Suchergebnisse

Inhaltsangabe:Einleitung: Accessibility und Usability bzw. Barrierefreiheit und Benutzbarkeit spielen im Web eine immer wichtiger werdende Rolle. Einerseits möchte man sich von seinem Konkurrenten durch bessere Benutzbarkeit unterscheiden, andererseits ist es für einen Webauftritt der öffentlichen Hand möglicherweise sogar gesetzlich vorgeschrieben, Barrierefreiheit nach bestehenden Standards zu erfüllen. Es mag überzogen klingen, Webseiten für eine so kleine Bevölkerungsgruppe wie beispielsweise Blinde zu optimieren oder zu erstellen. Im Bereich des eGovernment und der öffentlichen Hand ist dies durch Gesetzte mittlerweile in vielen Ländern Pflicht. Auch die Privatwirtschaft kann in diesem Bereich soziale Kompetenz und Verantwortung zeigen. Schliesslich ist eine Webseite, die barrierefrei zugänglich ist, für jeden Nutzer einfacher zu bedienen. Die technischen Vorteile wie bessere Indizierbarkeit durch Suchmaschinen und Geräteunabhängigkeit im Zeitalter des mobilen Internets dürfen ebenfalls nicht ausser Acht gelassen werden. Gut für die einen, notwendig für die anderen – diese Arbeit zeigt die Synergien von Usability und Accessibility, sowie ihre Unterschiede. Anhand der 'Digitalen Kluft', Statistiken, verschiedenen Arten von Behinderungen, der Analyse von bestehenden und sich entwickelnden Gesetzen und Zugänglichkeitsrichtlinien in Europa und den USA soll aufgezeigt werden, weshalb das Thema mittlerweile einen so hohen Stellenwert bei der Gestaltung von Webauftritten inne hält. Entwicklern soll eine Anleitung zur benutzerfreundlichen und barrierefreien Gestaltung von Webseiten gegeben werden. Projektleitern und Beratern soll im Hinblick auf die gesetzlichen Anforderungen der wirtschaftliche Nutzen näher gebracht werden. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, den Leser für das Thema zu sensibilisieren und Möglichkeiten zur Umsetzung eines barrierefreien und benutzerfreundlichen Webauftrittes aufzuzeigen. Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: A.AbstractI B.InhaltsverzeichnisIII C.VorwortIX D.AbkürzungsverzeichnisXI E.GlossarXIII F.AbbildungsverzeichnisXVII G.TabellenverzeichnisXXIII H.QuellcodeverzeichnisXXV 1.Abgrenzung und Gegenstand1 1.1Ziele und Zweck der Arbeit1 1.2Das Unternehmen namics3 1.3Definitionen5 1.3.1Usability5 1.3.1.1Was ist Usability?5 1.3.1.2Warum ist Usability wichtig?6 1.3.1.3DIN-ISO-Norm 9241-11 Definition6 1.3.2Accessibility7 1.3.2.1Was ist Accessibility?7 1.3.2.2Warum ist Accessibility wichtig?8 1.3.3Flexibility und Compatibility9 1.3.4Digital Divide10 1.3.5eGovernment11 2.Die Accessibility Theorie13 2.1Accessible Web Sites16 2.1.1Synergie zwischen Accessibility und Usability16 2.1.2Usable Accessibility17 2.1.3Beispiel für Web Accessibility18 2.1.4Unterschiede zwischen Usability und Accessibility20 2.1.5Accessibility als Prozess21 2.1.6Gut für die einen, notwendig für andere22 2.1.7Funktionelle und situationsbedingte Einschränkungen23 2.1.8Gründe für Accessible Websites25 2.1.9Exkurs - Vorgeschichte des Accessibility Bewusstseins25 2.2Digital Divide - Die digitale Kluft27 2.2.1Probleme der Technologieverteilung in der Welt27 2.2.2Unterschiede innerhalb von Nationen28 2.2.3Kontinentale Unterschiede und Gefälle30 2.2.4Digitale Kluft bei Kids im Internet32 3.Forderung nach Accessibility33 3.1Auftretende Behinderungen33 3.1.1Farbenblindheit und -sehschwächen33 3.1.2Blindheit35 3.1.3Motorische Behinderungen36 3.2Statistiken, Zahlen und Fakten38 3.2.1Deutschland38 3.2.2Schweiz, EU, UNO40 3.2.3USA42 3.3Die Gesetze45 3.3.1Deutschland - BGG - BITV45 3.3.1.1Das Gesetz45 3.3.1.2Die Verordnung46 3.3.1.3Anwendung der Richtlinien47 3.3.1.4Zeithorizont für die Anwendung48 3.3.1.5Zusammenfassung48 3.3.2Europäische Union49 3.3.3Schweiz - BehiG50 3.3.3.1Historie50 3.3.3.2Das Gesetz51 3.3.4USA52 3.3.4.1Historie52 3.3.4.2Das Gesetz53 3.4Accessibility bei grossen Konzernen55 3.4.1Microsoft55 3.4.2Macromedia56 3.4.3Adobe56 3.4.4IBM57 3.4.5SAP57 3.5eGovernment58 3.5.1Stadien des eGovernment59 3.5.2Zugang zu Informationen62 3.5.3eGovernment und eDemokratie64 3.5.4eGovernment Design65 3.6Business Benefits von Accessibility66 3.6.1Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung von Accessible Webdesign66 3.6.2Technische Bedeutung von Accessible Webdesign71 3.7Mobile Usability73 3.7.1Zukunft der Informationsgesellschaft?73 3.7.2Die Relevanz von WAP74 3.7.3Limitationen des mobilen Internets75 3.7.4Mobile-Usability Empfehlungen75 3.7.5Heutiger Stand der Mobile-Usability78 3.8Usability aus der Sicht von Internet-Minderheiten79 3.8.1Kids und Teens79 3.8.2Usability für Kids80 3.8.3Usability für Senioren83 4.Accessibility an Beispielen85 4.1Die Regelwerke85 4.2Überblick und Aufbau der WCAG85 4.3Richtlinien für Webinhalte88 4.3.1Richtlinie 1 - Audio und Visuelles88 4.3.2Richtlinie 2 - Verständlichkeit ohne Farbe91 4.3.3Richtlinie 3 - Struktur und Präsentation93 4.3.4Richtlinie 4 - Abkürzungen, Fremdsprachen98 4.3.5Richtlinie 5 - Tabellen100 4.3.6Richtlinie 6 - Unabhängigkeit103 4.3.7Richtlinie 7 - Zeitgesteuerte Inhalte106 4.3.8Richtlinie 8 - Benutzerschnittstellen108 4.3.9Richtlinie 9 - Geräteunabhängigkeit109 4.3.10Richtlinie 10 - Interim-Lösungen112 4.3.11Richtlinie 11 - W3C Standards116 4.3.12Richtlinie 12 - Kontext und Orientierung118 4.3.13Richtlinie 13 - Navigation122 4.3.14Richtlinie 14 - Einfachheit126 4.4Fazit der WCAG 1.0128 4.5WCAG 1.0 vs. 2.0128 4.6Usability- und Accessibility-Tests130 4.6.1Das Usability Kartenspiel130 4.6.2Interviews130 4.6.3Fragebögen131 4.6.4Heuristische Evaluation nach Nielsen und Molich132 4.6.5Iterative Evaluation133 4.6.6Einzel- Gruppenevaluation133 4.6.7Der Runde Tisch134 4.6.8Die Methoden in der Praxis134 4.6.9Auswahl und Durchführung135 4.6.10Auswertung und Nutzung der Testergebnisse135 4.6.11Fazit136 4.7Accessibility Testing und Validating137 4.7.1Testing und Validating Tools137 4.7.2Vischeck - Farbblindheits-Simulation137 4.7.3Screen Reader138 4.7.4Braille Surf139 4.7.5Bobby141 5.Schlussbetrachtung und Analyse der Erkenntnisse143 I.Anhang145 I.1Anhang 1 - Usability145 I.1.1Warum kommen Besucher einer Webseite wieder?145 I.1.2Merkmale für Benutzerfreundlichkeit und Usability146 I.1.3Zweck einer Webseite147 I.1.3.1Firmenname und Firmenlogo147 I.1.3.2Tag-Line, Schlagworte der Seite147 I.1.3.3Die wichtigsten Inhalte147 I.1.3.4Startseite147 I.1.4Informationen zum Unternehmen148 I.1.4.1Firmeninformationen148 I.1.4.2Kontaktmöglichkeit148 I.1.5Inhalt der Seiten149 I.1.5.1Wer sind meine Besucher149 I.1.5.2Vermeiden von doppeltem Inhalt149 I.1.5.3Reisserische Marketing Phrasen149 I.1.5.4Einheitliche Ausdrucksweisen150 I.1.5.5Überschriften und Kategorien150 I.1.5.6Sprache und Typographie150 I.1.6Was bietet die Webseite151 I.1.7Links152 I.1.7.1Schlüsselworte152 I.1.7.2Linkfarben152 I.1.7.3Link, aber wohin?152 I.1.8Navigation153 I.1.9Suche154 I.1.10Grafiken und Animationen155 I.1.11Grafikdesign157 I.1.12Farben158 I.1.13Fenstertitel159 I.1.14URLs160 I.1.15Welcome Screens, PopUp Fenster, Werbung161 I.1.16Technische Probleme162 I.1.17Danksagungen, Awards, Lobpreisungen162 I.2Anhang 2 - Wo erwarten User Was auf einer Webseite163 I.2.1Interne Links163 I.2.2Externe Links164 I.2.3Link zur Startseite der Präsenz165 I.2.4Suchfunktion165 I.2.5Werbebanner166 I.2.6Login und Registrierung167 I.2.7Warenkorb167 I.2.8Hilfe Link168 I.2.9Links zu Produkten169 I.2.10Die theoretisch optimale Webseite170 I.3Anhang 3 - Design Empfehlungen171 I.4Anhang 4 - Alltägliche Usability-Hürden - Lösungen174 I.4.1Vertippen in einer Suchmaschine174 I.4.2Eingabe einer falschen URL176 I.4.3Präsentation von Suchergebnissen177 I.5Anhang 5 - Screen Real Estate180 I.5.1Bildschirmplatz ist wertvoll180 I.5.2Der Begriff Screen Real Estate180 I.5.3http://www.spiegel.de183 I.5.4http://www.news.ch184 I.5.5http://europe.cnn.com185 I.5.6Screen Real Estate Fazit186 I.6Anhang 6 - Accessible PDF187 I.6.1Anforderungen zur Erstellung von Accessible PDF188 I.6.2Accessible PDF mit MS Office 2000189 I.6.3Accessible PDF aus existierendem PDF189 I.7Anhang 7 - Browserkompatibilitäten190 I.8Anhang 8 - Abbildungen aus dem Textteil197 I.9Anhang 9 - WAI WCAG 1.0 Checkliste224 J.Literaturverzeichnis231 J.1Bücher231 J.2Zeitschriften232 J.3Whitepapers234 J.4Sonstige Quellen und Verweise234 K.Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung239

