Suchergebnisse

Recent trade disputes between the European Union and the United States over bananas have served to emphasize the differences between the "dollar zone" commodity system based on Latin American banana exports to the United States and Europe, and the "ACP system," based on European imports of bananas produced in former colonies in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific. The key difference often identified by analysts is the dominant role played by vertically integrated U.S. banana corporations in Latin America in contrast to the ACP production system in which state-sponsored associations of small-scale growers receive preferential access to European markets (Raynolds 2003: 23-47). There can be little doubt that the reorientation of Caribbean producers toward Europe following the Second World War marked a moment when the banana commodity system in that region diverged from that of Latin America. However, the tendency of researchers to focus on twentieth-century banana trades has had the unintended effect of obscuring the trades' origins in the late nineteenth century, a period when a sharp divide between Caribbean and Latin American commodity systems did not exist. Indeed, it is easy to forget that the roots of the United Fruit Company (today known as Chiquita Brands International) lie in both the Caribbean and Central America.

Recent trade disputes between the European Union and the United States over bananas have served to emphasize the differences between the "dollar zone" commodity system based on Latin American banana exports to the United States and Europe, and the "ACP system," based on European imports of bananas produced in former colonies in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific. The key difference often identified by analysts is the dominant role played by vertically integrated U.S. banana corporations in Latin America in contrast to the ACP production system in which state-sponsored associations of small-scale growers receive preferential access to European markets (Raynolds 2003: 23-47). There can be little doubt that the reorientation of Caribbean producers toward Europe following the Second World War marked a moment when the banana commodity system in that region diverged from that of Latin America. However, the tendency of researchers to focus on twentieth-century banana trades has had the unintended effect of obscuring the trades' origins in the late nineteenth century, a period when a sharp divide between Caribbean and Latin American commodity systems did not exist. Indeed, it is easy to forget that the roots of the United Fruit Company (today known as Chiquita Brands International) lie in both the Caribbean and Central America.

The European Common Market and forty odd African, Caribbean, and Pacific States (ACP) signed a trade and aid Convention in February 1975. The negotiations leading to the Lome Convention and the provisions of the Lomé Convention constitute an instructive vehicle for an examination of North-South bargaining. The organization, tenacity, and skill of the ACP states, as well as some re-thinking regarding their own situation on the part of European states produced some innovative and groundbreaking moves toward more equitable trade and aid relations. But even the most innovative components of the Lome Convention, STAB EX, sugar indexing and focus on industrial development, are perhaps less significant for their short-term economic effects than they are for a general understanding regarding the structure of North-South relations.

The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) was established in 1983 under the Lomé Convention between the ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific) Group of States and the European Union Member States. Since 2000, CTA has operated within the framework of the ACP-EC Cotonou Agreement. CTA set up a Question-and-Answer Service (QAS) in 1985 to provide information and documentation to ACP partners. Initially the service was rendered from Wageningen in the Netherlands, but in March 1997, CTA carried out a feasibility study of the QAS devolution involving the key information sources and services in South Africa. A pilot project was implemented involving the University of the Free State (leading institution), the Agricultural Research Council and SABINET. Following the success of the project, CTA set up QAS centres in other ACP regions: Uganda (to cover Eastern Africa), Mauritius (Indian Ocean countries), the Caribbean and the Pacific. In Central and West Africa, QAS centres have been set up in Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Nigeria. There are plans for a centre in Papua New Guinea (to cover the Pacific region). The paper briefly discusses the origin, design, implementation and development of the Programme for Agricultural Information Service (PRAIS), which has its target groups located in the SADC countries, namely Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It identifies the key factors which have led to the success of the service. These include enthusiastic response to initial questionnaires, positive feedback from clients, the constant flow of search requests and the increasing number of clients repeating requests for new information. It touches on the issues that will impact on the future functioning and of PRAIS: absolute commitment by management of institutions, additional capacity building, the absence of technological and information infrastructure, strategic decisions on target groups, the utilization of different types of information sources, and the development of networking and partnerships. Finally it gives an overview of the running of the service: the type of requests received, how they are responded to, which countries generate most requests, and what type of client is responsible for the largest percentage of requests. The publishing of a newsletter as means of disseminating relevant information is discussed. It concludes with some responses from clients.

From 1983 to 2020, the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) was an international institution of the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS) and the European Union (EU). Its mission was to advance food and nutritional security, increase prosperity and encourage sound natural resource management in African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. In its project portfolio (2016-2020) of 73 projects, CTA focused on digitalisation, youth entrepreneurship, and climate resilience as its priority intervention areas. CTA came to the end of its mandate as the Cotonou Agreement between the EU and the ACP countries, the legal and financial framework within which CTA functioned, ended on 31 December 2020. As part of CTA's orderly closure, all major projects created project completion reports which are now being made available to the wider public to share lessons learned. These reports specify sections on results, financial information, lessons learned and references. ; European Union ; Internal Review

These comments by South Africa's Minister for Trade and Industry, Trevor Manuel, were made in November 1994 in a speech to the African-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP)—European Union (EU) ministerial meeting in Brussels. Words, of course, can be interpreted in various ways. Contrary to the seeming clarity of Manuel's request, the underlying sub-texts illustrated both the past prevarication of the South African Government and the continuing uncertainty on the part of the EU as to the appropriate shape of a new long-term relationship.

