Suchergebnisse

Актуальность темы обусловливается тем, что большинство некоммерческих организаций находятся в затруднительном положении при недостаточности финансирования из соответствующих бюджетов, поэтому необходимо развивать дополнительные источники дохода. В данной ситуации остро встает вопрос о привлечении альтернативных источников финансовых поступлений некоммерческими организациями. Переход к рыночным отношениям в Российской Федерации обусловливает необходимость изменить формы финансирования деятельности некоммерческих организаций. К таким «рыночным формам» относят применение целевых грантов и использование доходов от целевого капитала. В Российской Федерации возможность формирования и использования доходов от целевых капиталов появилась с принятием Федерального закона от 30.12.2006 № 275-ФЗ «О порядке формирования и использования целевого капитала некоммерческих организаций». Для повышения объемов доходов от целевых капиталов необходимо в практику вводить методы, направленные на достижение определенного результата, эффекта. Таким образом, в качестве первоочередной задачи повышения результативности доходов целевого капитала ставится изменение механизма формирования и использования доходов целевого капитала. Для оптимизации формирования и использования и вообще успешного долгосрочного функционирования целевого капитала требуется надежное и стабильное государственное правовое регулирование. Несмотря на внесенные изменения, закон не доработан, что препятствует многим потенциальным участникам использовать целевой капитал. Основные изменения по усовершенствованию закона носят технический характер, поэтому в данной статье представлены конкретные предложения для дополнения закона. Также необходимо исследование механизма формирования и использования целевого капитала некоммерческими организациями через повышение эффективности управления средствами целевого капитала и фондом целевого капитала. Крайне важным является выявление необходимости развития формирования и использования целевых капиталов, потому что России жизненно необходимо развитие в новых направлениях. Если только она не хочет быть полностью зависимой от нефти и газа, в долгосрочной перспективе ей нужно осуществлять качественные инвестиции. Таким образом, представляется крайне актуальным и востребованным в современных экономических условиях проведение исследования механизма формирования и использования целевого капитала некоммерческими организациями. ; The majority of non-profit organizations are facing difficulties of insufficient budget financing, which necessitates development of additional income sources. In this situation attracting alternative sources of financial proceeds by non-profit organizations is becoming a matter of great significance. The transition to the market relations in the Russian Federation requires new forms of financing the activities of nonprofit organizations. Such «market forms» include the use of special-purpose grants and endowment revenues. In the Russian Federation, the formation and use of non-profit endowment revenues was made possible with adoption of Federal Law No. 272-FZ of December 30, 2006, «On the Procedure of Formation and Use of the Endowment of Non-Profit Organizations». To increase endowment revenues practical activities should make use of methods targeted at a specific effect. Therefore, to reach the primary objective of increasing the effectiveness of endowment revenues, it is necessary to change the mechanism of formation and utilization of the latter. For optimization of formation and use and to ensure overall long-term functioning of the non-profit endowment, reliable and stable government legal regulation is needed. Though amended, the law is still incomplete, which prevents many potential players from making use of the endowment. Basically, all amendments of the law until now have been of the technical nature, therefore, this paper contains specific proposals to complete the law. It is also important to study the mechanism of formation and use of the endowment by non-profit organizations through increasing the efficiency of management in controlling endowment assets and endowment funds. A matter of primary importance is to reveal the necessity of establishment and utilization of endowments because Russia needs development in new dimensions.High-quality long-term investments are required for the country not to be hydrocarbon dependent. To sum up, in the current economic situation the investigations into the mechanism of formation and use of the endowment by non-profit organizations are up-to-date and in demand.

