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From the fourth millennium BCE to the early second millennium CE the world became a world of cities. This volume explores this critical transformation, from the appearance of the earliest cities in Mesopotamia and Egypt to the rise of cities in Asia and the Mediterranean world, Africa, and the Americas. Through case studies and comparative accounts of key cities across the world, leading scholars chart the ways in which these cities grew as nodal points of pilgrimages and ceremonies, exchange, storage and redistribution, and centres for defence and warfare. They show how in these cities, along with their associated and restructured countrysides, new rituals and ceremonies connected leaders with citizens and the gods, new identities as citizens were created, and new forms of power and sovereignty emerged. They also examine how this unprecedented concentration of people led to disease, violence, slavery and subjugations of unprecedented kinds and scales

This reader shows students that shapes are all around us. Movie tickets are rectangles. Pizza pans are circles. Students learn about the four basic shapes-triangles, rectangles, squares, and circles-as they look for them in photographs of places they go around town.

Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Population Distribution -- 3. Small Town Growth and Population Dispersal -- 4. Age-Sex Composition -- 5. Race and Ethnicity -- 6. Household Growth and Structure -- 7. Fertility -- 8. Labor Force and Employment -- 9. Industrial Structure and Change -- 10. The Population Associated with Farming -- 11. Income and Poverty -- 12. Characteristics of Cities, Towns, and Rural Areas -- 13. The Persisting Importance of Residence -- Bibliography -- Name Index -- Subject Index

Zugleich gedruckt veröffentlicht im Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin unter der ISBN 978-3-7983-2604-0. ; The idea of creating New Towns, in its modern form, was emerged in Iran for the first time in the early 20th century, when the process of industrialisation and modernisation began in the country and the urban population increased dramatically. Nowadays the New Towns are being considered as important strategic responses to the emerging Megacities with various urban problems such as pollution, poverty and traffic by the government. The developments in the new towns are in fact building the city from the very first step, so it gives a proper opportunity whereas make it decisive that the concept of sustainability in all its terms and dimensions—social, physical and economical—is followed in the designs and planning strategies in the city. The few researches on the sustainability of built environment in the Hashtgerd New Town mainly focus on either the scale and dimension of architecture or the scale of the city. Although in achieving energy efficiency, the architecture of the complex plays an important role, the urban configurations at the lower resolutions of scale impact the efficiency of architectural designs by filtering the synoptic climates too. So, this text emphasises on the role of the urban geometry as a parameter which influences the sustainability in the city and tries to figure out how efficiently the conventional urban pattern in Hashtgerd New Town act in comparison to the other patterns. The dimension of sustainability which has been focused is the building energy consumption.

During the last seven years, Spain has experience importans legislativies changes in land and housing materia. The land law of 1990, conceive the urbanistic proficience as colectivity result and the cession of part of this proficience to the land owner. This law changes the point of view about the land ownership. The use of this legislation with the objetive to maximice the colectivity utility to a minimun ejecutation cost and the transfer of the proficience from some town zones to others, building systems of distribution of charges and benefits. The city of Cadiz is a particular case where is used and checked. With the housing legislation has been posible the creation of public housing companies, perfect complement to the public intervencion in thats materials. A special case is the San Fernando public housing company (Cadiz) with the objetive of intervention in the low rent housing market without cost for the Local Administration. Keywords: Town Planning, Public Intervention, Housing.

Professor Bird presents a synthesis of the many approaches to the study of a central featuer of modern life - the city, including its distant past and its future. He sees centrality as a mental projection on to space, and discusses the concept in relation to three types of its manifestation in spatial terms: the city as centre of a tributary region; the centres and central areas of cities themselves; and the city considered as a centre or gateway for other distant regions, often overseas.This book should do much to unravel the funamental similarities between cities of the world while

Cities and Nature connects environmental processes with social and political actions. The book reconnects science and social science to demonstrate how the city is part of the environment and how it is subject to environmental constraints and opportunities. This second edition has been extensively revised and updated with in-depth examination of theory and critical themes. Greater discussion is given to urbanization trends and megacities; the post-industrial city and global economic changes; developing cities and slums; urban political ecology; the role of the city in climate chang