Suchergebnisse

The Need for Re-examination of Industry Structure In rapidly changing and complex environment, the rate of change may be overwhelming. Communication within the firm is crucial to assess weaknesses and strength, make sense of the new developments and reconfigure resources to respond adequately. Firms may have to collaborate with other firms, both local and international, to secure the scarce resources that may enable them to compete with the international companies in a timely fashion as opposed to developing them internally. Such resource-acquisition may require learning the necessary know-how for acquiring and deploying the new technology, or gaining the capability for developing them with others, which may also give them additional intangibles such as collaborative advantages, reputation, brand name by association with others. The discussion suggests that smaller firms may seriously explore the option of becoming a part of a network (or networks) to attain the necessary requirements and accomplish their objectives, even though the costs may be high in the short-run; but they will enable increasing returns in the longer term. In this context, the resource-base view (RBV) of the firm provides a useful framework with which to identify valuable, rare, imperfectly inimitable and difficult to substitute resources (Barney, 1991). It also identifies the investments required to pursue international operations. However, the mere fact of identifying VRIN resources may prove insufficient to ensure competitiveness. The strategic process of renewal should emphasize resource reconfiguration, levering and deploying for catching-up with the international competition rather than mere resource selection as prescribed by the RBV. The focus not only should take into consideration the VRIN resources but also to include inimitable processes, transformation paths and positions that ensure SMEs' global competitiveness at the end, which also parallels the development of dynamic capabilities (Teece, Spence and Shuen, 1997) at the same time. The Augmenting Impact of Networks Smaller enterprises in emerging economies face major challenges in reinventing themselves rapidly and securing resources, which are further amplified due in part to the characteristics of emerging markets. Increasingly, networking is seen as a "primarily means of raising required for coordinating economic exchanges that fall in the continuum between market and hierarchies. Firms face increasing foreign competition in their domestic markets and the institutional inefficiencies that favor larger enterprises. In addition, they still do not have the requisite experience and industrial standards needed to expand into international markets. Joining, or operating through, a network can shield small firms as the network, as a whole, can be viewed as a larger firm in remedying, if not removing, some of constraints associated with the smaller and younger firms in terms of relative inexperience, limited flexibility, poor resources and capabilities . Regarding the necessary capability to navigate through macroeconomic and political fluctuations, or at times the unstable circumstances inherent in the emerging economies, Rauch argues that networks are different from markets because "their members are engaged in repeated exchanges that help sustain cooperation–collusion" and because "network members have thorough knowledge of each other's characteristics, which helps them match with each other or to refer each other to outside business opportunities" (Rauch, 200:1179). The ability to access, commercialize, and act as a broker of new resources, especially knowledge, is key to improving the competitive levels. In the case of RGEs, the concepts, and the associate practice, of social networks and the firm operating in a network are so intertwined in that it is difficult to distinguish one from the other. At the individual level, the entrepreneurs, or the owner-manager, who is the critical resource and the driver of business activities, can draw upon his social network to further enable the firm. At the firm level, the individual linkages can reinforce firm-to-firm or firm-to-network linkages. Etemad and Ala-Mutka (2006) report that the entrepreneurs of the fastest-growing firms in Canada called upon their social networks to help reduce, and even remove, barriers facing them, especially at the earlier stages of their life, at both the individual and firm levels. In the emerging countries, however, the above concepts may assume a different shade. The ownership structure of SMEs in the emerging countries economies, as briefly discussed earlier, owner- managers are likely to be personally involved in most aspects of the operations of their firms. In particular, they tend to centralize important decisions and personally manage the relationships with the key players in their environment. Furthermore, SMEs from emerging markets have been insulated from international competition for a long period of time, which has affected the ways in which their managers conducted business. Neither were managers used to highly dynamic and competitive markets, nor were they familiar with collaborating with their international competitors. Consequently, such managers' perception of independence, individualism and trust plays important roles in their decisions in becoming a member of a particular network. However, their personal ties not only may increase the social capital of the networks, it may also reduce the likelihood of opportunistic behaviors, leading to increased cooperative and collaborative behaviours among individuals and their associated firms over time; but such personal ties are likely to be more national than international. Even those who act as brokers in enlarging the SMEs' opportunity set by creating exchange and sharing information among contacts can benefit from the flow of useful information. Such cooperative relations may enable SMEs to reduce, and even remove, the adverse impact of restricted access to information regarding markets standards, international tax systems, international market opportunities, demand and supply condition, among others, which help to compensate for the lower levels of institutional development in emerging economies. According to Burt (1992: 65), the existence of a "relationship of non-redundancy between two contacts" creates social capital for the actor who is able to link up with network member that possesses complementary resources. These discussions suggest that even redundant contacts can benefit firms as they can provide several benefits: a) increase the political leverage of firms at home, b) overcome institutional and managerial constraints, c) increase the SMEs' leverage in input markets and output markets and also d) facilitate SMEs' access to managerial experience and capabilities available in the network. Bridging the Widening Gap between the Developed and Emerging Economies As discussed earlier, technological innovation is taking place at unprecedented rate. A large part of such innovation is path-dependent by nature as they are the results of firm's long-term research and development (R&D), investment and commitments to cutting-edge knowledge and advancing technology for improving upon their knowledge-based assets, productivity, competitiveness and the consequent economic growth. This is in part a way to respond to the increased competition resulting from