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City planning possesses abundant observed data, a body of theory, and a genuine experimental technique, at tributes which constitute the minimum bases of a science. The deficiencies of city planning as a science are faults of applica tion, not of structure. The failure of city planning to develop into a science probably rests on the fact that the theorist of planning may speculate on ideals but the planner confronts the cultural realities which restrict the building and rebuilding of cities. The impact of planning measures on the customs of people has often been denied because to admit it would raise complex questions of cultural interrelationships. A more real istic approach would recognize the existing cultural framework and the effect of changing it. In this way, objectives could be openly and frankly stated and the implications of changes could be estimated in costs and benefits. Planned changes of cities and rural areas are now Western civilization's most ex tensive cultural change. For these plans to work culturally and to be judged culturally, researchers in the social sciences and humanities must, at the least, be accorded equality with the elected politician and the legal jurist in the making of decisions: they must be allowed to act as well as to talk.—Ed.

Cover; Title page; Copyright page; Preface; About the Contributors; Contents; INTRODUCTION; On Culture; On Development; The Thrust and Objectives; Organization; Conclusion; References; PART ONE -- CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL ALIGNMENTS; Overview; CHAPTER ONE. THE EVOLUTION, CONCEPTION AND THEORETICAL MATRIX OF CULTURE; The Evolution of Culture; The Earliest Conception of Culture; The Meaning of Culture in Modern Frame of Thought; Culture has the following characteristics; Elements of Culture; The Complexity and Perspectives of Culture; Theories of Culture; Functions of Culture; Culture Change

AbstractWe provide the first account of the culture wars in the political psychology and public opinion literature based on a theory of culture. Using innovative measures of grid‐group cultural theory (CT), we identify the cultures associated with ideological and partisan identifications in annual U.S. national surveys from 2011 to 2022, a unique data set of 24,870 respondents. As hypothesized, we find that the culture wars occur not just between ideologues and partisans but among them as they draw support from distinct, relatively stable yet shifting cultural coalitions. Egalitarian and, less often, fatalistic liberals and Democrats battle against individualistic and, less often, hierarchical, conservatives and Republicans. As hypothesized, fatalists are the least reliable coalition partners, and, as expected, they gravitate Republican and conservative in 2017, after Trump's election. However, fatalists who are strong partisan identifiers never defect. Moreover, our hypothesis that fatalist attraction to Trump would drive defections in their political identification is largely invalidated. Instead, fatalists mostly flee Trump in our aggregate analysis as well as in subanalyses of strong and weak ideological and partisan identifiers. In 2016 and 2018–2022, it appears that independent fatalists cause fatalists to gravitate liberal and Democrat. Unexpectedly, hierarchists also go liberal and Democrat in 2022, in apparent reaction to Trump's multifront attacks on the 2020 election that he lost. We identify the basis for cultural coalitions that can end particular culture wars, including the most significant one now occurring between egalitarians and individualists, and conclude with suggestions for further research.

Why do some pol'al leaders become legislators & others not? 3 major propositions are tested which purport to provide partial answers to this question: legislators are distinctive in their soc background attributes; legislators have a diff kind of pol'al soc'ization; legislators possess distinctive pol'al motivations; &, legislative recruitment results from recruitment contact. Interview data from (1) a random household probability sample of adult Iowans, (2) members of the 1967 Iowa legislature, (3) attentive constituents nominated by legislators, (4) a sample of lobbyists, & (5) a sample of county party leaders, are used to examine the validity of these propositions. Legislators are shown to be similar to other actors in the pol'al elite in their soc backgrounds, pol'al soc'ization & experience, & candidacy motivations. It is then shown that legislative recruitment is appropriately characterized by substantial intra-elite interaction through recruitment contacts. AA.

From Charles Darwin's enlightening voyage to the Galapagos Islands to moat-encased prisons incarcerating the world's deadliest prisoners, islands have been sites of immense scientific, political, and creative importance. An inspiration for artists and writers, they can be lively centers of holiday revelry or remote, mysterious spots; places of escape or of exile and imprisonment. In this cultural and scientific history of these alluring, isolated territories, Stephen A. Royle describes the great variety of islands, their economies, and the animals, plants, and people who thrive on them.