Rationale: Attempts to successfully develop telemedicine solutions by specifying the require-ments and critical success factors of these solutions are on-going in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries as a means of improving access to high-quality healthcare. European Space Agency (ESA) (Dario et al. 2005) have explored the challenges and benefits of telemedicine solutions in these regions in the domains of eGovernment such as billing and administrative data management to support the healthcare process, aggregation and reporting of administrative data including quality, clinical outcomes, improving decision making through access to information and ad-vocacy through modern technology. This thesis builds on from the comparative analysis of the healthcare systems in Ghana and Nigeria, in order to specify the system requirements for teleme-dicine solutions supporting health governance in these countries. Motivation: Relevant literature in the domains of public health and information systems (IS) which studies requirements and success factors of telemedicine solutions in SSA countries sug-gests specific attention to be paid to the ability of such solutions to support health system gover-nance. This is due to the complex institutional context involving technical, legal, organizational, and financial issues to be solved which makes it difficult to transfer decision-making, planning, budgeting, management and resource allocation from the national level to the country-regional, district, sub-district and community levels (Braa et al. 2001). Method: This thesis performs a thorough review of published evidence to acquire information on the governance structures of healthcare systems in Ghana and Nigeria as well as successful operative telemedicine applications and services in these countries. UML modeling of the struc-tures is used to describe the processes which link the national level to the level of the (Regional Economic Communities) RECs of which these two countries are part. The open source District Health Information System 2 (DHIS 2) developed by Jørn Braar and collaborators is analyzed to assess functionalities it has to support health governance and health system management. The system is also analyzed in terms of what it stores, its extensibility and scalability by functions. A structured interview on health system governance in Ghana and Nigeria is conducted with key respondents such as health workers, persons dealing with statistics and training, system users, Health Information System (HIS) managers and planners. The research questions are tailored towards decision making processes in the running of healthcare system from national level to community level. Issues around funds, budgets and resource allocations are discussed. Decisions made with regard to the implementation of health policies such as the implementation of new types of healthcare services (i.e. eHealth services) are also discussed. Results: A main finding in the thesis is that the development of information systems at district and Primary Health Care (PHC) levels in Ghana and Nigeria needs to be an integrated effort across health sectors. With this focus, requirements and critical success factors of telemedicine solutions for Ghana and Nigeria have been specified by assessing the governance structures of health services in the two countries and by analyzing the DHIS 2 to identify scenarios in health-care that need telemedicine support. In the case of Ghana, the local control and empowerment of information at lower levels should be embedded into PHC. This is due to the fact that the man-agement of the source of healthcare information is usually a top-down approach (from national level to lower level) toppled with the differences that exists in the collection of healthcare data. This causes delays in healthcare decision making and duplications and omission of key data sets for performance assessment by the government. As such, the DHIS 2, although being used for information reporting in the Ghanaian healthcare system extended in terms of functionalities it is proposed as a system to support healthcare governance. In the case of Nigeria, there exists a Na-tional Health Management Information System (NHMIS) as a management tool for informed decision making at all the levels of government in Nigeria. However, there is no clearly defined role of the different tiers of government which affects the proper functioning of the NHMIS in terms of data input and data quality. As such, integrating the DHIS 2 to be used alongside the NHMIS at the Local Government Areas (LGAs) may enhance data quality and improved infor-mation reporting in healthcare decisions. Conclusion: Telemedicine and eHealth activity around developing countries is increasing, and this fact cannot be denied. Although such activities could be a daunting task, they are emerging as a promising means for achieving quality healthcare. The specific healthcare situations in Ghana and Nigeria have resulted in the specification of seven requirements regarding to the utili-zation of a HIS (specifically the DHIS 2). This is hoped to assist in the effective governance of healthcare systems in these countries.