globalization, pro-market reforms and open-door policies, among others, which are demanding higher productivity and competitiveness from firms and countries alike. No one is immune: the more competitive and productive firms and countries gain higher market share at the cost to those who are less efficient. Firms and countries are subject to a lot of similar external pressures forcing them to experience instability and flux, continuous emergence and rapid change, and overall uncertainty; but they emanate from different sources and forces. For example, firms face the dynamics of rapidly-changing relations with both the external and internal stake-holders, which have their own motivations beyond the firm's control. Similarly, the relative state of flux and instability is inherent in the change and emergence of complexity in the emerging countries due to the ongoing dynamics of global trade and investment not fully controllable by any given country, or firm, regardless of size and stage of development. However, RGEs have shown the capability and resilience in adapting to enable their growth. RGEs are also characterized by having entrepreneurial mindset, being market-oriented and adapting technology to meet their buyers' and suppliers' needs. They are learning organization in the sense that they constantly acquire, disseminate, and share both the information and its interpretation (Sinkula, 1994) with the final goal of sustaining growth in the long term. Furthermore, there is a common recognition that their growth depends on synergistic collaboration with the member of their supply and value chain. As discussed earlier, RGEs and emerging economies share relatively constrained resources and need to secure them to pursue their activities by devising innovative ways such as becoming a part of synergistic networks (Etemad 2004; Etemad, Dana and Wright 2001a), which forces a trade-offs between independent and interdependent modes of operations for securing access to vital resources to enable further growth. The added advantage of such networks is the possibility of learning from and with others through association as the rapid rate of change, emergence and complexity may not allow a firm or a country or learning by doing. Therefore, the above discussion suggests that RGEs not only are attractive models, and even instruments, for closing the gap between emerging economies, they can also grow faster than typical firms in their respective industries for augmenting growth-rates all around them. We have taken advantage of these similarities to propose a conceptual framework for the emerging economies to deploy, and learn from, RGE-like instruments to speed-up the emerging economies' growth rate. This framework is highlighted in Figure 1.Figure 1 Key Characteristics of Rapid Growing Enterprises and Emerging Economies Conclusion In light of characteristics describe in this paper, the necessary condition for a SME to ensure long-term success in international activities is to aim their sights high, transform their organizational structures for responding to challenges ahead and attain the resources required for expanding to international markets at high rates and on sustained basis. It is also crucial that SMEs expand their knowledge base to meet world-class requirements and standards. Naturally, governments can play crucial roles in at least three influential fronts directly aimed at improving upon firms' productivity, competitiveness and internationalization: a) providing adequate education aimed at the basic tools to face the competitiveness and deal with the complexity of a global economy; b) putting infrastructural support systems in place to facilitate SMEs' transition towards networked firms at home and abroad; and c) Instituting transitional subsidies and inducements for SMEs to transform towards knowledge-based assets and increasing internationalization. Although the higher levels of education allow firm managers and investors to draw resources from a pool of qualified individuals and may also increase the likelihood of transforming inventions into innovations, which is another pillar of success in the international market, it takes some time and effort and will only pay-back in the medium to longer-term; but it needs to be done sooner than later, nevertheless. Similarly, infrastructural support systems are the necessary longer-term investments. However, inducements may be very effective in terms of time and costs as well as initiating an emulative process with high and rapid multiplier effects across the population of firms. The sample of RGEs studied in this paper were young, small, pioneering and innovative firms that commercialized innovations not existing before and thus created incremental employment, income and additional wealth as opposed to resulting from shift in investments. Stated in popular terms, the RGEs presented in this paper enlarged the size of previously non-existing pie as opposed to increasing the size of the wedge of the pie at the cost to others. More importantly, their pioneering efforts set the standards for others to be emulated, thus diffusing the innovation in the allied industry. Stated differently, they rapidly constructed a bridge across barriers to unexplored landscapes that enabled further developments. From a country-level perspective, rapidly-growing enterprise may provide a viable model with an important role to play in rapid income- and wealth-creation. They may even have an important short-term impact on the economic growth of emerging economies while shifting the SMEs' emphasis is shifting from short-term aim of reaching profitability to attaining global competitiveness as soon as possible, which is the necessary condition for sustained growth in employment, revenue, income, tax-base and wealth. The distinction is noteworthy: the former is influenced by the local and short-term orientation of the investors and managers to see results, and probably exit, as quickly as possible; as opposed to international and longer orientation in the latter that invests for the long haul and expanded international opportunities, which reflects the operations of RGEs. By favoring the development of the latter-type of firms, governments will also develop an interesting policy instrument for both creating income and employment much more rapidly than the traditional models, while encouraging modernization in the industry and enhancing long-term competitiveness of the economy. The spill-over effects of RGE-type of operations should have a positive impact on the rest of the economy not only in terms of relatively-faster diffusion of knowledge, technology, best managerial practice and information about new market opportunities; but also on improve the subjective "business environment" of a country at a higher pace and in shorter time period. The demonstrative impact of such virtuous operations may even expand to the rest of the supply chain with a snowballing effect in the rest of the economy in term of improved quality-standards on the input side (e.g. intermediate goods, labor force, etc.) first and soon expanding to the entire economy. References Ala-Mutka, Jukka & Etemad, Hamid, (2006). The Strategies of Global Gazelles: A Theoretical Framework and Evidence from Rapidly Growing and Internationalizing Enterprises from Canada, in Johansson, I. (ed.), Entrepreneurship and Development Local Pro33cesses and Global Patterns, University of West Press, Sweden. Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. Birch, D. & Medoff, J. (1994). Gazelles. In L. C. Solmon and A. R. Levenson (Eds). Labor Markets, Employment Policy and Job Creation, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Dana, Leo. P., Etemad, H. & Wright, R., (2001a). "Symbiotic Interdependence," in Dianne Welsh & Ilan Alon, Editors, International Franchising in Emerging Markets (119-129). Illinois: CCH Publishing Delmar F., Davidson, P.&. Gartner W .B (2003). Arriving at the High-growth Firm. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 189–216. Etemad, H. (2004). Internationalization of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: A Grounded Theoretical Framework and an Overview. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 21(1), 1-21. Etemad, H. & Keen, C. (Eds.). (2007). Rapidly Growing and Internationalizing Smaller Firms from Canada. Proceedings from 2007 McGill International Entrepreneurship Conference. California: UCLA, Fischer, E. & Reuber A.R. (2003). Support for Rapid-Growth Firms: A Comparison of the Views of Founders, Government Policymakers, and Private Sector Resource Providers. Journal of Small Business Management, 41, 346–365 Kirzner, I. (1973). Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago.*Dr. Christian Keen, Coordinador Académico de Finanzas FACS, Universidad ORT Uruguay

Problem setting. The state registration of birth is the first and one of the main steps to children's rights protection and it became a demonstration not only of identity, but also of the human existence. At the same time, when considering the current trends in the development of social and political life, electronic services gain great importance and they become priority development fields of electronic government.While most European countries already introduced in the web space almost all activities in regard to providing administrative services, Ukraine stands at the early stages of this course which has many obstacles and challenging issues that need to be resolved. Recent research and publications analysis. Over the last years many investigations and publications with different target purposes were dedicated to the issue of improvement and receiving of administrative services in the sphere of state registration of birth and specifically via the internet and with employment of other information technologies.Among foreign scientists these problematic issues were researched by such experts as M. Riekkinen, A. Afolayan, O. Iyare, T. Falua, B. Oyokoch, E. Lunyeva, S. Ryabchenko and others.The works of such Ukrainian scientists as O. Lovyaka, L. Chernenko, I. Demchyshyna, L. Lypets were focused on study of general issues of development of state registration of certain types of civil state acts, and specifically birth records.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The attempts of consistent implementation of information and communication technologies in the political system of our country particularly deal with relations in the sphere of civil status registration acts. The development of information technologies certainly showed up in the priority event of human life – birth, and the state registration of birth became the significant step in acquisition of human rights in all spheres of social life. Consequently, new problematic issues appeared in the practical activities of specialists and these matters were related to the issue of documentation of state registration of birth by means of information technologies, it requires classification of knowledge in this sphere and taking new decisions which would meet the requirements of present-day society.Paper main body. In juridical aspect the fact of child's birth and child's descent from certain man and woman can be confirmed only by way of state registration of child's birth in the organs of the civil status state registration. According to the regulations of the civil status registration department the registration of child's birth is fulfilled at the place of child's birth or at the place of residence of his parents or one of the parents. The main effective instrument in the sphere of civil status state registration is represented by web portal 'Requests in the sphere of civil status state registration' which is an electronic resource with its unique address in the Internet world network where organizational and methodical materials are placed. There you can make the registration of users, submission, data handling, information keeping and transfer in the sphere of civil status state registration. The great advantage of such web portal is the fact that it is accessible to all and unrestricted number of users of the internet world network, it works day and night in online mode, and it is also highly functional. This is evident from the fact that through the use of web portal physical person can submit to the civil status registration department an application of the state registration of marriage, the state registration of divorce, the state registration of name change, the amendments to the civil status registration act, their renewal or annulment, reissuance of certificates and extracts from the civil state registration of citizens, or application as to their formulation. There you can book your visit to the civil status registration department in advance with indication of convenient date and time; pay for provided services using payment systems, receive consultations from officials of the civil status registration department as to your requests and applications which were sent through the web portal.This innovation represented the first step to implementation of electronic service"e-malyatko". The project called "e-malyatko" provides the wide range of services using one application: state registration of child's birth, registration of child's permanent residence, granting an allowance at child's birth, registration of child's birth in the electronic health protection system; issue of certificates for the parents in families with many children and for the child from multiple children family (under certain conditions); registration in demographic register; ascertainment of child's descent at birth (in case child's parents are not married); registration in the state register of physical persons tax-payers; ascertainment of child's citizenship of Ukraine.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. In that manner, the submission of applications in the sphere of civil status registration acts through the internet world network by citizens facilitates the proper organization of work of civil status registration departments ensuring their effective and prompt service, including the reduction of lines by offering the possibility to the citizens to visit the department at the time of appointment.Registration of birth is a fundamental step on the way to adequate government and it is an essential element which promotes democratic processes. ; Розглянуто основні організаційно-правові аспекти надання державної послуги щодо реєстрації народження. Значну увагу приділено особливостям удосконалення процедури державної реєстрації народження в Україні через запровадження веб-порталу та "пілотного" проекту "е-малятко". Досліджено специфіку застосування аналогічних моделей реєстрації у світі. Доведено необхідність подальшого удосконалення процедури запровадження інформаційно-комунікативних технологій у сфері реєстрації народження в Україні.