After decades of turmoil and trauma, the Brezhnev era brought stability and an unprecedented rise in living standards to the Soviet Union, enabling ordinary people to enjoy modern consumer goods on an entirely new scale. This book analyses the politics and economics of the state's efforts to improve living standards, and shows how mass consumption was often used as an instrument of legitimacy, ideology and modernization. However, the resulting consumer revolution brought its own problems for the socialist regime. Rising well-being and the resulting ethos of consumption altered citizens' rel

Development's policies are based on a set of premises: state-building, state of law, democratisation, accountability and privatisation. The idea is that the Western concept of democracy could be implemented through the development of a "civil society" and the building from scratch of new institutions. Such a model works when there is political will from the local political authorities and the society to adopt such a model. But in any case a policy of development should be based on political legitimacy. In Iraq, as well as Afghanistan, political legitimacy means abiding with nationalism, Islam and local political culture (often based on clanism and networks). (InWent/DÜI)

This article will seek to examine the current debates about what some have characterised as an information age, a network society in the context of capitalist globalisation and its socio-cultural and political implications. It will seek to problematise the problem historically and to argue for the continued relevance of the role of history and culture in the shaping of African approaches to the so-called information revolution. It will argue that the dominant perspective on the significance of the communication and information technologies in the African socio-economic, political and cultural processes have been based on the resuscitated modernisation theories and a resurgent neo-liberal ideology which seeks to legitimize the capitalist counter-revolution on a world scale. The re-colonisation of Africa and much of the countries of the South has been accompanied by a crisis whose profoundly devastating effects on humanity are very well known. Debates as to resolve the worldwide crisis have included the role that communication and information technologies might play. It will be suggested that this has resulted in problems that are synonymous to those which Amilcar Cabral and others sought to confront and shape the intellectual tools that guided the national liberation struggle. In the current historical epoch, those intellectual tools are relevant in the struggle for the re-humanisation of humanity. They will be characterised by what Fidel Castro has termed the 'battle of ideas'. It will be suggested that this will be best waged through the recovery of the positive cultural and historical knowledge of the African people and the selective borrowing and re-adaptation of positive cultural and intellectual tools from other societies. That will result in the liberation of the processes of the development of the productive forces. A liberatory use of information and communication technologies has to be concretized in the socio-cultural realities of Africa.

An analysis of the political events that began in Kyrgyzstan on 6 April, 2010 makes it possible to conclude that the influence of the existing political power system has aroused a distinctive response. This is explained by the rise in the population's level of socialization. This article makes an attempt to find a rational explanation for the events that occurred from the perspective of the level of political culture of the Kyrgyz nation, which, being a mobile structure, takes shape during mutual interaction between political consciousness and behavior. The behavioral element in the political culture structure presumes the deliberate participation of citizens in all forms of political activity (legitimate and illegitimate). Legitimate forms of political activity include the following: discussion of the drafts of state and party documents, referendums, and elections; participation in the work of various state and sociopolitical structures and organizations and other forms of sociopolitical activity (membership in political parties, sociopolitical organizations and movements). Illegitimate forms of political activity include: participation in unsanctioned meetings and pickets; seizure and sabotage of various institutions, and so on. Igor Orlov notes that political behavior, as well as power relations (supremacy, conflict, or consent), is determined by such factors as the general situation in the country, the alignment of political forces, the personal interests of a political figure, and so on. Not only their personal views and convictions, political sympathies and antipathies, but also, frequently, subconscious stereotypes and habits developed under the influence of the surrounding social environment and passed on from generation to generation have a direct effect on the political behavior of citizens. Mass psychoses are a significant factor of political behavior (particularly in extreme circumstances). Political behavior is defined by three parameters: · level of awareness of political actions; · types of political participation (protest, passive, and active); · forms of political behavior (legitimate and illegitimate). The political behavior of the Kyrgyz people today will be examined in terms of these parameters.

THIS ARTICLE ARGUES THAT IDEAS OF THE STATE ARE CRUCIAL FOR UNDERSTANDING CONTEMPORARY POLITICS IN SO-CALLED "STATE-SOCIETIES" LIKE WEST GERMANY. IT ARGUES THAT THE RECENT PROTRACTED AND DIVISIVE POLITICAL BATTLE OVER STATE EMPLOYEE PERSONNEL POLICY IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC NEEDS TO BE UNDERSTOOD AS A CONFLICT INVOLVING THE POWER OF TWO NINETEENTHCENTURY IDEAS OF THE GERMAN STATE, ON THE ONE HAND, AND THE GENERAL MODERNIZATION OF THE WEST GERMAN STATE AND TRANSFORMATION OF WEST GERMAN ELITE AND MASS POLITICAL CULTURE, ON THE OTHER.