The paper takes head on the odd way in which spanish planning legislation sees the landowner as the natural font of all building and planning duties and rights. Spanish constitutional structuring and the principles behind the European Union's Treaty of Rome as to the open market and free competence for this on the property market give rise to serious problems when it comes making either of these natural law' notions fit in with modern constitutional doctrine and law as to objects. If it is taken as universally demonstrated that territory is subject to public governance and this in its general public's interest, then planning activity can be neither imposed upon nor yet made an attribute proper to the owner of any ground to the end of making him a necessary party to a public planning function in the light of his mere ownership of any given plot (art. 33EC). Quite otherwise, such activity is seen as an economic business one subject then to free competition (art 38 CE) given that both benefits and any future city are at once virtual yet public given that they do not exist before their creation and thus cannot be subject to civil law governing things concrete. Actual legal procedures. the paper argues, are thus an anti-constitutional restricting of an access to an open market and this not only due to the non-renounceable spatial restricting of ground for development but also because of the excluding initiative that the owner is obliged to shoulder ( and this even to the excluding of third parties) throughout any developing process. The paper lays down that plainly only free and willing business activity is the necessary vehicle for bringing the public function of creating the future reality or any virtual image of the city and that this alone can transform either into real things open to being built in keeping with the dictates of the law as to private property. ; Se confronta abiertamente la forma peculiar en la que la legislación urbanística española trata al propietario del suelo como depositario natural de todos los deberes y derechos de urbanizar y edificar. Las coordenadas constitucionales españolas y los principios del Tratado de Roma de la actual Unión Europea en materia de libre empresa y libre competencia de ésta en el mercado inmobiliario plantean serios problemas de encaje de esta concepción con el moderno constitucionalismo y el derecho de cosas. Desde la comprobación de que el territorio está sometido al principio del gobierno público, en aras del interés general dela colectividad, la actividad urbanizadora no puede ni imponerse ni atribuirse al propietario del terreno para que sea colaborador necesario de dicha función pública urbanística, tan sólo por su mera condición posicional en ese locus concreto (artículo 33 CE), sino que deviene una actividad económica empresarial sometida a la libre competencia (articulo 38 CE), al ser los aprovechamientos y la ciudad futura una cosa virtual y pública, inexistente antes de su realización, por tanto, no sometible al Derecho civil sobre Ias cosas reales. El actual proceder legal implica, pues, una restricción de acceso al libre mercado, no sólo por la imprescindible restricción espacial del suelo urbanizable. sino por la intervención exclusiva (y excluyente de terceros) a que se obliga a los propietarios a lo largo de todo el proceso. Es cabalmente la libre y voluntaria actividad empresarial el nexo necesario entre la función pública creadora de las cosas futuras o imágenes virtuales de la ciudad, la que ha de convertirlas en cosas reales susceptibles de ser edificadas con el derecho privado.

Prevailing constructivist scholarship argues that the evolution of regional organizations is due to the influence of global norms such as liberal democracy. Alternative rational choice theories suggest there might be efficiency gains that explain the evolution of international organizations. However, these explanations struggle to account for some paradoxical institutional outcomes, for example, the empowerment of inefficient regional parliaments by non-democratic states—an outcome that also threatens state sovereignty. To address such paradoxes, this paper highlights the importance of regionally bound norms in shaping the development of regional organizations. It argues that regional norms can create normative traps that make states converge on a particular institutional outcome. Using the empirical case of the empowerment of the Parliament of the Economic Community of West African States, which was granted budgetary oversight and mandatory referral powers in 2016, this paper conceives of African international actors as locked in a Pan-African rhetorical trap. The Pan-African rhetorical trap describes a normative environment in which certain outcomes become irresistible for a variety of actors because they accord unambiguously with the norms of the African community. The findings have important implications for the study of international organizations more broadly, scholarship on African international relations, and scholarship on global governance.

Anlässlich des ersten Jahrestages der Ausrufung der Pandemie durch Covid-19, welche alle juristischen Nachrichten zu beherrschen scheint, geht die Autorin auf verschiedene Ereignisse ein, über die in diesem Zeitraum in der nationalen und internationalen Presse berichtet wurde und die als gemeinsamen Nenner das Problem der Immunität nach internationalem Recht von Staatsoberhäuptern und ehemaligen Staatsoberhäuptern und Regierungschefs gegenüber der Strafgerichtsbarkeit aufweisen, um die jeweils anwendbare juristische Lösung zu bestimmen. ; On the occasion of the first anniversary of Covid-19 officially being declared a pandemic (something which seems to have led the ranking of current legal affairs), the writer here goes through several events gathered by international press during such times which focus on the issue of inmunity from criminal jurisdiction of Heads and former Heads of State and Government, always according to International Laws, in order to find the best legal answer for each case. ; Con ocasión del primer aniversario de la declaración de la pandemia por la Covid- 19, que parece haber monopolizado toda la actualidad jurídica, la autora hace un repaso de diversos acontecimientos recogidos en la prensa nacional e internacional durante ese periodo que tienen como nexo común la problemática relativa a la inmunidad de jurisdicción penal de que gozan los jefes y antiguos jefes de Estado y de Gobierno, según el Derecho internacional, para determinar cuál es la solución jurídica aplicable a cada uno de ellos.

Abstract
We examine the processes by which regulations prevailing in countries at the core of the global economy spread to countries outside this small group. We show how specific cross-border relationships between banks, regulators, and investors generate regulatory interdependence that drives the diffusion of international standards from the standard-setting countries at the core of the financial system to the financial periphery. We argue that regulatory decisions in the financial periphery are shaped by the prior choices of regulators in other countries, mediated through four specific cross-border relationships associated with banking globalization. We draw on a new dataset of Basel II adoption in over ninety jurisdictions in the financial periphery. Using spatial lag models we show that regulators' decisions over the adoption of international standards are shaped by the choices of regulators to whom they are connected through the cross-border operations of individual banks, international professional networks, and competition for capital. Our analysis underscores the value of parsing out the relevant actor-level linkages that connect countries: while international considerations shape regulatory decisions, what matters is not the extent to which countries are connected to the global economy but rather the nature of these connections.

This paper addresses the role of emerging powers and the importance of Southern soft power resources in global peace negotiations. It aims to examine the performance of Brazil as a contributor to peaceful solutions and the de-escalation of international security tension. Brazilian assertive diplomacy during the Lula da Silva government (2003-2010) made special efforts to build bridges in international negotiations to transcend deadlock scenarios. This text will focus specifically on the 2010 Brazil-Turkey joint initiative – known as the Teheran Declaration – set forward to mitigate the international tensions caused by the Iranian nuclear program. Both countries worked together to persuade Iran to accept a fuel swap deal which could de-rail a new round of United Nations Security Council sanctions against Iran. The failure to change the course of Western-led coercive actions indicates the restraints emerging powers face as peace intermediators in global security. The lack of acknowledgement from Western powers, while effective to reverse the success of the Brazilian-Turkey initiative, also postponed positive outcomes in international negotiations with Iran. This text suggests re-visiting the consequences of this postponement, particularly after the Trump administration has walked away from the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action with Iran.

AbstractDo international court judgments influence the behavior of actors other than the parties to a dispute? Are international courts agents of policy change or do their judgments merely reflect evolving social and political trends? We develop a theory that specifies the conditions under which international courts can use their interpretive discretion to have system-wide effects. We examine the theory in the context of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) rulings on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues by creating a new data set that matches these rulings with laws in all Council of Europe (CoE) member states. We also collect data on LGBT policies unaffected by ECtHR judgments to control for the confounding effect of evolving trends in national policies. We find that ECtHR judgments against one country substantially increase the probability of national-level policy change across Europe. The marginal effects of the judgments are especially high where public acceptance of sexual minorities is low, but where national courts can rely on ECtHR precedents to invalidate domestic laws or where the government in power is not ideologically opposed to LGBT equality. We conclude by exploring the implications of our findings for other international courts.

"In den vergangenen Jahren ist es nachweislich zum Anstieg von Katastrophen gekommen, und dieser Trend wird - auch aufgrund der Auswirkungen des Klimawandels - anhalten. Es stellt sich daher die Frage, was in derartigen Fällen seitens der Vereinten Nationen, der Europäischen Union oder der NATO an Kräften und Mitteln (Military and Civil Defense Assets - MCDA) aufgebracht und eingesetzt werden kann. Oft wird in diesem Zusammenhang auch der Begriff 'Civil and Military Cooperation' (CIMIC) bzw. Civil Military Coordination (CMCoord) erwähnt, wobei man international unter 'UN-CMCoord' die Internationale Humanitäre Hilfe und die Internationale Katastrophenhilfe versteht, die jeweils auf die humanitäre Situation vor Ort ausgerichtet ist, wohingegen man z.B. im Rahmen von 'NATO-CIMIC' auf die Erreichung eines militärischen Zieles ausgerichtet ist. Betrachtet man den Katastrophenbereich im Gesamten, kann festgestellt werden, dass in den meisten Staaten Europas diese Aufgabe durch die Innenministerien abgedeckt wird; z.B. ist in Süd- und Osteuropa nur in Slowenien das Verteidigungsministerium zuständig. Die militärischen Elemente gelangen nur auf Ersuchen freiwillig zum Einsatz. Es gibt zwar verschiedene Datenbanken bei den Vereinten Nationen, der Europäischen Union und der NATO, einen länderübergreifenden militärischen Katastrophenschutz bzw. Katastrophenschutzkooperationen gibt es in Europa aber nicht. International zielt nun die 2010 initiierte HOPEFOR-Initiative (GA Res 65/307) zur Verbesserung der Wirksamkeit und Koordinierung von Militär- und Zivilschutzmitteln für die Bewältigung von Naturkatastrophen auf die Errichtung regionaler Zentren (Centers of Excellence - CoE) für gemeinsame Ausbildung und Training von zivilen und militärischen Kräften, aber auch auf die Kooperation bei Einsätzen in der Region ab. Interessant wird, welche Staaten sich (gemeinsam) für die Errichtung eines derartigen, überwiegend zivil geführten Zentrums in Europa interessieren und es verwirklichen werden. Gerade für kleinere Staaten in Europa könnte der gemeinsame Aufbau eines CoE (z.B. für die Region Zentral-, Süd- und Osteuropa) die Möglichkeit bieten, Kooperationen zu errichten und sich gegenseitig auf Einsätze vorzubereiten bzw. einander bei Einsätzen zu unterstützen und zu stärken. In Bulgarien gibt es bereits Überlegungen zum Aufbau eines militärischen CoE." (Autorenreferat)

Se presenta un análisis sobre las generalidades de los tratados internacionales: regulación jurídica, clasificación, estructura e innovaciones contempladas en la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (CRBV). Las fuentes documentales utilizadas se enmarcan dentro del ámbito constitucional, legal y doctrinal. Se concluye que los tratados internacionales constituyen en la era actual, sin lugar a dudas, la «base de la diplomacia mundial», puesto que ayudan a que una sociedad globalizada marcada por intereses contrapuestos en el ámbito económico, político, religioso, militar, cultural, entre otros, pueda convivir conforme a un orden internacional establecido. Además, estos acuerdos contribuyen a lograr el mantenimiento de la paz, el orden público y la resolución de conflictos internacionales. Abstract International treaties generalities like legal regulation, classification, structures, innovations contemplated in Venezuelan Constitution are considered in this article based on analytical method. The investigation is documental and the used sources are: diverse international instruments, doctrine, so much Venezuelan as strange, referred to the topic. It is important to consider that International Treaties constitute, nowadays, the «world diplomacy base» because they help global society, which is marked by interests opposed in different topics: economic, political, religious, military, cultural. Treaties contribute to achieve peace, public order and resolution of international conflicts.

Like all crises in the past, the economic downturn of 2008-2009 caused some frictions in the international trading system. Import tariffs, the traditional instrument for protecting domestic industries, however, have not played the primary role in this, particularly not in industrialised countries. The WTO rules have proved to be an efficient shield against a wholesale descent into protectionism in this respect. However, in other policy areas, such as state aid and WTO contingency measures the results are more mixed. While an all-out subsidy war has not broken out, heavy intervention has taken place in the automotive industry. This was much to the benefit of leading multinationals, who have used their international presence and mobility to extract various kinds of public support from governments. Neither governments nor WTO rules have managed to avoid costly subsidies. Indeed governments have found themselves caught in an international subsidy competition inflicted on them by global car manufacturers. This has allowed the car industry to take itself out of the existing international disciplines on subsides. While this is not classical protectionism offered to strictly national industries, we may see a new mutation emerging, wherein multinationals more effectively play governments against each other to lobby for local assistance for what are actually global operations.

This article argues that the punishment of terrorists can lead to a more peaceful world order only if we better understand what it means to punish justly. The just war tradition is considered, focusing on Augustine and Grotius, especially for its understanding of war as being occasionally necessary for punitive purposes. The military dimension of the US counter-terrorism campaign is assessed in terms of `just international punishment', with specific reference to US military actions in Afghanistan, Yemen and Iraq, framed partly as punitive responses to the 9/11 attacks. The article concludes that these military actions contain a punitive ethos, one that has come dangerously close to vengeance. It finds these military actions punitive, but not just for two reasons: (1) they are undermining the very international security structures that they supposedly seek to enforce by violating those norms, especially in the case of Iraq; (2) their primary focus on self-defence prevents them from being actions that might contribute to a more just international order. Finally the article considerers how a turn to the just war tradition might reinforce the norms of the international security order rather than undermine them.

