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This edited collection demonstrates how economic history can be analysed using both quantitative and qualitative methods, connecting statistical research with the social, cultural and psychological aspects of history. With their focus on the time between the end of the commercial revolution and the Black Death (c. 1300), and the Thirty Years' War (c. 1600), Kypta et al. redress a significant lack of published work regarding economic history methodology in the premodern period. Case studies stem from the Holy Roman Empire, one of the most important economic regions in premodern times, and reconnect the German premodern economic history approach with the grand narratives that have been developed mainly for Western European regions. Methodological approaches stemming from economics as well as from sociology and cultural studies show how multifaceted research in economic history can be, and how it might accordingly offer us new insights into premodern economies.

This article is a general description of Spain's history of education and how it evolved in the 20th century. I analyze the characteristics of the educational system designed during the 19th century and the changes that took place during the country's political stages. I review the objectives and development of each teaching level, the school curricula, the professors, and their education. I also go over the extracurricular initiatives of this period and how they affected the student community. The review helps us understand the achievements that have been made and the limitations we face in the 21st century

Since 1830 there have been Dutch organisations that were concerned with fighting alcohol abuse. The Drink Law of 1881, the result of their lobby, limited the sale of drink and made the punishment of public drunkenness obligatory. Around 1900 there was renewed fervour in the Dutch Temperance Movement: teetotallers came to dominate the movement and created a system for the care of drunkards. This change from a repressive approach to a focus on treatment was accompanied by two differing variants on 'chivalrous' masculinity. Nineteenth century campaigners put their idea of masculinity – controlled, militant, protective of women and children – in the service of state politics. The chivalry of the teetotallers was more personal. They showed their solidarity with problematic drinkers by completely abstaining from alcohol and attempted to save drunkards by setting a good example. The battle against King Alcohol became a fight, man to man, in civil society.

This is the final volume in a trilogy which examines the invaluable contribution of auxiliary volunteer forces to the defence of Great Britain before and during World War I. The sometimes tumultuous relationship between the territorials and the War Office, and how the Territorial Forces's mobilization training was prejudiced by the official priority awarded to Kitchener's New Army, is explored alongside the early experiences of those Territorial Force units that were sent to France and elsewhere in 1914 and 1915. Although providing crucial support to the regular divisions during the battles of 1915, the Regular Army's traditional bias against the auxiliary quickly became apparent in the way Territorial Force units were used. The development of their capability and how their fighting power was forged and subsequently sustained are analyzed in the context of their use in 1915 during the Battle of the Somme, the Gallipoli Campaign and the later experience in the desert. Bill Mitchinson reveals that, despite the heavy losses and the official bias against Territorial Force recruitment, the units were able to retain their Territorial Force character until after the opening of the Somme. Although by 1917 and 1918 the bulk of the men were no longer volunteer territorials, Mitchinson demonstrates that many Territorial Force divisions continued to be comprised of men drawn from their original catchment areas. The Territorial Force at War, 1914-16 is the first attempt to offer a comprehensive assessment of the importance, the training, the preparedness and the fighting power of the Territorial Force until it reached its apogee in 1916. Despite the obstacles thrown into their path, the final volume in this trilogy illustrates that the oft-derided Territorial Force formations were as effective as those of the Regular and New Armies.

Das Buch enthält ausführliche wissenschaftsgeschichtliche biographische Porträts von 13 österreichischen Historikerinnen und Historikern der Zeit 1900-1945. Der Fokus liegt auf dem wissenschaftlichen Werk, den Karrieren und dem politischen Wirken der Porträtierten und den beobachtbaren Veränderungen. ; The book presents detailed scientific biographies of 13 Austrians historians from the period 1900-1945. It focuses on the scientific work, careers and political activities and their changes