The Internet-related cases coming to the European Court of Human Rights provide a good illustration of the challenges posed to the protection of human rights as based on the European Convention of Human Rights drafted in 1950. Considering that the Convention is a 70-year-old instrument, the Strasbourg Court has to deal with these cases using the body of principles and interpretation methods and techniques that has been developed so far, and in particular the 'living instrument' doctrine. In this study I propose to explore some main threads in the Court's jurisprudence on Internet-related cases, outlining the specific nature of Internet-related cases, discussing the problem of rights connected with the Internet as well as the impact of the Internet on such classical rights as freedom of expression and the right to privacy. I conclude that the Internet-related case law of the Convention is in a process of constant development. The Strasbourg Court has demonstrated that it is capable of dealing with Internet-related cases based on general Convention norms and using its well-developed interpretation techniques. The striking feature of Strasbourg's case law is the ECtHR's recognition of the considerable importance of the Internet as regards the exercise of freedom of expression, and in particular freedom to seek and access information. Although the ECtHR regards the Internet as a communication medium, however, it recognises its specific features which affect the performance of rights protected by the Convention as well as dangers it poses for the protection of human rights under the European Convention of Human Rights. ; University of Gdańsk, Poland ; Adam Wiśniewski is Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Public International Law in the Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Gdańsk, Poland. ; adam.wisniewski@prawo.ug.edu.pl ; 109 ; 133 ; 3 ; Best M.L., Can the Internet Be a Human Right? (in:) S. Hick, E.F. Halpin and E. Hoskins (eds.), Human Rights and the Internet, New York 2000. ; Decision of the ECtHR of 11 March 2014 as to the admissibility of the case of Akdeniz v. Turkey, application no. 20877/10. ; Decision of the ECtHR of 18 October 2005 as to the admissibility of the case of Perrin v. the United Kingdom. ; Directive 2000/31 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market. ; Garlicki L. (ed.), Konwencja o Ochronie Praw Człowieka i Podstawowych Wolności. Tom I, Komentarz do artykułów 1–18, Warsaw 2010. ; Flogartis S., Zwart T., Fraser J., The European Court of Human Rights and its Discontents. Turning Criticism into Strength, Cheltenham/Northampton 2013. ; Gosztonyi G European Court of Human Rights: Internet Access as a Means of Receiving and Imparting Information and Ideas, "International Comparative Jurisprudence" 2020, vol. 6, no. 2, https://ojs.mruni.eu/ojs/international-comparative-jurisprudence/article/view/6292. ; Human Rights Council: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, 16 May 2011, A/HRC/17/27, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/G12/153/25/PDF/G1215325.pdf?OpenElement. ; Human Rights Council: The promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet, 27 June 2016, https://www.article19.org/data/fi les/Internet_Statement_Adopted.pdf. ; Internet: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe, 2011, updated June 2015, https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/research_report_internet_eng.pdf. ; Kakavoulis K., The case Google Spain v. AEPD and Mario Costeja Gonzalez of the Court of Justice of the European Union: A Brief Critical Analysis, https://www.homodigitalis.gr/en/posts/2900. ; Mik C., Charakter, struktura i zakres zobowiązań z Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka, "Państwo i Prawo" 1992, no. 4. ; Murphy T. and O Cuinn G., Works in Progress: New Technologies and the European Court of Human Rights, "Human Rights Law Review" 2010, vol 10, no. 4. ; Karska E. and Karski K., Introduction: Extraterritorial Scope of Human Rights, "International Community Law Review" 2015, vol. 17, no. 4–5. ; Prebensen S.C., The Margin of Appreciation and Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Convention, "Human Rights Law Journal" 1998, vol. 19, no. 1. ; Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, GE.11–13201, 16 May 2011, https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/ 17session/A.HRC.17.27_en.pdf. ; Jasmontaite L. and Hert P. de, Access to the Internet in the EU: A Policy Priority, a Fundamental, a Human Right or a Concern for eGovernment? "Brussels Privacy Hub Working Paper" February 2020, vol. 6, no. 19, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339860840_Access_to_the_Internet_in_the_EU_a_policy_priority_a_fundamental_a_human_right_or_a_concern_for_eGovernment. ; Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 'Freedom of Expression on the Internet: A study of legal provisions and practices related to freedom of expression, the free flow of information and media pluralism on the Internet in OSCE participating States', 15 December 2011, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/e/f/80723.pdf. ; Rzucidło J., Prawo dostępu do internetu jako podstawowe prawo człowieka: Część I, "Kwartalnik Naukowy Prawo Mediów Elektronicznych" 2010, no. 2. ; Szeghalmi V., Difficulties Regarding the Right to Be Forgotten in the Case Law of the Strasbourg Court, "Athens Journal of Law" 2018, vol. 4, no. 3. ; Wiśniewski A., Koncepcja marginesu oceny w orzecznictwie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka, Gdańsk 2008. ; Zieliński M., Dostęp do Internetu jako prawo człowieka? W sprawie potrzeby nowej wolności w konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, "Przegląd Sejmowy" 2013, no. 4. ; 26

