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The author examines the process of Soviet military involvement in the events that took place in Afghanistan from the viewpoint of the United States. This topic is poorly studied, and the author makes an attempt to fill this gap. The main goal of the paper is to consider the process of increasing involvement of the USSR in the interior Afghan affairs from the U.S. position and to trace how this position changed during 1979. Methods and materials: The author mainly relies on the document 'The secret correspondence of the foreign policy agencies of the United States on Afghanistan' and also draws documents from the U.S. Congress and a monthly bulletin from the U.S. State Department. Analysis. The special attention is paid to the period from the beginning of the spring of 1979 to the end of 1979, since it was during this period of time that the Soviet military presence in Afghanistan continued to grow. Results: The author concludes that throughout 1979 and earlier, the U.S. closely followed the events in Afghanistan and Soviet actions there. However, the U.S. position on possible Soviet military involvement was expectant, and the USSR was not given strong protests, which could promote the Soviet decision on military intervention in the civil war in Afghanistan.

The article deals with manuscript and printed books written in the Arabic graphic, revealed by the author in private collections of particular people living in flat and submontane areas of the Republic of Dagestan. During summer months of 2015 and 2016, the author visited Nogaysky, Karabudakhkentsky, Buynaksky, Khasavyurtovsky and Kizlyarsky districts, where he recorded old printed (lithographic) books and manuscript materials stored in fifteen private collections and in the museum of the village of Terekli-Mekteb and in the Jame Mosque of the village of Ullubiyaul as well. The author draws attention mainly to the materials written in the Turkic languages in Arabic graphic both in Dagestan and outside it - in Turkey, Central Asia, the Volga Region (Kazan, Ufa, Orenburg), in the Crimea, and in St. Petersburg. Books of this origin existed and were used by Dagestan readers of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The revealed materials are subjected to an archeographic description according to the generally accepted scheme. They allow us to assess the situation related to the subject, degree of use, the prevalence of Muslim literature in various districts of Dagestan. Among the written objects found in various collections, the author recorded many texts written not only in the Arabic, but also in the Kumyk, Azerbaijani, Tatar, Ottoman Turkish languages and in the common Turki language.

This paper deals with the analysis of the regional security problems in the North-East Africa. The author refers in the introduction to the colonial past of the African continent, when the territory of African countries was arbitrarily divided between the major colonial powers. After the Second World War as a result of raising the national liberation movement the African peoples gained independence, but the colonial past has left its imprint on the new independent states in the form of a series of armed conflicts, upon which the author dwells in the main part. The author pays major attention to the conflicts in the North-East Africa, particularly, in the Horn of Africa. The author exhaustively covers the main causes of African conflicts such as the colonial past of these countries, arbitrarily set boundaries, as a result of which many of African nations were divided, as well as difficult post-colonial national-state development, and the active intervention of external forces. The conflicts in Somalia, Sudan, inter-state conflicts between Ethiopia and Somalia and between Ethiopia and Eritrea have been considered. There have been distinguished regional and international organizations, which in prospect should assume the responsibility for the maintenance of regional security. ; peer-reviewed

AbstractThroughout the paper the author focuses on the ritual of female circumcision in Indonesian Java, more specifically in the city of Yogyakarta. By the help of fieldwork and academic literature she examines this not merely taboo but also legally forbidden practice in the biggest Muslim country in the world. Female circumcision (FC) in Java and Indonesia in general is considered as a daily practice going hand in hand with tradition. The author puts to the foreground the form of circumcision performed in Yogyakarta and its classification as a symbolic and less invasive one. She explains the history of this ritual in the archipelago, national and international regulations and guidelines, analyzes the role of different authorities (state, religious leaders and NGO's) on the persistence/abundance of FC and as a consequence its 'globalized' form (medicalizetion of FC). The author learns and emphasizes that this is a practice taken for granted, whose origin is little known to the interlocutors (the executors and participants of the ritual) and that the existing literature on the subject is insufficient. For such research a careful approach is of key importance and the author frequently utilizes the help of cultural relativism, reductionism and the use of narrative.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to show how material gathering and elicitation can induce metacognition and metaemotions in interviewees and its usefulness for the study of affective phenomena.Design/methodology/approach– The author will draw on the exploratory study on sound affects conducted with five individuals in Lisbon's metropolitan area in order to discuss these aspects. After presenting the methodology, the author will address the concepts of metacognition and metaemotion. Afterwards, the author will explain how these occur during the gathering of data by ordinary people and the use of elicitation of materials during interviews.Findings– Metacognitive and metaemotional experiences can be triggered through material gathering and their elicitation during interviews with the purpose of identifying aspects of the everyday experience that are usually unnoticed. Furthermore, they are instrumental to obtain empirical data that illustrates subjects in their everyday lives as simultaneously affective-reactive and reflexive, meaning-making individuals.Originality/value– The interview has often been disregarded as a method for interpreting affective phenomena. However, the author argue that this method remains very useful to address the distinct interpretations that subjects make of themselves and their emplaced experiences, by calling for attention to the role of metacognition and metaemotions, an instrumental yet unrecognized tool for interpreting affective phenomena.