Social and political transitions in Latin America : from the left turn's rise to its decline / Daniel S. Leon, Carolina Rozo-Higuera, Karen Silva-Torres -- Radical left-wing political regimes in the context of the Latin American "left turn" / Radek Buben and Jan Němec -- The return of Mano Dura in Venezuela : the political economy of transitions in urban security policies since 1950 / Daniel S. Leon -- Education, labor, and inequality in Ecuador, 2006-2016 : building social convergence / Ernesto Nieto-Carrillo -- Archives, memory and human rights : the right to truth and the right to tell in Colombian policies and memory initiatives / Carolina Rozo-Higuera -- Transformations in the Colombian migration regime amidst the Venezuelan migration crisis : an introduction to the analysis of the refugee category / Maria Gabriela Trompetero Vicent -- Transitions of university autonomy in Ecuador : from market heteronomy to responsible autonomy / Rina Pazos and Jorge Fabara -- Peronism is a sentiment : affect and ideology in Argentine populism / Julia Fierman -- The nexus between social movements and transition : insights from the Bolivian TIPNIS conflict / Maximilian Görgens -- Political violence and religious change in Ayacucho, Peru : reconciliation and forgiveness as local mechanisms among evangelical conflict survivors / Ariane Kovac -- From victimization to political action? Understanding the (un)existing political participation of Central American immigrants in Mexico / Indi Carolina Kryg -- Hirschman revisited : exit, voice, and loyalty in the Venezuelan crisis / Stiven Tremaria -- Seven theses on the refeudalization of Latin America / Olaf Kaltmeier -- Liminal transition processes in Latin America / Carolina Rozo-Higuera, Daniel S. Leon, and Karen Silva-Torres.

Since the Yan'an Rectification Campaign the Communist Party of China has dominated the interpretation of modern Chinese history. With its 1981 resolution it renewed its claim, but a close look at official and unofficial publications on 20th-century Chinese history reveals its loss of control. There is no longer a CCP-designed master narrative of modern Chinese history. This article uses the case of the Cultural Revolution to show how much post-1949 history is contested in mainland China today. It argues that the CCP is unable to impose its interpretation of the "ten years of chaos" on society. Instead many divergent and highly fragmentized views circulate in society, and there is no overwhelmingly acceptable view on this period of post-1949 history. While this is a positive sign of diversification, it leaves unsatisfied both inside and outside observers who hope that the Chinese people might eventually come to terms with their own troublesome history.

Since 1830 there have been Dutch organisations that were concerned with fighting alcohol abuse. The Drink Law of 1881, the result of their lobby, limited the sale of drink and made the punishment of public drunkenness obligatory. Around 1900 there was renewed fervour in the Dutch Temperance Movement: teetotallers came to dominate the movement and created a system for the care of drunkards. This change from a repressive approach to a focus on treatment was accompanied by two differing variants on 'chivalrous' masculinity. Nineteenth century campaigners put their idea of masculinity – controlled, militant, protective of women and children – in the service of state politics. The chivalry of the teetotallers was more personal. They showed their solidarity with problematic drinkers by completely abstaining from alcohol and attempted to save drunkards by setting a good example. The battle against King Alcohol became a fight, man to man, in civil society. This article is part of the special issue 'Low Countries Histories of Masculinity'.

'Religion and National Identity: Wales and Scotland, c. 1700-2000' edited by Robert Pope is reviewed.

Leblebicioglu, Hakan/0000-0002-6033-8543 ; WOS: 000379265200001 ; PubMed: 27130991 ; Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Only 1%-30% of patients in need of treatment may get it. In recent years, the availability of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) has been an important advancement in treating HCV infection. However, due to cost, it is not possible to receive these drugs in many countries where infection is endemic. In these low-and middle-income countries, the main barriers to controlling HCV infection are lack of knowledge about the infection, constraints on diagnostic testing and treatment, and lack of experts. Both national and international support are essential to overcoming these barriers. In low-and middle-income countries, interferon and ribavirin-based therapies still are the first choices due to their availability and to government payment support. In addition, in developed countries, efforts to provide lower-cost DAA drugs continue. Pharmaceutical companies continue to research manufacture of bioequivalent drugs to reduce treatment costs. Considering the fake drug market, all developments need to be monitored closely by the institutions involved. This review focuses on barriers to hepatitis C treatment and ways to overcome those barriers.