En las últimas décadas el crecimiento de internet, las páginas y aplicaciones web, las tecnologías y demás medios que favorecen las comunicaciones y los servicios que se ofrecen en la red ha hecho que el movimiento de la información sea rápido y sencillo. La llegada de las tecnologías de la información ha hecho que los gobiernos se unan a esta tendencia para informatizar muchos de los servicios que ofrecen, fruto de este hecho es la creación de la Administración Electrónica. La Administración Electrónica es el uso de las tecnologías de la información en las Administraciones Públicas (AAPP) combinado con cambios organizativos y nuevas aptitudes con el fin de mejorar los servicios públicos, los procesos democráticos y reforzar el apoyo a las políticas públicas. La administración tradicional implica la presencia de los interesados además de ser necesario presentar los correspondientes papeles cumplimentados, etc. Las ventajas de la tramitación electrónica son indudables, ofrecen a los ciudadanos y a los diferentes gobiernos la capacidad de ser mucho más eficientes, reducir el tiempo de tramitación y simplificar los procedimientos. Este crecimiento y la tendencia a agilizar los servicios mediante el uso de las nuevas tecnologías han llevado a que las Administraciones hayan decidido impulsar esto con la creación de nuevas leyes y decretos. La Ley 30/1992 del 26 de Noviembre de 1992 de Régimen Jurídico de las Administraciones Públicas y del Procedimiento Administrativo Común ya recogía en algunos de sus artículos el impulso por parte de la Administración al empleo y aplicación de las técnicas y medios electrónicos, informáticos y telemáticos al objeto de desarrollar su actividad y el ejercicio de sus competencias cuando esto fuera compatible con los medios técnicos de que dispusieran éstas. Las avanzadas, para el momento, pero por otra parte prudentes, previsiones legales, muy válidas en 1992, hoy han quedado desfasadas, ante una realidad en la que el grado de penetración de ordenadores y el número de personas y entidades con acceso en banda ancha a Internet, con las posibilidades abiertas a otras tecnologías y plataformas, no se corresponden ya con los servicios meramente facultativos que la citada Ley permitía y estimulaba a establecer a las distintas Administraciones. Más recientemente el 23 de Junio del año 2007 se publicó en el Boletín Oficial del Estado y un día después entró en vigor la Ley 11/2007, de Acceso Electrónico de los Ciudadanos a los Servicios públicos, su finalidad es promover el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones en las relaciones entre la Administración Pública y los ciudadanos y entre las diferentes Administraciones Públicas. En virtud de esta Ley, los ciudadanos podrán realizar todas sus gestiones administrativas por medios electrónicos. De esta forma, las Administraciones Públicas quedan obligadas a ofrecer sus servicios por Internet, dispositivos móviles, TDT o cualquier medio electrónico futuro. Fruto de esto el Ayuntamiento de Madrid decidió aprobar la externalización de la concesión de licencias urbanísticas apoyándose en entidades privadas. La Ordenanza fija las competencias de las entidades encargadas y se erige como instrumento de control sobre las mismas proporcionando un sistema con ciertos Servicios para interactuar con los mismos y controlar la viabilidad de las licencias. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ; The growth of Internet, web pages and applications, technologies, communications and services offered on the network has made the movement of information quick and easy. The arrival of information technology has led governments to join this trend to computerize many of the services they offer, fruit of this is the creation of e-Government. EGovernment is the use of information technologies in public administrations combined with organizational change, new skills to improve public services, democratic processes and support to public policies. Traditional management implies the presence of stakeholders as well as necessary to submit the appropriate paperwork filled out, etc. The advantages of electronic processing are beyond doubt, they give to the citizens and to the governments the ability to be much more efficient, reduce processing time and simplify procedures. This growth and the trend to streamline services using new technologies have led the authorities have decided to promote this with the creation of new laws. The Law 30/1992 of 26 November 1992 Legal Regime of Public Administrations have some articles that push the Administration to the use and application of techniques in order to develop its business and exercise its powers when it was compatible with the technical means at their disposal. More recently, the 23st of June of the year 2007 was published in the newspapers and one day after the act came into force the Law 11/2007 for the electronic access of citizens to public services. Its purpose is to promote the use of Information and Communications technologies in the relations between public administration and citizens and between different governments. Under this law, citizens can perform all administrative tasks electronically. Governments are obliged to offer their services over the Internet, mobile devices, DTV or any electronic future. The result of this the Madrid City Council decided to approve the outsourcing of the granting of planning permission by relying on private entities. This sets out the responsibilities of the entities and stands as an instrument of control over the same system providing certain services to interact with them and control the viability of the licenses. ; Ingeniería en Informática

eParticipation is a new research domain focusing the development of ICT-supported participation in processes of government and governance. These processes may concern involvement of practitioners, citizens and politicians in electronic public administration, service delivery, policy-making and decision-making. The overall objective of this thesis is to discuss how eParticipation is enacted and shaped, in and by practice, and thus contribute to development of practice-based conceptualisation as well as development within the differing practices of eParticipation. The study is based on interpretive case studies as well as theoretical perspectives assisting the analysis of the research field as multiple and co-related processes and relations of change and learning. The empirical data has been gathered during participation in several research and development projects, conducted within a local municipality in Southeast Sweden. Several of the projects were also part of national and international collaboration. The methodological approach comprises ethnographic studies, including interviews, participatory observations and document analysis. The approach of ethnomethodology was also inspirational for the close examining of how various actors organised their participation or non-participation in the various settings of preparing for or conducting eParticipation. The theoretical basis is multi-disciplinary, drawing on perspectives from technological and social theories, such as political science, ANT and feminist theories along with IS (information systems) research. The concept of symbolic eParticipation is coined in order to explore how the preconceived ideas of managing participation seem to be constricting and limiting local and situated development. At the same time, symbolic eParticipation is inspiring development of local interpretations and participatory work. The mutual shaping of these activities leads to the formulation of the notion malleability of organisations and citizenship. The findings indicate that activities of for instance customisation of software or evaluation of consultation tools contribute in creating socio-technical mechanisms, of which they are themselves a part. Those mechanisms embed power relations, and thus become a delegated function of opening up or closing for participation. An example of such socio-technical mechanisms is the notion of "active citizenship", which is given higher legitimate status if it is conducted mainly as an electronically mediated activity. The term "symbolic active citizenship" is suggested as a concept which describes the legitimate active citizenship. The process of becoming active is thoroughly addressed in this thesis, including variations such as pro-activity and active passivity. These are also mediated by processes of learning in communities of practice. Active participants alternate between being active and actively passive in the processes which are supposed to constitute, form and sustain activities of eParticipation. This fluidity of citizenship has implications for future design of technology and for how to perceive participation in these activities. The interplay of symbolic eParticipation and organisational and civic malle¬ability described in this thesis, underscores the significance of providing space for negotiations of situating eParticipation. ; eDeltagande kan kortfattat beskrivas som deltagande med IT-stöd i processer som omfattar styrning av beslutsfattande och policyskapande (eGovernment och eGovernance)och fördjupning av e-demokrati. Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen har varit att analysera hur eDeltagande konstrueras i och genom praxis, hur "e" respektive "deltagande" gestaltas och omformas i samspelet mellan praktiker och visioner. Studien baseras på fallstudier som analysera utifrån en tvärvetenskaplig ansats, som syftar till att lyfta fram flerfaldiga och ömsesidigt påverkande processer och relationer rörande förändring och lärande som eDeltagande består av. Empiriskt material har samlats in inom ramen för ett flertal forsknings- och utvecklingsprojekt, med både lokal, nationell och internationell anknytning. Forskningsstudierna omfattar etnografiska studier, det vill säga intervjuer, deltagande observationer och dokumentanalyser. Etnometodologi har också inspirerat denna närstudie av hur olika aktörer i lokala, situerade praktiker organiserar sitt deltagande respektive icke-deltagande i skilda kontexter. Dessa kontexter kan utgöra förberedelse frö eDeltagande lika väl som faktiskt utförande av eDeltagande. Den teoretiska basen är mångvetenskaplig, och omfattar bland annat perspektiv från socioteknisk forskning inom området informatik, demokratiteori, ANT och feministisk teori. Termen symboliskt eDeltagande föreslås som ett praktik- och teoribaserat koncept som kan användas för att diskutera hur de förutfattade föreställningarna och uppfattningarna om hur deltagande bör hanteras både begränsar och öppnar för lokal och situerad utveckling. eDeltagande inspirerar till lokalt tolkningsarbete och omförhandling av hur deltagande skall stimuleras och genomföras, lika väl som det normaliserar och skapar enhetlighet av aktiviteter. Den ömsesidiga jämkningen och anpassningen av ett formbart aktivt medborgarskap kräver också formbara organisationer och formbara politiska praktiker. Lokal anpassning av IT-applikationer eller utveckling av IT-verktyg för till exempel e-konsultationer bidrar i sin tur till att skapa sociotekniska mekanismer av vilka de själva är en del. Dessa mekanismer bäddar in maktrelationer i frusna strukturer som i sin tur tilldelas delegerad funktion att öppna och stänga för deltagande. Ett konkret exempel på en sådan socioteknisk mekanism är termen aktivt medborgarskap som får en högre legitim status om aktiviteterna utförs med hjälp av IT-stöd. Termen symboliskt aktivt medborgarskap föreslås illustrera det legitima aktiva medborgarskapet. Processen att bli aktiv adresseras utförligt i denna avhandlingsom också diskuterar variationer som proaktivitet och aktiv passivitet. Dessa processer medieras också i processer av lärande i och genom olika intressegemenskaper. Aktiva deltagare alternerar mellan att vara aktiva och aktivt passiva i dessa läroprocesser som både omformar och befäster vilka aktiviteter som skall benämnas eDeltagande. Detta flytande medborgarskap har konsekvenser för framtida IT-design och hur deltagande skall stödjas och stimuleras. Samspelet mellan det symboliska eDeltagandet och organisatorisk och civil formbarhet skapar lokalt utrymme för förhandlingar och lokal anpassning av eDeltagande, vare sig det handlar om förberedelsestadierna eller efteranpassning av IT-applikationer, eller i ett faktiskt utförande av eDeltagande. ; http://www.bth.se/tek/iaw.nsf/Sidor/57bbac53d424e1fec12572d4005036f7!OpenDocumen t

