of governmental minutes from the Habsburg empire, d) 16th century political correspondence. We will propose a common strategy on how to encode events in a way that can be easily parsed and extracted from TEI source files. After careful consideration, we propose minor changes to the `event` and `listEvent` elements. To allow for multiple levels of reporting on events, we will discuss a nested and typed way of distinguishing between describing and described events. Merging data on historical events from various sources will provide for a closer linking of text editions. It will also provide data for an enriched historical background by linking events across editions. We hope to enable the TEI community to generalize what has lately been successfully adopted for correspondences under the correspSearch label – including a web service –, while staying in line with the generic norms and the specific needs that arise from other types of sources. -- Presentation text is contained in the .pptx version as speakers notes. ; Presentation text is contained in the ...