Problem setting. The state registration of birth is the first and one of the main steps to children's rights protection and it became a demonstration not only of identity, but also of the human existence. At the same time, when considering the current trends in the development of social and political life, electronic services gain great importance and they become priority development fields of electronic government.While most European countries already introduced in the web space almost all activities in regard to providing administrative services, Ukraine stands at the early stages of this course which has many obstacles and challenging issues that need to be resolved. Recent research and publications analysis. Over the last years many investigations and publications with different target purposes were dedicated to the issue of improvement and receiving of administrative services in the sphere of state registration of birth and specifically via the internet and with employment of other information technologies.Among foreign scientists these problematic issues were researched by such experts as M. Riekkinen, A. Afolayan, O. Iyare, T. Falua, B. Oyokoch, E. Lunyeva, S. Ryabchenko and others.The works of such Ukrainian scientists as O. Lovyaka, L. Chernenko, I. Demchyshyna, L. Lypets were focused on study of general issues of development of state registration of certain types of civil state acts, and specifically birth records.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The attempts of consistent implementation of information and communication technologies in the political system of our country particularly deal with relations in the sphere of civil status registration acts. The development of information technologies certainly showed up in the priority event of human life – birth, and the state registration of birth became the significant step in acquisition of human rights in all spheres of social life. Consequently, new problematic issues appeared in the practical activities of specialists and these matters were related to the issue of documentation of state registration of birth by means of information technologies, it requires classification of knowledge in this sphere and taking new decisions which would meet the requirements of present-day society.Paper main body. In juridical aspect the fact of child's birth and child's descent from certain man and woman can be confirmed only by way of state registration of child's birth in the organs of the civil status state registration. According to the regulations of the civil status registration department the registration of child's birth is fulfilled at the place of child's birth or at the place of residence of his parents or one of the parents. The main effective instrument in the sphere of civil status state registration is represented by web portal 'Requests in the sphere of civil status state registration' which is an electronic resource with its unique address in the Internet world network where organizational and methodical materials are placed. There you can make the registration of users, submission, data handling, information keeping and transfer in the sphere of civil status state registration. The great advantage of such web portal is the fact that it is accessible to all and unrestricted number of users of the internet world network, it works day and night in online mode, and it is also highly functional. This is evident from the fact that through the use of web portal physical person can submit to the civil status registration department an application of the state registration of marriage, the state registration of divorce, the state registration of name change, the amendments to the civil status registration act, their renewal or annulment, reissuance of certificates and extracts from the civil state registration of citizens, or application as to their formulation. There you can book your visit to the civil status registration department in advance with indication of convenient date and time; pay for provided services using payment systems, receive consultations from officials of the civil status registration department as to your requests and applications which were sent through the web portal.This innovation represented the first step to implementation of electronic service"e-malyatko". The project called "e-malyatko" provides the wide range of services using one application: state registration of child's birth, registration of child's permanent residence, granting an allowance at child's birth, registration of child's birth in the electronic health protection system; issue of certificates for the parents in families with many children and for the child from multiple children family (under certain conditions); registration in demographic register; ascertainment of child's descent at birth (in case child's parents are not married); registration in the state register of physical persons tax-payers; ascertainment of child's citizenship of Ukraine.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. In that manner, the submission of applications in the sphere of civil status registration acts through the internet world network by citizens facilitates the proper organization of work of civil status registration departments ensuring their effective and prompt service, including the reduction of lines by offering the possibility to the citizens to visit the department at the time of appointment.Registration of birth is a fundamental step on the way to adequate government and it is an essential element which promotes democratic processes. ; Розглянуто основні організаційно-правові аспекти надання державної послуги щодо реєстрації народження. Значну увагу приділено особливостям удосконалення процедури державної реєстрації народження в Україні через запровадження веб-порталу та "пілотного" проекту "е-малятко". Досліджено специфіку застосування аналогічних моделей реєстрації у світі. Доведено необхідність подальшого удосконалення процедури запровадження інформаційно-комунікативних технологій у сфері реєстрації народження в Україні.

Problem setting. Nowadays, many public-private partnership (PPP) projects are being implemented in post-communist countries, one of the most successful of which is the Republic of Poland. The concept of PPP is used to refer to the collaboration of public and private entities to perform public sector tasks. At the same time, attention is drawn not only to the use of funds but also to the knowledge, experience, technologies of private structures. Thus, it is a partnership - an equal relationship aimed at solving public problems that is useful for the whole society.Appeal to the study of the PPP foreign experience is needed to form an objective vision of the advantages and disadvantages of this phenomenon and to develop recommendations for the use of public-private partnership to address existing socio-economic problems and modernize public administration.Recent research and publications analysis. The essence of the mechanism of public-private partnership and its features in Ukraine and other countries was fruitfully investigated by Ukrainian scientists from the point of view of economics, law, and sociology. Significant attention is paid to the development of public-private partnerships by the representatives of the science of public administration.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The Polish experience of the formation and development of public-private partnership has not yet been the subject of special study by Ukrainian scientists. In particular, it is important to trace the genesis of the PPP in the Republic of Poland, to identify the problems that arose during the development and implementation of its regulatory framework, to disclose the paths and the mechanisms of PPP optimization nowadays.Paper main body. Analyzing the source research base, the authors highlight the publication of documentary and statistical data on the state of the PPP in Poland, which are updated annually. The issue of PPP is quite popular and is covered both in monographic studies, manuals and methodological materials, as well as in periodical scientific publications.It is emphasized that institutionalization of public-private partnership in the Republic of Poland was carried out taking into account both foreign and domestic experience. The implementation of the first private sector investment in the public sector in Poland in the 1990's was based on a variety of legal bases. In 2003, Poland began work on the creation of a special legal act for the regulation of public-private partnership. The goal of Polish legislators was to create a clear legal framework for attracting private investment into the public sector, especially in the area of infrastructure, as well as to remove barriers and to reduce potential risks.The authors analyze the positive and negative features of the 2005 Law on Public-Private Partnership, outline the reasons for its inactivity, and indicate the directions of work on the draft new law, which was carried out taking into account EU standards and the views of Polish businessmen and the public.The new Law on Public Private Partnership (December 19, 2008) is described as much more liberal, systemic, framework and easier to use. Its norms are aimed at providing freedom to the stakeholders in the formation of the PPP, while protecting legitimate public and private interests.It is shown the development of the PPP in 2005 – 2018, which is described as slow. For the purposes of this research, the projects carried out in accordance with the Law on Public-Private Partnership of 19 December 2008, the Law on Concessions for Construction Works and Services of 9 January 2009 and the new Law on Concessions of 21 October 2016 were analyzed. During this time, in Poland development of 536 PPP projects was announced, of which 406 projects were brought to the organizational procedure. As a result of all initiated projects, 140 agreements were concluded (26,12% of the initial number), of which 126 went to the implementation stage, while 14 were not executed. The most projects were being prepared in the spheres of sport and tourism, transport infrastructure, energy, water and sewage, health, transport services, telecommunications.The development of a public-private partnership remains an important task for the Republic of Poland that has been confirmed on the basis of an analysis of the state documents, in particular, "Government Policy in the Field of Public-Private Partnership Development".Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The PPP development in Poland proves the conclusions drawn from the experience of the developed European countries that the initiatives of the PPP, properly designed and implemented, can bring many benefits to the authorities, the public, and to the business. The most important of the positive effects is the increased efficiency of the use of resources. As a result of cooperation, the cycle of projects is reduced and the quality and effectiveness of the infrastructure services are stimulated. The PPP promotes innovation in infrastructure development, increases employment, and relieves the public sector from the risks associated with investments and the search for funding. At the same time, the analysis of Polish experience confirms the need to take into account not only the positive effects of PPP, but also possible negative ones.The PPP market activity is a result of a complex combination of factors, including institutional support and the public sector attitude, its ability to engage business in partnerships and to have public support. ; Проаналізовано еволюцію польського законодавства з питань публічно-приватного партнерства (підготовки закону про публічно-приватне партнерство 2005 р., дискусій щодо внесення змін до закону та процесу розробки з врахуванням пропозицій експертів та громадськості й прийняття нового закону 2008 р.). Виявлено переваги та недоліки нового закону й напрями зусиль органів влади та громадськості зі стимулювання публічно-приватного партнерства. Наголошено на зростанні уваги уряду до інституційного забезпечення публічно-приватного партнерства. Відзначено позитивний вплив публічно-приватного партнерства на формування сучасного публічного управління.

Problem setting. Nowadays, many public-private partnership (PPP) projects are being implemented in post-communist countries, one of the most successful of which is the Republic of Poland. The concept of PPP is used to refer to the collaboration of public and private entities to perform public sector tasks. At the same time, attention is drawn not only to the use of funds but also to the knowledge, experience, technologies of private structures. Thus, it is a partnership - an equal relationship aimed at solving public problems that is useful for the whole society.Appeal to the study of the PPP foreign experience is needed to form an objective vision of the advantages and disadvantages of this phenomenon and to develop recommendations for the use of public-private partnership to address existing socio-economic problems and modernize public administration.Recent research and publications analysis. The essence of the mechanism of public-private partnership and its features in Ukraine and other countries was fruitfully investigated by Ukrainian scientists from the point of view of economics, law, and sociology. Significant attention is paid to the development of public-private partnerships by the representatives of the science of public administration.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The Polish experience of the formation and development of public-private partnership has not yet been the subject of special study by Ukrainian scientists. In particular, it is important to trace the genesis of the PPP in the Republic of Poland, to identify the problems that arose during the development and implementation of its regulatory framework, to disclose the paths and the mechanisms of PPP optimization nowadays.Paper main body. Analyzing the source research base, the authors highlight the publication of documentary and statistical data on the state of the PPP in Poland, which are updated annually. The issue of PPP is quite popular and is covered both in monographic studies, manuals and methodological materials, as well as in periodical scientific publications.It is emphasized that institutionalization of public-private partnership in the Republic of Poland was carried out taking into account both foreign and domestic experience. The implementation of the first private sector investment in the public sector in Poland in the 1990's was based on a variety of legal bases. In 2003, Poland began work on the creation of a special legal act for the regulation of public-private partnership. The goal of Polish legislators was to create a clear legal framework for attracting private investment into the public sector, especially in the area of infrastructure, as well as to remove barriers and to reduce potential risks.The authors analyze the positive and negative features of the 2005 Law on Public-Private Partnership, outline the reasons for its inactivity, and indicate the directions of work on the draft new law, which was carried out taking into account EU standards and the views of Polish businessmen and the public.The new Law on Public Private Partnership (December 19, 2008) is described as much more liberal, systemic, framework and easier to use. Its norms are aimed at providing freedom to the stakeholders in the formation of the PPP, while protecting legitimate public and private interests.It is shown the development of the PPP in 2005 – 2018, which is described as slow. For the purposes of this research, the projects carried out in accordance with the Law on Public-Private Partnership of 19 December 2008, the Law on Concessions for Construction Works and Services of 9 January 2009 and the new Law on Concessions of 21 October 2016 were analyzed. During this time, in Poland development of 536 PPP projects was announced, of which 406 projects were brought to the organizational procedure. As a result of all initiated projects, 140 agreements were concluded (26,12% of the initial number), of which 126 went to the implementation stage, while 14 were not executed. The most projects were being prepared in the spheres of sport and tourism, transport infrastructure, energy, water and sewage, health, transport services, telecommunications.The development of a public-private partnership remains an important task for the Republic of Poland that has been confirmed on the basis of an analysis of the state documents, in particular, "Government Policy in the Field of Public-Private Partnership Development".Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The PPP development in Poland proves the conclusions drawn from the experience of the developed European countries that the initiatives of the PPP, properly designed and implemented, can bring many benefits to the authorities, the public, and to the business. The most important of the positive effects is the increased efficiency of the use of resources. As a result of cooperation, the cycle of projects is reduced and the quality and effectiveness of the infrastructure services are stimulated. The PPP promotes innovation in infrastructure development, increases employment, and relieves the public sector from the risks associated with investments and the search for funding. At the same time, the analysis of Polish experience confirms the need to take into account not only the positive effects of PPP, but also possible negative ones.The PPP market activity is a result of a complex combination of factors, including institutional support and the public sector attitude, its ability to engage business in partnerships and to have public support. ; Проаналізовано еволюцію польського законодавства з питань публічно-приватного партнерства (підготовки закону про публічно-приватне партнерство 2005 р., дискусій щодо внесення змін до закону та процесу розробки з врахуванням пропозицій експертів та громадськості й прийняття нового закону 2008 р.). Виявлено переваги та недоліки нового закону й напрями зусиль органів влади та громадськості зі стимулювання публічно-приватного партнерства. Наголошено на зростанні уваги уряду до інституційного забезпечення публічно-приватного партнерства. Відзначено позитивний вплив публічно-приватного партнерства на формування сучасного публічного управління.