Objetivos: El objetivo general es la necesidad de ubicar adecuadamente al documento administrativo electrónico como elemento central de la gestión dentro del nuevo marco de trabajo generado por la administración electrónica. De forma más específica, con esta investigación se pretende: • Conceptuar debidamente el documento administrativo electrónico, identificando los elementos que lo componen, los formatos que lo normalizan y sus distintas tipologías. • Analizar y constatar la serie de cambios que sobre la gestión de los actos administrativos impone la irrupción del documento electrónico, adecuándola a los tiempos actuales y … • … discernir cuál es la mejor manera de llevar a cabo la gestión del documento electrónico y de los procedimientos y tecnologías vinculados, adaptándolo pertinentemente al nuevo marco legal. Metodología: En la realización de nuestra investigación, se ha tenido en cuenta el siguiente conjunto de consideraciones y operaciones: • En primer lugar, se ha elaborado una presentación general del concepto de documento administrativo, analizando detenidamente su estructura, contenido y sistemas de clasificación. • En los últimos años se ha desarrollado una amplia producción normativa para habilitar la aplicación de las TICs a los procedimientos administrativos de las AA.PP. Esto ha permitido desarrollar un nuevo concepto: el documento administrativo electrónico, que hemos definido y contextualizado debidamente. • Por mandato legal, las AA.PP. al cambiar los sistemas de gestión y adaptarse al documento administrativo electrónico, deben recomponer los modos de funcionamiento tradicionales, cuyos orígenes se pierden en el tiempo en algunas ocasiones, de manera que hemos reflexionado sobre esa imperiosa necesidad de rediseño de los distintos actos administrativos, proponiendo posibles soluciones que los adapten a la nueva realidad. • Como no podía ser de otro modo, las técnicas de Archivo y de Gestión Documental han estado presentes en el momento del análisis. • Tras todo este análisis se procedió a identificar los aspectos clave de este nuevo paradigma intentando aportar una propuesta de gestión que contribuya a afianzar y consolidar nuestra visión de la Administración Electrónica, considerando siempre al documento como el eje principal de la gestión. En nuestra investigación se ha aplicado el método deductivo (análisis de lo universal), entendiendo esto como lo recogido en el marco jurídico, principalmente en la parte básica, a partir del cual se aplica en los casos particulares (los que cada Administración Pública tendrá que abordar en la implementación de los procedimientos administrativos).También se emplea el método inductivo (obtención de conclusiones generales a partir de algo particular). Se basa en la observación y registro de los hechos analizados, su clasificación, la derivación inductiva y su contraste. Bajo esta perspectiva se han estudiado las normas y herramientas TICs disponibles que nos permitirán introducir una mejora en el procedimiento objeto de análisis. Conclusiones: Es un hecho evidente que Administración Pública y Tecnología se dan la mano. La escritura y la construcción de documentos han supuesto para el hombre la delimitación de los momentos más importantes de su existencia. Hoy en día estamos ante el gran reto de introducir una dualidad en la naturaleza del documento, en la medida que se emplean indistintamente los creados en soportes físicos (fundamentalmente en papel) y los que se construirán por medios electrónicos. Estamos convencidos de que una de las tareas más eficientes que se pueden hacer desde las direcciones de las distintas Administraciones, es la puesta en común de estas herramientas. El tipo de documento que contempla nuestra propuesta posee una doble vertiente: ser capaz de transmitir la información que contiene, tanto a un ser humano como a un sistema informático. Para ello se han incluido textos literales, destinados fundamentalmente a la lectura por el hombre, así como datos agrupados en tablas preparadas para la interoperabilidad entre sistemas informáticos. Nuestra propuesta de construcción de documentos administrativos electrónicos desde el ERP de gestión, pretende resolver un conjunto de problemáticas con las que actualmente nos encontramos, así como adelantarnos a situaciones venideras, como es el caso del próximo derecho del que dispondrán los ciudadanos para acceder a los documentos que obren en poder de las Administraciones. Nuestra propuesta de construcción de los documentos administrativos electrónicos por capas secuenciales es una técnica integrable en cualquier aplicación informática. Se trata de una propuesta de elaboración de los documentos fruto del análisis de cada uno de los elementos que componen el documento y su traslación, modificación, incluso eliminación, al mundo electrónico, pasando por el filtro del marco jurídico actual. Cada una de las capas que intervienen contiene un conjunto de atributos, entre los que destacan si contiene datos protegidos o reservados, así como los metadatos y los contenidos de estos. De esta forma, en la composición de cada capa, hay que establecer el texto o estructura de la tabla y datos contenidos, además de identificar si se puede establecer el metadato de forma automática. Esta forma de construir los documentos permitirá crear un conjunto de copias auténticas, totales y parciales, que responderán de forma automática al acceso a los documentos, en función del rol de la persona interesada. Esto es importante en los documentos que contienen datos protegidos por la LOPDP, ya que actualmente disponemos de un sistema dual, en la medida que ante la solicitud de acceso a estos documentos no se permitirá su consulta por contener datos que están protegidos, si bien habría que permitir la consulta al resto del documento. Este problema sólo tiene solución por medio de la construcción de copias auténticas parciales generadas automáticamente por todas las capas que no contengan el atributo «protegido» y/o «reservado». Otra novedad aportada es la técnica de construcción de los documentos encadenados mediante la inserción de un metadato, (el que contiene el hash del primer eslabón). Esta propuesta resuelve la situación que se plantea cuando un documento ha sido corregido, modificado o revocado por otro posterior. Es indispensable que ante la demanda al gestor documental de cualquiera de ellos, el sistema devuelva el conjunto de todos los documentos que componen la cadena, ya que de no hacerlo así, estaría informando sesgadamente, pudiendo dar lugar a confusión, desinformación y ocultamiento. El estudio desarrollado en la elaboración de esta tesis doctoral nos ha permitido construir la técnica que proponemos y que permite devolver al documento todo el protagonismo que ha tenido desde que Alfonso X el Sabio instauró su uso y que parecía haber ido perdiendo en favor de los datos. Con el apoyo de un marco jurídico innovador y aplicando reingeniería de procesos, se ha construido una técnica de elaboración de documentos administrativos electrónicos que, no solo resuelve algunas deficiencias observadas y ancladas en las prácticas administrativas, sino que aporta un mayor grado de seguridad jurídica para el ciudadano, moderniza la administración (situándola en el siglo XXI), a la vez que se da cumplimiento al precepto constitucional de eficacia, eficiencia y economía. The public administrative document, its electronical and technological enviroment and legal framework: a proposal for a paradigm shift. Autor: Rafael Ferrando Martínez Objectives: The overall objective of this thesis is the need to properly locate the electronic administrative document as a central element in the new management framework generated by eGovernment. More specifically, this research aims to: • Properly conceptualize the electronic administrative document, identifying its composition (elements), normalizing formats and types. • Analyze and verify the number of changes introduced on the management of administrative proceedings that imposes the emergence of the electronic document, adapting to the times and . • . discern what is the best way to carry out the management of the electronic and related technologies and procedures, appropriately adapted to the new legal framework. Methodology: During the conducting of our research, we have taken into account the following set of considerations and operations: • First, we has developed a general overview about the concept of administrative document, carefully analyzing their structure, content and classification systems. • In recent years, it has developed a wide legal framework to enable the application of ICT to the administrative procedures of the goverments. It has allowed to develop a new concept: the electronic administrative document, that we have defined and properly contextualized. • Goverments are required by law to change and adapt their management systems to the electronic administrative document. So, they must recompose the traditional modes of management, whose origins are lost in time sometimes. We reflected on the urgent need to redesign of individual administrative acts, proposing possible solutions that adapt to the new enviroment. • Obviously, the techniques of Archives and Records Management has been present in the procedures analysis. • After all this analysis, we tried to identify the key aspects of this new paradigm in order to introduce a new management proposal that contributes to strengthen and consolidate our vision of eGovernment, always considering the document as the main focus of te management. In our research, has applied the deductive method (analysis of the universe), understanding it as enshrined in the legal framework, especially at the basic, from which applies in particular cases (which each Government needs to addressed in the implementation of administrative procedures). We also have used the inductive method (obtaining general conclusions from something particular situation). It is based on the observation and recording of the events analyzed, their classification, referral and contrast inductive. In this perspective, we have studied the available ICT standards and tools that allow to introduce an improvement in the analysed procedures. Conclusions: It is obvious that Governmets and Technology come together. The writing and document construction have led to men the record of the most important moments of their existence. Today, we have the challenge of introducing a duality in the nature of the document, to the extent that the created are used interchangeably in hardware (mostly on paper) to be built and electronically. We believe that one of the most efficient tasks to develop into the managemet of public documents is the sharing of these tools. The type of electronic document of our proposal has two aspects: it is able to transmit information containing both a human and a computer system. This has been included verbatim texts, mainly for reading by humans, as well as grouped data in tables prepared for interoperability between systems. Our proposed construction of electronic administrative documents from ERP management, aims to solve a set of problems with which we are currently and anticipate future situations related with the access to public documents by the citizens. Our proposal for the construction of electronic administrative documents by a sequential layered technique is easy to be integrated into any software application. This proposal is based on the analysis of each one of the elements of the document and its translation, modification, even elimination, to the electronic enviroment, through the filter of the current legal framework. Each of the intervening layers contains a set of attributes, among them whether sheltered or contains data and metadata and the contents of these. Thus, into the composition of each layer, must be established the text or table structure and the included data as well as identifying whether the metadata can be set automatically. This form of construction of documents will be able to create a set of partial certified copies, that automatically respond to access to documents depending on the role of the concerned person. This is specially important in documents containing data protected by the Data Protection Acts, as currently we have a dual system, to the extent that the request for access to these documents will not be allowed to contain query data that is protected, but would to allow consultation to the rest of the document. This problem can only be solved by building automatically generated partial certified copies with the layers that do not contain the attribute "protected" and / or "reserved". Another innovation introduced in our proposal is the chained construction technique of documents from the use of a metadata (which contains the hash of the first link). This proposal solves the situation that arises when a document has been corrected, amended or revoked by a later. It is essential to ask to the document management system of any of them, the system returns the set of all documents that make up the chain, since failure to do so, it would be reporting biased and may lead to confusion, misinformation and concealment. The study developed in the ellaboration of this thesis has allowed to us to build the proposed technique, that allows to return to the documents all the attention that they had since Alfonso X the Wise established their use, and which seemed to have been lost in favor of the data. With the support of a legal framework and implementing innovative process reengineering, we has built a processing technique of constructing of electronic administrative document that not only solves some shortcomings and anchored in administrative practices, but provides a greater degree of legal certainty for the citizens, streamlines management (placing it in the XXI Century), while giving effect to the constitutional precepts of effectiveness, efficiency and economy.

This report, City Development Strategy for Can Tho, was completed to portray the long term development strategy for the city of Can Tho in the Republic of Vietnam. The report states that within the next 20 years, Can Tho city will be a dynamic development for the whole Mekong Delta Region. As a centerpiece of the Mekong delta region, the southern part of Vietnam and the adjacent international regions. Can Tho will be a typical riverside city with a multi-center city system. It has the potential to become a center of hi-tech industry, trading, service and tourism; science and technology, healthcare and education-training, as well as a communication center for the entire Mekong delta.

The post-2015 development agenda is being shaped as we speak. The role of identity and identification and its importance to development outcomes places it within the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) agenda—specifically as one of the proposed SDG targets (#16.9), but also as a key enabler of the efficacy of many other SDG targets. Although there is no one model for providing legal identity, this SDG would urge states to ensure that all have free or low-cost access to widely accepted, robust identity credentials. Regardless of the modalities to achieve it, the recognition of legal identity – together with its associated rights – is becoming a priority for governments around the world. Political will is central, and the SDGs – unwieldy as they may seem today – provide a useful reference point for accountability. But new approaches expand the horizon of what is possible, and should serve as a stimulus to development ambition. Seizing these opportunities requires strong leadership, a supportive legal framework, mobilization of financial and human resources, and – critically – the trust of each country's residents. Incentives, technology, foreign assistance and reforms will all be critical in achieving tangible results. Equally important is coordination at the global, regional and national levels, to ensure inclusive oversight and concerted global action. Support from donors and other development partners is widely diffused. It could focus more strategically on building core systems for registration and – equally important – ensuring that these extend into effective and inclusive systems to support development.

The dynamic growth of mobile communications technology is creating opportunities for economic growth, social empowerment, and grassroots innovation in developing countries. One of the areas with the greatest potential impact is in the contribution that mobile applications can make to agricultural and rural development (ARD), by providing access to information, markets, and services to millions of rural inhabitants. For both agricultural supply and demand, mobile phones can reduce waste, make delivery more efficient, and forge closer links between farmers and consumers. This report provides policymakers and development practitioners with a guide that facilitates the development and deployment of mobile applications for ARD. It also informs their understanding of the key drivers for promoting such applications and services in their countries. Using James Moore's (1996) revised definition of ecosystems: economic communities based on interacting organizations and individuals the report identifies a wide range of players in the ecosystem for m-ARD apps, such as mobile network operators, m-app (mobile applications) providers, content providers, and various types of users. M-apps are software designed to take advantage of mobile technology and can be developed for technology besides mobile phones. But mobile phones have many key advantages: affordability, wide ownership, voice communications, and instant and convenient service delivery. As a result, there has been a global explosion in the number of m-apps, facilitated by the rapid evolution of mobile networks and by the increasing functions and falling prices of mobile handsets. M-apps are markedly different in developing countries because they typically run on second-generation (2G) phones rather than smartphones, which are far more common in developed countries. The report reviews country examples and extracts policy lessons and good practices. It also presents detailed studies of cases from Kenya, Philippines, and Sri Lanka, as well as summarizes 92 case studies from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the development impact, ecosystem, and business models for mobile applications in ARD. The report is intended to complement the recent ICT in Agriculture eSourcebook. One of the main findings is that an enabling platform (or platforms) is probably the most important factor for the development of m-ARD apps. Platforms can facilitate interactions among ecosystem players, increase access to users, provide technical standards, and incorporate payment mechanisms.

This thesis is about the metaphors of the rainbow and the fogbow, investigations and evaluations, public Internet monitors, writing women, reflections and discussions about politics, design and democracy. It is also about the ongoing re-structuring of participation in service design within the development of E-Government. The aim behind the drive towards E-Government is to modernise administration and make it more efficient. The transformation and modernisation of public services are proclaimed to bring about a change in services based on a 'citizen-centred approach.' In such a process, communication between citizens and public authorities should play an essential role. Themes such as accountability, accessibility and participation all form part of the reconfiguration and at the same time these themes is shaped by the transformation. The papers in this thesis discuss, in different ways, how this reconfiguration is enacted in practice. Theories and methodologies from feminist theories, participatory design and informatics, are used in order to develop broader and more complex understandings of ongoing development within E-Government. Introduction to the papers Paper I Everyday Dialogue and Design for Co-Operative Use: An Evaluation of the Public Internet Monitor Project Accessibility is a central issue in the achievement of democracy, i.e. with respect to the opportunity for and right to 'access' to new technology and information – an argument also used when justifying the Public Internet Monitor Project. 'Access' in this context refers not only to purely physical access to new technology and information, it is also about the opportunity to take part in community business on several different levels. The present sub-report presents the project and its background. The paper also discusses the way in which the Public Internet Monitor Project as a whole has contributed to the development of a social interface or contact surface between citizens and public authorities, as well as how it has stimulated processes of change within public administration and in contacts between public authorities and citizens. Among the questions raised during the evaluation are; how local networks and activities can be stimulated by the citizen monitor and how the user's ideas and experience can be utilised in local adaptations so that they become an essential part of a continuous development of services and technology. The paper also describes the linked chains of responsibility exemplified in the excerpts from the interviews. These also include final users as a means of creating a personalised service adapted to local praxis and user environments. The question is posed "is it possible to talk in terms of interactivity on several different levels, not only in the sense of transmitting information or communicating, but also as a means of creating a relation-based interactivity?" Paper II Reconfiguration of Citizenship: Rights and Duties in Development of Public Services This paper presents the case of the cleaner in the library and some examples of feedback failures. Access to information, technology, and to some degree, participation in development of new services, is a central issue in the prevailing eGovernment discourse. This vision also comprises the idea of the active, contributing citizen and considers the development of local public participation as a process of co-construction of citizenship and services engaging several actors on different levels. At the same time, access must be seen as a contemporaneous process of inclusion and exclusion, a defining and drawing up of the boundaries of a new electronically mediated membership, where access is becoming a prerequisite for activating citizenship, transforming "the right to have access" into a "duty to participate", not just for citizens but for the employees who must manage the reconfiguration of citizenship and relations. The foundations for participation, however, turn out to be relatively restricted in practice. The original title of the paper was: Co-Construction of Citizenship: Rights and duties in development of public services. Paper III Consulting the Citizens – Relationship-based Interaction in the Development of E-Government This paper investigates current practices for involving citizens in the development of web-based services in public administration and tries to track their motives. With respect to democratisation, I argue that there is a large potential in adopting participatory design methods for establishing relation-based interaction between administration and citizens. The paper presents an analysis of E-Government initiatives. More particularly it explores the discourse of the materials surrounding these initiatives, particularly with respect to value systems derived from the marketing perspective contra democratic values. It demonstrates that conventional images of democracy have only a background role to play in such efforts. Paper IV Mapping Out and Constructing Needs in the Development of Online Public Services This paper is based on a study concerning experiences of, access to and requests for public services on-line, within the RISI+ Project. The paper presents a pilot study of the setting up of public services in the local context of the county of Blekinge, in southeast Sweden. The study was conducted as a peer evaluation of a selection of methods, or types of needs analysis, used by different actors and producers of public services in order to gain a picture of various needs among users. One part of this study focuses on the views expressed by service providers about the dialogue between themselves and citizens on the provision of public services. This is compared with the practical use or, in some cases, lack of use, of explicit techniques, such as questionnaires, larger surveys and work carried out with the help of focus groups. A basic question is, 'what role does citizen involvement play in the analysis of needs and services and in the choice of design?'. Parts of this report were presented in a poster display at the NordiCHI 2000 conference, "Design versus design" in Stockholm in October 2000 and, in a different version, as a work-in-progress report at the PDC 2000 (Participatory Design) Conference "Bringing in more voices" , in New York in November. Paper V Making E-Government Happen : Everyday Co-Development of Services, Citizenship and Technology This paper describes the use of a metaphorical figure used in different contexts as part of a discussion of working relationships of the co-development of services, citizenship and technology change. The paper discusses the challenge of developing a supportive infrastructure for the ongoing local adaptation and development of public services as citizens use them. Developing supportive structures for co-operation in the design task involves incorporating ways of including the general public, mapping out networks, developing tailorable software and cultivating shop-floor management. If continuous joint co-development of services is made a central part of the co-development of services, citizenship and technology, this also blurs the boundaries between governmental and municipal authorities, private sector employees and other actors within, for example, the voluntary sector - but above all, continuous joint co-development blurs the boundary between citizens and local authorities. The citizens become key figures in the 'web of connections' that makes up the design, content and use of new technologies. In the discourse on participation in E-Government, few reflections are made concerning the basic issue of the democratic values that could be gained by early involvement of local employees and citizens in developmental work or technology-based changes. Making more deliberate use of participatory design methods for incorporating multi-perspectives in service design as well as technology production and use could be a way to stimulate a broader, more inclusive and sustainable participation in local development of E-Government. Paper VI Discourses and Cracks - A Case Study of Information Technology and Writing Women in a Regional Context This is the first of the papers I wrote, where empirical material from a local IT project is discussed and mirrored against the dominating discourses of information technology. Paper VI discusses information technology as a political and practical discourse, which is in part shaped by the repetition of an exalted rhetoric. This repetitive discursive model can be distinguished in global, regional and local contexts and reflects an optimistic belief in technology as an independent power that automatically furthers democratic development. The second part of the paper presents empirical material and experiences from the Women Writing on the Net-project (this was included in the framework of the DIALOGUE project, which was partially funded by ISPO/EC). The aim of the project was to create a virtual space for women on the Internet, and to explore the writing process in terms of aims, tool and method. The method of approach incorporates reflections and discussions about empowerment, democracy and representation of women. This contributed to a more complex understanding of the values of the predominant IT discourses, and revealed the "cracks" in, and possibilities of feminist redefinitions of, these values. ; Denna licenciat avhandling diskuterar bland annat regnbågars och dimbågars relevans som metaforer för tillgång till teknik. Vidare presenteras utvärderingar och studier samt reflektioner kring politik, utveckling av e-government och e-demokrati, även benämnd 24-timmarsmyndigheten. Dessa studier av olika praktiker och diskurser relateras till design och utveckling av elektroniska tjänster på lokal, regional och nationell nivå. Syftet bakom den pågående omvandlingsprocessen är en vilja att modernisera och effektivisera offentlig administration. Denna förändring och modernisering av offentlig service är avsedd att få tills tånd förändring inom såväl offentlig administration som vad gäller utformning och erbjudande av offentliga tjänster, och att stimulera verksamhetsutveckling. Tjänster erbjuds elektroniskt och tillskapas utifrån ett medborgarperspektiv (citizen-centered-approach). I en sådan omfattande omvandlingsprocess spelar kommunikationen mellan medborgaren och offentliga myndigheter en väsentlig roll. Teman som ansvarstagande (accountability), tillgänglighet(accessibility) och deltagande (participation), utgör aktiva delar av denna omstrukturering som får effekter för utvecklingen av publika tjänster, verksamheter och utövandet av medborgarskap. Samtidigt gestaltas och omskapas också själva förändringsprocessen utifrån vad som faktiskt sker i olika praktiker. I sammanlagt sex paper diskuteras, med olika utgångspunkt, hur denna omstrukturering tar sig uttryck. Teori- och metodram är hämtade från flera discipliner och tillämpade forskningsområden, några exempel är feministiska teorier, deltagande (participatory, även collaborative) design, samt community informatics med syfte att skapa en holistisk, mångfacetterad förståelse och ge utrymme för den komplexitet som den pågående utvecklingen inom e-government och e-demokrati omfattar.