17th-century printed texts, represented in the article by stylistically uniform texts of church sermons, mainly funeral sermons, are characterised by significant differences in the frequencies of specific forms entering into the composition of variant pairs or sequences. The completed research experiment consisted in the comparison of the frequency of individual variants. Firstly, in texts by a single author published in different printing offices in different cities, secondly, in texts by a single author published in different printing shops, but in the same city, and finally, in texts by various authors published in the same printing shop. The experiment demonstrated that, generally, the author of a printed text was not the one who made the selection of a specific word form constituting a part of a variant pair. We must note the significant contribution to this process of workers in the book industry employed in publishing offices: editors, proofreaders and type-setters. Usually, it is difficult to say that 17th- century printed texts were characterised by the originality of the language of their authors or proofreaders/ typesetters. A different attitude towards the problem would be more appropriate, acknowledging that we are dealing with linguistic properties of text which include some components of language used by the author – editor/proofreader – typesetter.

The aim of the article is to observe the similarities and differences concerning the formation of text by the writers of two Slavic Biblical-apocryphal narrations based on the analyses of the means of introduction of quotations in the Czech Život Krista Pána and in the Polish Żywot Pana Jezu Krysta by Baltazar Opec. The author of the article demonstrates that the texts were written at a similar stage of development of both vernacular languages and, consequently, they include structures at different levels of complexity – indirect speech coexists with direct speech and intermediate forms. The author indicates the differences and similarities in the way the metatext is constructed. For example, she contends that the author of ŽKP used direct speech much more often, introduced quotations serving as a commentary on specific events differently (e.g., from the Bible or Church Fathers), used different patterns when introducing the utterances of the protagonists of the story. Also, the author of the article shows that the quotations intertwined in the story Żywot Pana Jezu Krysta were more expensively modified in comparison to ŽKP. Moreover, the repertoire of structures used for the inclusion of reported speech into the main narration is richer in the Polish text.

Concerns the sociophilosophical and cultural analysis of Valerian Muravyov's heritage (1885-1930). He was a Russian cosmist of the "second generation" and the author of ideas that were original in his times and are novel still challenging the contemporary world outlook. Those ideas are gradually penetrating into the scientific discourse thus becoming an asset of the Russian and global intellectual environment. The author reveals the content and universal cultural significance of the main Muravyov's intentions including his outlines of hypostatic logics and anthropological mathematics, images of the social conciliar­hypostatic All, the idea of the recurrence of the Entity, and other. Muravyov's approaches to the perfection of a human being together with the major tracks of the cultural evolutionary ascent of the Homo sapiens are also examined. The author makes an attempt to comprehend holistically Muravyov's heritage and theoretically codify it within the context of the contemporary world outlook revealing the general logic and internal contingency of his cosmistic thoughts and ideas. The author argues that Muravyov's insights go with the trend of historically veridical scientific and technological progress of humanity and that they are fully consistent with the trends in the development of information technologies.

Concerns the socio­philosophical and cultural analysis of Valerian Muravyov's heritage (1885-1930). He was a Russian cosmist of the "second generation" and the author of ideas that were original in his times and are still novel challenging the contemporary world outlook. Those ideas are gradually penetrating into the scientific discourse thus becoming an asset of the Russian and global intellectual environment. The author reveals the content and universal cultural significance of the main Muravyov's intentions including his outlines of hypostatic logics and anthropological mathematics, images of the social conciliar­hypostatic All, the idea of the recurrence of the Entity, and other. Muravyov's approaches to the perfection of a human being together with the major tracks of the cultural evolutionary ascent of the Homo sapiens are also examined. The author makes an attempt to comprehend holistically Muravyov's heritage and theoretically codify it within the context of the contemporary world outlook revealing the general logic and internal contingency of his cosmistic thoughts and ideas. The author argues that Muravyov's insights go with the trend of historically veridical scientific and technological progress of humanity and that they are fully consistent with the trends in the development of information technologies.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to study soft total quality management (TQM) practices and their impact on firm performance (FP).


Design/methodology/approach
– In the present paper, the author has used systematic literature review proposed by Tranfield et al. (2003). After identifying the research gaps, the author has formulated research hypotheses and developed a structured questionnaire to collect data from cement manufacturing firms to test the research hypotheses. In this study the author has used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to explore latent constructs of soft TQM. The EFA output was further used as an input to multiple linear regression analysis to study their relationship with FP.


Findings
– The regression analysis indicates that relationship with internal and external partners, quality culture, human resource focus, visionary leadership, are positive and statistically significant determinants of FP.


Originality/value
– In this study the author has selected Indian cement industry which is world's second largest cement producer and an important sector in terms of its contribution to Indian GDP, and provides direct and indirect employment opportunities to millions of people. However, most of the studies in India were done related to automotive sector and soft TQM was never considered important. The findings of the study contribute to resource-based theory.