Speaking about the ways of the development of the artistic and aesthetic guidelines in the Ukrainian theater means to speak about the role of the administrative building in its development.The theater managers should not only identify, but also form such ways, as satisfaction of aesthetic need of thecreative group, on the one hand, and on the other, provide the need for theater and art performances of the audience, so the average citizen of Ukraine. One can find the resultant in this situation only less than one condition: if the theatrical market in Ukraine is colourful and rich in a variety of artistic and aesthetic concepts and experiments, only it is in this sense, the role and the importance of theater management will be crucial. And not only that managers should ensure the financial health of the troupe, but the manager of the theater has to determine the creative direction of art search of the theater staff, to provide staff, its own niche in the theatrical process of Ukraine. And so the question of repertoire policy is to form the creative, artistic and aesthetic principles of the creative group. It should be the focus of management theatrical business.The theatrical activity is diverse, rich and very responsible. The modern theatrical process and trends are conclusive. Therefore, the question of the theatre and expert aspect of the problem can not be excluded. The manager of the theatre and theatrical practice are a part of a unified phenomenon that can be defined as a modern Ukrainian theater process and they complement each other.The Modern Theatre of Ukraine – multi-vector and in the fullness of repertoire, and in the principles of artistic transformation of life. So such approach in the Ukrainian theatre provokes the search and the emergence of new principles of theatrical activities, the new management theater tasks. It gives its universality and independence from certain aesthetic principles of the particular theater.In spite of the multi-vector of the modern Ukrainian theatre, some managers of the modern theater remain captive to the old ideas in the modern theatre process.The main task of any manager is to build a new theatre, to show the new artistic ways, to give a new breath to that has already happened and what is known.Every of creative personalities according to his strength and capabilities should create a national art space.Such activity is particularly useful to people now, in the time of national revival.The experimental years were not marked with festive splendor; they were concentrated on hard work, intensification of cultural and artistic life in terms of democracy, transparency and moral insight.However, if the theatre is ready today to fulfill its mission responsible? The theatre figures think, argue and they are seriously concerned and worried:• It is clear that the further development of theatrical culture will be determined by social impulses, the activity of social forces;• It is clear that we need fresh, not played repertory and artistic ideas for a modern audience, who compares the content of the work in the perception of real life and the relevance of the day;• There is no doubt that the stage speech of the last years became boring, but we don't have new; so we need transition to a new aesthetic quality;• We agreed that the theater criticism needs to learn performing deeply, consistently, balanced;• We need to improve the methods of theatre management.The management of the theatrical production has its own specific features. However, we can not ignore the irrefutable fact that there are certain laws which determine the features of the sociocultural dimensions of modern theatrical process. But the main factor of successful theatrical activity is the necessity of consideration of the latest features of the modern theatre with its purposefulness and innovations. The neglect of such features threatens the transformation of theatrical process in the ordinary theater production. Then the creative artistic principles retreat for the tenth plan, which inevitably leads to the degradation of the group and slides to the ordinary of working abroad, and loss of audience. The theater manager must act as an art analytics. So the main subject is not to find money, but the analysis of the circumstances such as social, political, economic and art. The organizational outlook can save the theater (if it is correct), but it can disadvantage (if it is incorrect). That's why every theater manager should be a creative person who has not only to know and admit certain artistic theories and positions, but also be able to direct the theatrical group to the advanced principles that will determine the fate of the theater arts in the future. ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы развития театрального искусства, которое требует постоянного совершенствования системы управления театральным делом, повышения художественно-эстетического уровня театральной деятельности театральных коллективов и создания необходимых условий для их дальнейшего художественного развития. Статья содержит сведения об опыте современной организации театрального творчества в Украине, общее представление о структуре театрального управления, раскрывает факторы, которые влияют на развитие и повышение художественно-эстетического и организационного уровней театральной деятельности. ; У статті розглядаються питання розвитку театрального мистецтва, яке вимагає постійного вдосконалення системи управління театральною справою, підвищення художньо-естетичного рівня театральної діяльності театральних колективів та створення необхідних умов для їх подальшого художнього розвитку. Висвітлено роль керівників театру в справі становлення та розвитку сучасної театральної творчості. Стаття містить відомості про досвід сучасної організації театральної творчості в Україні, загальне уявлення щодо структури театрального управління в цілому, розкриває чинники, які впливають на розвиток та підвищення художньо-естетичного та організаційного рівнів театральної діяльності.