PUBLISHED ; Developing resilience in conditions of extreme geographic and economic vulnerability, Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have learned to share what works for adaptation on the ground through transnational Disaster Risk Reduction initiatives that address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This chapter focuses on South-South Cooperation between Caribbean SIDS on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management, as well as triangulation with the European Union and international organisations through the African, Caribbean and Pacific-European Union Natural Disaster Risk Reduction (ACP-EU NDRR) Program. It critically analyses collaborations between regional platforms to show evidence of successful transferable adaptation strategies and tools that have emerged from disaster risk management experiences. Acknowledging the SIDS? contribution to climate change adaptation is key for advancing both research and action. The examples of South-South cooperation between SIDS and triangulation with Europe and international organisations addressed in this chapter show that a coherent and effective theoretical framework for impactful adaptation research and global climate action should bring forward participatory, transdisciplinary and translocal perspectives informed by the experiences of early adaptors in the Global South.

Европейский Союз сейчас является центром притяжения большого количества иммигрантов. Для регулирования миграционных потоков ЕС использует как меры миграционной политики, направленные на решение краткои среднесрочных задач, так и политику развития, направленную на устранение первопричин миграции из развивающихся стран. Такая политика относится к инструментам Общей внешней политики ЕС и рассчитана на долгосрочный результат. В статье предпринята попытка обоснования такого двоякого подхода к регулированию иммиграции в Евросоюз. ; It is the main aim of the EU immigration policy to regulate the incoming migration flows. It took a long time for the EU to develop a common immigration policy. Starting from ad hoc cooperation the European Union eventually came to the conclusion that immigration is a too sensitive question and significant factor in European life to manage it only with immigration policy measures. In 2005 the Global approach to immigration was adopted which acknowledged the interdependence of different types of migration and the need to combine immigration policy with foreign policy measures, namely the cooperation with third countries which are the source of migrants. Poverty, political instability, economic backwardness and unemployment are supposed to be the main causes of emigration from most countries. Therefore, to reduce the migration flows these causes should be eliminated. It cannot be done by political or military measures but through economic assistance mainly. The EU Development policy is designed for that. According to Lisbon treaty 2009 the Common development policy is aimed at supporting developing and the least developed countries in: 1) sustainable economic and social development; 2) gradual integration in the world economy; 3) the campaign against poverty. Development policy has also become a priority of the EU foreign policy. The EU development policy started in 1957 as the assistance of several member-states to their ex-colonies. Then the European Development Fund was established to provide developing countries with financial and technical assistance. In 1963 the first Yaounde Convention was signed between the EEC and 18 African states which got free access to European domestic markets as well as grants and loans from the EEC for 5 years. After the expiry of the second Yaounde Convention (1970-75) it was succeeded by four Lome Conventions which covered the period from 1975 to 1999. They were aimed at building stable economies in African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries through the access of their exports to European markets free of duty as well as economic aid and investment into them. During these years both the amount of aid coming from Europe and the number of partners were rising. However, this policy did not meet the needs and expectations of the recipients. Moreover, in the 1990s new democratic states appeared in Europe which needed the EU assistance and were their immediate neighbours. Therefore, the neighbourhood policy became the EU priority. Since 1997 the EU development policy was revised. According to the Millennium Development Summit 2000 the eradication of poverty in developing countries was named the main goal. As a result the Cotonou agreement was signed between the EU and the ACP countries. It established a new approach aimed at the reduction of poverty, strengthening the political dimension and entrusting the ACP states with greater responsibilities. In addition to this the EU has developed its development strategy for Africa (2005). The EU is the largest donor of financial assistance to developing states in the world. However, development policy measures will pay off in the long term only.

The European Union is currently negotiating Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with six African, Caribbean and Pacific country groupings, aiming at establishing mutual free trade. This paper empirically assesses the impact of the EPAs on trade flows and government revenues for 22 East and Southern African countries and discusses implications for intra-regional integration. The results indicate that while moderate trade effects can be expected, relatively large budget effects are likely to occur in a number of these countries, exposing them to considerable structural and financial adjustment requirements. Also, EPAs would strengthen the need to consolidate overlapping intra-regional integration schemes.

This article discusses the Lome conventions of 1975 & 1980 & compares them to the new agreements made for the Africa-Caribbean-Pacific trading region made in 2000. The article seeks to explain how new trading patterns between the EU & the ACP region have developed by analyzing the processes that occurred between the two time frames. The article outlines the relationship between the EU & ACP to show the bargaining game between the two regions. The article seeks to show that a collective Europe has been able to produce standards of trading compatible with WTO restrictions & allowed democratization to take a stronger hold in negotiations. The effects of internal bargaining within the EU are used as an example of powerful influence on trading between two regions. E. Miller

The relationships between the European Union and developing countries in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (or ACP countries) have been called a model for North South development cooperation. The Lomé Conventions were the embodiment of this model. After 25 years, the European Union and the ACP group signed a new partnership agreement, the Cotonou Agreement. Given the disappointing results of the former conventions, this book investigates the innovations in the EU-ACP relationship. Authors from different backgrounds (including law, political science and economics) analyze the forces that gave rise to the new agreement as well as the negotiating process of the new agreement, and the negotiations that are taking place to produce the planned Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) that are to replace the existing non-reciprocal trade preferences that are incompatible with WTO law. The potential benefits of EPAs are discussed, as is the alternative in the shape of an improved and general preferential system. The amended mechanism for aid delivery, the increased stress on political dialogue between the partners and the introduction of more civil society participation in the cooperation are extensively analyzed and discussed. The effects of the introduction of the Euro and the effect of the planned stimuli on Direct Foreign Investment in ACP economies make this volume very complete in coverage of the ACP-EU relations. Its relevance extends far beyond the ACP-EU relationship as it shows and discusses particular solutions for problems that occur in North South relations in general

This book is an in-depth study of one of the most important agreements in the recent history of EU-developing world relations: the Lomé convention--the principles upon which all relations between the states of the European Union and ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific) countries are based. Over the course of its 25-year life, the Convention has been altered to suit the changing relationship of those states involved. This historical study not only charts the course of that vital relationship between haves and have-nots but also, in its changing focus and shifting concerns, reflects recent broad