El acceso a la información generada por las organizaciones internacionales es —en nuestro mundo globalizado— una necesidad para numerosos grupos de usuarios, que van desde los medios de comunicación, gobiernos, ámbito científico y desde luego ciudadanos que necesitan conocer sus derechos y obligaciones dirimidos cada vez más en un marco internacional. Se presenta el estudio de estos sistemas internacionales de información que requieren un acercamiento específico a los mismos, conociendo que forman parte de un sector más amplio de la documentación científica como es la documentación jurídica, pero necesitado de un estudio propio definido por los profesionales que lo han analizado como Documentación internacional. ; Access to the information generated by International Organizations is --in today's globalize world-a necessity for many user groups. Ranging from the communications media, governments, the sphere of science and, naturally, who need to know their rights and duties increasingly emerging from an international framework. Here we study the International Information Systems, which require a special kind of treatment since they form part of a broader sector of documentation, such as in legal world that requires specif ic study def ined by the professionals who have analysed it, such as International Documentation.

Access to the information generated by International Organizations is --in today's globalize world-a necessity for many user groups. Ranging from the communications media, governments, the sphere of science and, naturally, who need to know their rights and duties increasingly emerging from an international framework. Here we study the International Information Systems, which require a special kind of treatment since they form part of a broader sector of documentation, such as in legal world that requires specif ic study def ined by the professionals who have analysed it, such as International Documentation. ; El acceso a la información generada por las organizaciones internacionales es —en nuestro mundo globalizado— una necesidad para numerosos grupos de usuarios, que van desde los medios de comunicación, gobiernos, ámbito científico y desde luego ciudadanos que necesitan conocer sus derechos y obligaciones dirimidos cada vez más en un marco internacional. Se presenta el estudio de estos sistemas internacionales de información que requieren un acercamiento específico a los mismos, conociendo que forman parte de un sector más amplio de la documentación científica como es la documentación jurídica, pero necesitado de un estudio propio definido por los profesionales que lo han analizado como Documentación internacional.

This paper examines elements in the Bill C-31 package that relate to interdiction, setting them in the context of the failure of the international human rights to effectively protect the right to seek asylum. The Bill C-31 proposals are shown to be a continuation of longstanding Canadian policies and practices, as well as a reflection of international (particularly Western) preoccupations with migrant smuggling and trafficking in persons, especially as evidenced in the recently negotiated protocols to the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. ; Cet article examine les elements dans le paquet de législations du projet de loi C-31 reliés à l'interception, les plaçant dans le contexte du manque de protection efficace du droit de chercher asile dans le cadre du système international des droits humains. Il est démontré que le projet de loi C-31 est en fait une continuation de politiques et de pratiques canadiennes bien-établies, qui reflètent en même temps des préoccupations internationales (particulièrement celles des pays Occidentaux) avec le trafic illicite de migrants et la traite de personnes, spécialement comme cela s'est vu dans les Protocoles additionnels récemment négociés à la Convention des Nations Unies contre la Criminalité Transnationale Organisée.

The Brander‐Taylor small, open‐economy model of trade in a renewable resource and other goods is modified to allow for diminishing returns in the other goods sector. It is shown that opening up for trade may result in steady‐state gains from trade, even when there is open access to the resource and the country does not specialize fully in resource extraction. It is also shown that transition to optimal management, with price‐taking behaviour, may result in a welfare loss. Resources renouvelables et gains en provenance du commerce international. L'auteur modifie le modèle Brander‐Taylor de commerce international d'une ressource renouvelable et d'autres biens dans le cas d'une petite économie ouverte afin de tenir compte des rendements décroissants dans le secteur des autres biens. On montre que I'ouverture au commerce international peut entraîner des gains en provenance de l'échange international en régime permanent, et ce même quand l'accès à la ressource est ouvert et que le pays ne se spécialise pas dans l'extraction de la ressource. On montre que dans la période de transition vers un management optimal, quand il y a ajustement aux prix de marché, il peut y avoir perte de bien‐être.