Материал посвящён студентам высшей школы и их каникулам. Изложение в логической последовательности. ; The material is dedicated to students in higher education schools and to their vacations. The author has collected statements that describe a concept of vacations and how students and teachers perceive holidays. The author defines studies of students as an intensive intellectual work. Its culmination is exams in the end of a semester. The hard time of studies in alma mater is followed by holidays, which comprise the time that students remember most of all. The statements about vacations in the paper are taken from materials written by famous artists, politicians, scientists. Some of the statements belong to the author of this paper. All of the words that describe vacations together sound very symbolic even within the context of intellectual achievements of the mankind. The statements of the author, in particular, describe vacation time as the sun after a nasty weather, as a sacred period for students. The students are compared with pupils of secondary and high school, who wish to have a rest even if they are older than schoolchildren. On the whole, the collected statements form positive emotions in perception of studies in a university.

This article is about a research describing a discourse on the clash ofcivilizations represented in the person of Mahoud, the Hellenized Islamic prophetin the pejorative novel of the Western World The Satanic Verses by SalmanRushdie, who was born in the Bhãrat tradition of India. As a famous novel in thatworld, The Satanic Verses politically represents a hegemony in discourse of asecretive quantum literary industry to create a clash in civilization between theEast and the West through a deconstuction of religious power.The research employs a descriptive qualitative technique in the dataanalysis, which is textually done by understanding (1) the position of SalmanRushdie as a Indian-English author toward the well-known Islamic religioussymbols in creating the representation and (2) his way in representing Mahoud theprophet in the novel.The research uses Stuart Hall's and Michel Foucault's theory ofrepresentation. As a result, the analysis shows that The Satanic Verses as a novel byan author of Indian and English blood offers a literary discourse as an imaginativepolitical manisfesto through the projection of language power. Obviously, theimaginative discourse also shows how the Indian-English author has an absolutecontrol over the literary language play used in the representation of religioussymbols.Keywords: Bhãrat, the West, Islam, Indian-English author, The Satanic Verses

В данной статье затрагивается один из проблемных вопросов европейской политики нелегальная иммиграция. Анализируются ее причины, последствия, а также механизмы взаимодействия стран-членов в решении данного вопроса. Исследуются структура и основные тенденции в действиях государств и специализированных институтов ЕС. Рассматривается влияние последствий нелегальной иммиграции на европейскую безопасность и интеграцию. В статье выявляются слабые стороны миграционных политик, ставшие причиной сложившейся общественной и культурной напряженности, и предлагаются действия по выходу из сформировавшейся ситуации. ; The article deals with one of the crucial issues of the European policy illegal migration, its reasons, consequences and collaborative mechanisms of member states in solution of the problem. The author analyzes the structure and main trends in activities of States and involved EU institutes. The author comes to conclusion that the efforts undertaken by the EU countries in struggle with illegal migration are not sufficient and that the mandate of involved EU institutions should be broaden. The author addresses the influence of the consequences of illegal migration on European security and integration as well. The author defines the blind spots of migration policies of the member states that became the reason of existing social and cultural tensions and offers suggestions of improvement the current complex situation.

The international governance of climate change was initially informed by two norms concerning who should take responsibility for mitigating climate change and how such mitigation should be pursued.1 Since the early 1990s, these norms have been contested by several states. In this article the author argues that such contestation is a product of the perceived incongruence between these norms and the domestic conditions of those states they seek to govern. Following an overview of the emergence and contestation of climate governance norms, the author elaborates on this relationship between international norms and domestic conditions. These theoretical assumptions are then explored in the context of Australia's response to international climate governance norms from the late 1980s to 2007. As the author demonstrates, the perceived incongruence of these norms with domestic conditions led Australia's foreign policy makers to contest the norms and focus on the construction of alternative governance processes by reframing the issue of climate change. Through a diversion of attention away from historical emissions to future emissions and possible technological mitigation options, climate governance was temporarily reconciled with Australia's domestic conditions. However, the author suggests that this came at the expense of international equity and long-term national sustainability.

In this paper, we study new algebraic and analytic aspects of orthogonal polynomials on the real line when finite modifications of the recurrence coefficients, the so-called co-polynomials on the real line, are considered. We investigate the behavior of their zeros, mainly interlacing and monotonicity properties. Furthermore, using a transfer matrix approach we obtain new structural relations, combining theoretical and computational advantages. Finally, a connection with the theory of orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle is pointed out. ; The authors thank the referee for constructive comments and recommendations which improved the readability and quality of the manuscript. The research of the first author is supported by the Portuguese Government through the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) under the grant SFRH/BPD/ 101139/2014. This author also acknowledges the financial support by the Brazilian Government through the CNPq under the project 470019/2013-1. The research of the first and second author is supported by the Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain under the project MTM2012-36732-C03-01. The second author also acknowledges the financial support by the Brazilian Government through the CAPES under the project 107/2012.