Many countries are in the process of transitioning from primarily paper-based administrative systems to digital systems through the application of information and communication technology (ICTs) as part of e-Government initiatives. Though much has been written about the positive power of technology and information to support greater transparency and accountability and, by extension, development, this paper discusses literature exploring the unintended consequences and downside risks for transparency and accountability associated with the way recorded information is produced and managed in digitally enabled developing country public sector contexts. The implications of these risks for implementation of right to information laws is discussed, and a call is made for further research and greater attention to the effects of ICT use in the public sector, especially in regard to digital records and information creation, use, management and preservation and effects upon the operation of transparency and accountability mechanisms.

This study presents the vision and implementation recommendations for the electronic identity based service delivery framework (EISDF) in Vietnam. It also delineates the roles to be played by the diverse stakeholders (private, public, development community, etc.) in the field. The study recommends various relevant and innovative electronic identity (eID) services that can be implemented to transform and enhance the accountability and efficiency of service delivery across sectors. These recommendations are based on the stocktaking of international experiences and identified possibilities based on the country assessment. Special emphasis is placed on eID systems that operate on mobile phones, and on those that have the potential of being scaled up by both the public and private sectors in Vietnam. The eID systems can help reduce identity fraud and enable individuals to avail of services more securely in a variety of contexts as in mobile banking and mobile applications for health care.

The Philippines is one of the eight founding members of the open government partnership (OGP) alongside Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Norway, South Africa, United Kingdom, and the United States. The overarching concept of open government recognizes that good governance derives from the principle of transparency by providing an easily accessible, readily usable, and up-to-date online platform of digitized public records. Open data is an important component and commitment area of the OGP. The Philippines developed its first national open government action plan, which detailed nineteen initiatives under four broad outcome areas, from June to September 2011. This paper aims to: (1) document the historical development, key drivers, and milestones of open government Philippines and open data Philippines, and (2) pose recommendations for moving forward with its commitments. It reviews the composition and formation of the open data task force and showcases the features of data.gov.ph. The paper seeks to pose recommendations pertaining to the following areas: (1) release and manage organized, operable, and relevant data; (2) refine technical aspects of open data; (3) institutionalize open data within government; (4) promote civic engagement and stakeholder outreach; and (5) adopt complementary metrics and measures of success. The paper also opens a series of reports on the key stages in the development of the program, including implementation and impact evaluation.

Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation ; This report shows how business registers employ information and communication technology (ICT) to perform their functions more efficiently while at the same time providing businesses with more user-friendly services. Particular attention is paid to achieving innovative solutions, that is, solutions using ICT as a catalyst for re-engineering the registration process to improve users experiences and to provide useful services and high-quality information for both the private and the public sectors. In addition, this analysis demonstrates that business registers play an increasingly important part in e-Government solutions. Aimed at integrating services, e-Government solutions build on information sharing. This underscores the importance of business registers as master data sources. This analysis is based on data from the following sources: a 2011 survey of 41 business registers conducted by the Bronnoysund register centre in cooperation with the World Bank Group; case studies undertaken in 2011 in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Italy, Vietnam, and Norway; the 2011 World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC) doing business report; the 2011 World Bank Group study of ICT solutions in 34 company registers; the 2011 European commerce registers forum report; and the International Council On Archives (CIA) factbook.

This paper identifies four primary drivers of proactive disclosure throughout history. The first is the need to inform the public about laws and decisions and the public's right to be informed, to know their rights and obligations. The second is the public's demand for the information needed to hold governments accountable both at and between elections. The third is the demand for information in order to participate actively in decision-making. The fourth is the provision to the public of information needed to access government services, which has expanded significantly in the past decade with growth of electronic access to services or 'e-government.' This paper attempts to advance the debate around that question by analyzing the multiple proactive disclosure provisions in national law and international treaties in order to identify the emerging global consensus on the classes of information which should be included in a proactive disclosure regime. The paper examines the practical challenges related to the implementation of proactive disclosure regimes and some of the lessons learned from which principles for making proactive disclosure work in practice can be derived. It concludes by identifying some future challenges and areas where additional research is needed.