TO THE QUESTION OF LEGAL REGULATION OF OPERATIONAL RISKS IN THE FIELD OF GENETIC ENGINEERINGI. V. HORISLAVSKA, Candidate of Law, Assistant ProfessorNational University of Life and Environmental Sciences of UkraineA. I. KLYMENKO, 3rd year student of Law FacultyNational University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Executive state function, the content of which is the management of society as a whole, is also in the management of certain areas and sectors of public life, including the risks in the field of genetic engineering.Current status of administrative and civil law is characterized by increased interest of society and the state (including jurisprudence, law-making and judicial practice) to scientific studies on the search for new conceptual solutions that are aimed at solving urgent problems of individual sectors in particular, and the right to general.According to some scientists, promising areas are called to play an important part in study of the principle of moderation between the constraints and the objectives and purpose of law, legal risk in various areas of law, because the category of «risk» inherent in every sphere of human activity and the enforcement of law and related trusts' its associated property management agreement of other alternative legal structures in which there are «variations in structure, content rights, the nature of the legal relationship, other elements» relations. One of the factors of legal basis for the existence of legal anomalies is a category of legal risk, risky transactions and risk obligations. Thus, a legal anomaly is defined as «deviation from the general pattern of normal development of social relations due to various factors – objective and subjective».Legal risk is included in the conditions of civil liability or professional possibility of legal fact which may come or not come, the result of which will be three economic outcomes: negative, zero and positive.Modern trends in legal risk are reflected in risky transaction, which is the basis of risk, which includes the obligation of innovation risk, including the risk of activities in the field of genetic engineering. These innovative risks are defined as the probability of failure to obtain certain results during execution using only the organizational, technical and scientific potential of.An activity in the field of genetic engineering, such as the use of biotechnology in agriculture is a set of relations of production by genetic engineering and application of biotechnological origin of products in this area. The legal basis for the formation mechanisms of legal regulation of relations in the field of biotechnology in agriculture, especially a provision of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992, which defines the sovereign right of each country to access to genetic resources on the basis of national legislation.Activity in the field of genetic engineering is a risky, while the literature draws attention to the lack of a unified approach to the basic criteria for risk analysis of agricultural biotechnology activities.The main obstacle in this and in the coordination of international standards in the field of biotechnology lies in the complexity of coordination opposite positions and domestic legislative practices of the two most influential subjects of international law – the U.S. and the EU – such key issues as the concept of reasonable equivalence and the principle of precaution, the introduction of compulsory or voluntary labeling of genetically modified organisms (hereinafter – GMO), determination of the legal status of the human embryo, the introduction of «focused» or «multilateral» approach to human cloning and identification of forms of the genetic material , which ment to be protected by means of intellectual property rights.International legal regulation of agricultural biotechnology is based on the following principles: conducting scientifically sound and consistent risk analysis, that these biotechnologies can cause to human health and the environment, establishing State responsibility regarding transboundary movements of GMOs, enforcement of fair and non-discriminatory trade in transgenic products, consideration of the interests of the indigenous population of the least developed countries on the use of the world's genetic resources.Nowdays, Ukraine creates biosafety system, which aims to provide safe proceeding of genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms, and prevents their unauthorized and uncontrolled spread.According to the State Environmental Policy Strategy of Ukraine till 2020 (hereinafter – the Strategy), to control the importation of genetically modified organisms into the territory of Ukraine, preventing their uncontrolled spread and improvement in 2015 permitting system in the treatment of genetically modified organisms, including their cross-border movements and coordination of genetic engineering relies on the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine, which is the central body of executive power in the formulation and implementation of national policy in the field of environmental protection, including genetic safety.The first phase of the Strategy includes: development of legal acts on state regulation and control in the management of genetically modified organisms, genetic engineering activities, improvement of the licensing system in the treatment of genetically modified organisms, including their cross-border movements and coordination of genetic engineering.The State Intellectual Property protects international and national patents and other intellectual property rights in the treatment of GMOs, and genetic engineering; Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine defines the criteria of safety of GMOs and genetic engineering in closed systems, develops and improves the monitoring system of genetically engineering activities safety and implements other authorities, the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine carries out state ecological expertise of GMOs intended for use in an open system, the state registration of plant protection obtained using GMOs, permits the release of GMOs into the open system and is based on the principles of necessity, non-discrimination, proportionality and objectivity.

This doctoral research focuses on the various changes taking place today in Bat Trang, a craft village in Vietnam. Like other transition economies, Vietnam is entering the transition period, marking its openness to international economy and its entry in the global market. In this context, we seek to understand the changes induced during the transition from a planned economy to a market one and to show the specificity of industrial district Bat Trang. To do this, it is necessary to study the social dynamics of political, economic, institutional and social settings that shape the Bat Trang. The reconstruction of the evolving relationship between these articulated actors will illuminate the changes in Bat Trang. Following a socio-anthropological approach and referring to the theory of industrial districts, we were able to carry out a thorough analysis on the mutation of Bat Trang on both political and organizational dimension. The craft village Bat Trang really constitutes a model of transition having the discontinuities and continuities from its old system. With the help of sociological theory of Norbet Elias, we were able to reconstruct the interplay between different actors (social, economic and institutional) that structure the development of Bat Trang, showing dynamics of their interaction. Through our study in Bat Trang, we could also measure the originality of a form of industrial agglomeration in Vietnam. For us, firstly, Bat Trang is a traditional area where people know how to mobilize its expertise and its traditional organization; to overcome its handicaps and to promote an adaptation of its activities. Although there is very little help from the local authority, the firms are in the process of making a technological conversion by either a replacement (from coal-fired kilns to Liquid Petroleum Gas kilns - LPG kilns) or an adaptation (invention new LPG kiln). New introduced actors (clubs, associations) whose main task is to provide technical assistance to firms can create new activities and figure out new outlets for marketing. Bat Trang is also an area being institutionalized as manifested by the presence of the industrial and vocational training center. It lives a profound transformation in which the artisans are turning to a more industrialized production. In recent years, it is clear that the Bat Trang receives substantial support from local politics. Of course, we must take into account new phenomena in Bat Trang that exert some influence (negative or positive) on this area development. This is the relocation of activities, low innovation capacity in the industrial district, the weak link to R & D, marketing, etc. To all resolve, it requires mobilization of internal and external resources for a local synergy. ; Cette recherche doctorale porte sur les mutations diverses qui s'opèrent aujourd'hui à Bat Trang, un village de métier au Vietnam. Comme d'autres économies en transition, le Vietnam est entré dans une phase de transition, marquée par son ouverture à l'économie internationale et son inscription au marché mondial. Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à comprendre les mutations induites lors du passage d'une économie planifiée à une économie de marché et à montrer la spécificité de l'agglomération industrielle du district de Bat Trang. Pour ce faire, il convient d'étudier la dynamique sociale des acteurs politiques, économiques, institutionnels et sociaux qui forment la configuration de Bat Trang. La reconstitution de l'évolution des relations articulées entre ces acteurs permettra d'éclairer les mutations de Bat Trang. En suivant une approche socio-anthropologique et en nous référant à la théorie des districts industriels, nous avons procédé à une analyse approfondie de la mutation de Bat Trang sur la dimension tant politique qu'organisationnelle. Le village de métier de Bat Trang constitue un véritable modèle de transition portant des ruptures et des continuités par rapport à son système antérieur. A l'aide de la théorie sociologique de Norbet Elias, nous avons reconstitué le jeu entre les différents acteurs (sociaux, économiques et institutionnels) qui structurent le développement de Bat Trang, en montrant la dynamique de leur interaction constante. À travers l'étude de Bat Trang, nous avons aussi mesuré l'originalité d'une forme d'agglomération industrielle au Vietnam. Pour nous, Bat Trang, c'est tout d'abord une zone traditionnelle qui a su s'appuyer sur son savoir-faire et son organisation traditionnelle ; qui a su surmonter ses handicaps pour promouvoir l'adaptation de toutes ses activités. Bien qu'il existe très peu d'aides des autorités locales, les entreprises de la zone sont en train d'opérer une conversion de leur technologie par un remplacement (des fours à charbon par des fours à gaz) ou une adaptation (invention de nouveaux fours à gaz). Les nouveaux acteurs introduits dans le système (club, association) ont pour tâche principale de fournir une assistance aux entreprises qui peuvent ainsi créer de nouvelles filières d'activités et trouver de nouveaux débouchés de commercialisation. Bat Trang constitue également une zone en cours d'institutionnalisation qui se manifeste par la création de la zone industrielle et d'un centre de formation professionnelle. La transformation profonde de Bat Trang amène les artisans à se tourner vers une production plus industrialisée. Au cours des dernières années, la zone de Bat Trang a reçu, à l'évidence, un appui important des autorités locales, qui ont lancé des actions de politique locale. Nous avons également pris en compte des nouveaux phénomènes qui exercent une certaine influence, négative ou positive, sur le développement de la zone de Bat Trang : délocalisation des activités, faible capacité d'innovation du district, les liens avec la R&D, marketing etc. Pour résoudre les problèmes auxquels la zone est confrontée aujourd'hui, il faudrait une mobilisation des ressources internes et externes pour développer une synergie locale.

This doctoral research focuses on the various changes taking place today in Bat Trang, a craft village in Vietnam. Like other transition economies, Vietnam is entering the transition period, marking its openness to international economy and its entry in the global market. In this context, we seek to understand the changes induced during the transition from a planned economy to a market one and to show the specificity of industrial district Bat Trang. To do this, it is necessary to study the social dynamics of political, economic, institutional and social settings that shape the Bat Trang. The reconstruction of the evolving relationship between these articulated actors will illuminate the changes in Bat Trang. Following a socio-anthropological approach and referring to the theory of industrial districts, we were able to carry out a thorough analysis on the mutation of Bat Trang on both political and organizational dimension. The craft village Bat Trang really constitutes a model of transition having the discontinuities and continuities from its old system. With the help of sociological theory of Norbet Elias, we were able to reconstruct the interplay between different actors (social, economic and institutional) that structure the development of Bat Trang, showing dynamics of their interaction. Through our study in Bat Trang, we could also measure the originality of a form of industrial agglomeration in Vietnam. For us, firstly, Bat Trang is a traditional area where people know how to mobilize its expertise and its traditional organization; to overcome its handicaps and to promote an adaptation of its activities. Although there is very little help from the local authority, the firms are in the process of making a technological conversion by either a replacement (from coal-fired kilns to Liquid Petroleum Gas kilns - LPG kilns) or an adaptation (invention new LPG kiln). New introduced actors (clubs, associations) whose main task is to provide technical assistance to firms can create new activities and figure out new outlets for marketing. Bat Trang is also an area being institutionalized as manifested by the presence of the industrial and vocational training center. It lives a profound transformation in which the artisans are turning to a more industrialized production. In recent years, it is clear that the Bat Trang receives substantial support from local politics. Of course, we must take into account new phenomena in Bat Trang that exert some influence (negative or positive) on this area development. This is the relocation of activities, low innovation capacity in the industrial district, the weak link to R & D, marketing, etc. To all resolve, it requires mobilization of internal and external resources for a local synergy. ; