Suchergebnisse

The Use of Force, by Lawrence Freedman
This article considers how military force might he used by western countries in the sort of conflicts they are likely to confront in the coming years. Direct threats to their territory are not judged likely. The article therefore considers situations in which there is an expectation of combat against the armed forces of an opponent, but in which the most vital interests of the interventionist countries are not directly at stake. Western governments are becoming increasingly wary of this sort of conflict. At least there is a search for strategies of intervention which minimize the costs, both human and material. This is a continuation of what was once known as the «indirect approach». It often involves air power, but in the end struggles over territory have to be fought on the ground. The article argues that the costs of conflict over the long-term can be minimized the more that they are accepted in the short-term.

Crisis Management Initiative (CMI) is a National Government Organization that focuses on advocacy for sustainable security and conflict resolution. This organization was founded in 2000 by Martti Ahtisaari. Ge was the former president of Finland in 1994-2000. CMI was asked to facilitate negotiation between the Indonesian government and GAM (Free Aceh Movement), through personal contact between Farid Husain and Juha Christensen. Aceh conflict was a disintegration-oriented-conflict, so it was potential to threaten Indonesia's sovereignty.This research used the historical method with heuristic, criticism or verification, interpretation, and historiography stages. The primary sources of data on this research were information in the media, both printed and electronic. Besides, this research also examined or reviewed the literary references that were related and relevant to the research topic. The study was to reveal how the background of CMI's involvement in Aceh peace in 2005, and how the strategic roles of CMI in resolving conflicts until the realization of Aceh peace in 2005 for Aceh remained a part of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI).The role of CMI as a reputable international institution and getting the trust of both parties, was capable of providing intervention to the conflicting parties so that its role became very strategic in mediating the conflict. The success of CMI was seen from the negotiation held in Helsinki Finland, resulting in the execution of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on August 15, 2005, as a peace agreement. After the signing of the Helsinki MoU, armed conflict stopped, and the social lives were back to normal, and the development process could resume usually.

THE DEVIATION BY VARIOUS NATIONAL COMMUNIST PARTIES FROM STRICT IDEOLOGICAL CONFORMITY IN SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS AFFECTING THEIR NATIONS WAS INEVITABLE CONFLICTS WITH MOSCOW DUE TO THIS WAS JUST AS INEVITABLE THIS POLYCENTRISM IS SEEN AS BOTH AN OUTGROWTH AND STRUCTURAL DEFECT OF THE SOVIET UNION'S MODEL OF PROLETARIAW NATIONALISM.

This book presents a study of how Armenia and Azerbaijan, two southern Soviet republics, were pulled into a conflict that helped bring them to independence and to spell the end the Soviet Union.

The author focuses on environmental degradation in Central Asia and the increasing interest in environmental issues since the late 1980s. At the core of the essay are three case studies, including the Aral Sea water crisis, nuclear testing in Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, and exploitation of natural resources in the Caspian Sea region. Biliouri argues that all regions in Central Asia are interlinked, as are the environmental issues, and due to the transboundary nature of environmental problems the issues are of international concern and require much more cooperation and collaboration. Environmental problems usually set off other problems and thus need to become a priority on the political agenda in the region. So far, Central Asian states have been unable to cooperate and international organizations have often attempted to apply their own experience to Central Asia. The author concludes that if there is no increased effort by the respective governments with support from the international community to find solutions to the problems, they might trigger other regional conflicts and evidently threaten state security. (DÜI-DOI)

In November, the ICRC completed its seed distributions to civilians affected by the conflict on the Angolan Planalto. During the operation, which started at the end of September, delegates distributed over 1,000 tonnes of seed to about 120,000 families in the provinces of Benguela, Bié and Huambo, where the conflict had seriously disturbed the normal crop cycle. ICRC teams conducted regular nutritional surveys which revealed a particularly high incidence of malnutrition, resulting from drought and the continuing conflict. To remedy the situation, the ICRC started to distribute food rations as early as October, along with the seed. Food distributions were stepped up in November and in December, reaching a total of about 65,000 people at the end of the year.

The Blue Berets have become markers of peace and security around the globe. This book develops critical perspectives on UN and NATO peacekeeping. It suggests that peacekeeping reconfigures former conflict zones in ways that shape perceptions of security

AbstractAs part of the roundtable, "Moral Injury, Trauma, and War," this essay explores the relationship between revisionist just war theory and moral injury. It proceeds in four sections. First, it offers a brief overview of the just war tradition, focusing on traditionalist and revisionist accounts, respectively. Next, it explores the relationship between moral injury and armed conflict. Then, it explores the links between moral injury and revisionist accounts of just war theory. Finally, by way of conclusion, the essay signals two potential complementary paths forward that future research could use to clarify the revisionist position and its link with moral injury.

Treball final de Màster Universitari en Estudis internacionals de Pau, Conflictes i Desenvolupament. Codi SAA074. Curs acadèmic 2013/2014 ; Torture in particular is a complex trauma that often occurs within the context of widespread persecution and human rights violations. Modern welfare shows that whole populations are at risk of suffering extensive trauma, injustice loss and resultantly emigration- forced to migrate. Such has being the faith of Southern Cameroonians forced to exit themselves from their homeland. - Dialogue could be an option. The lack of political freedom, press censorship, freedom of the press, freedom of Assembly, repression and Corruption further complicates the lives of the peoples of the entire nation

Examines US public opinion on use of force in foreign conflicts since the end of the cold war, emphasizing leadership role of the president; 1991 Persian Gulf war, Somalia, Haiti, and the Balkans.

This article analyses the relationship between rules on terrorism in international law and international humanitarian law (IHL), with the special emphasis on the European Union's standpoint on this issue. To this end, the article will present EU regulation in this field and the 2014 judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the Tamil Tigers case will be analysed. Having in mind that the relation between the scope of application of the rules on terrorism and international humanitarian law is one of the contentious issues that burden and prologue adoption of the Comprehensive convention on terrorism under the auspices of United Nations, this article will point out to the standpoint which the CJEU took regarding that relation and whether it can be instructive for this process. In order to present differing viewpoints of the states about the issue of relation between rules on terrorism and IHL, process of negotiations in the Ad hoc committee whose task is to draft the Convention on terrorism will be addressed firstly. It is concluded that the Western states and those states that are members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation have opposite views about the aforementioned relation and that these disagreements prevent them from adopting the final draft of the future convention on terrorism. On the other hand, European Union (EU) adopted the regulation on the fight against terrorism, and based on that regulation certain number of organizations is marked as terrorist organizations and economic measures are imposed upon them. Among these organizations is the organization of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, Tamil Tigers) which challenged this decision before the CJEU. The main object of the analysis is therefore the judgment of the CJEU in this case and especially the part of the judgment in which Tamil Tigers contest the application of the EU rules on terrorism, stating that it cannot be applied in the armed conflict occurring between them and the government of Sri Lanka, since the only norms applicable in this case are the rules of international humanitarian law. The Court found that the rules about financing terrorism apply all the time and that in the situation of armed conflict they are applicable alongside the rules of IHL. The Conclusion of the article is that the CJEU approach in this judgment can give useful guidelines for the resolution of a burdening issue of the relation between rules on terrorism and IHL. The rules on terrorism should be divided into two distinct categories, and each category should have its own relation with the IHL norms - rules on financing terrorism should be applied alongside IHL in armed conflict while the rules on incrimination of terrorist acts should not be applicable in situations of armed conflict. Also, the distinction between ius ad bellum and ius in bello should be preserved, therefore the application of the rules on terrorism and IHL should not depend upon the expressed motives of the parties to the conflict. In the end, it is also pointed out that the EU regulation has some shortcomings when it comes to the definition of terrorism and some recommendations are given for its overcoming.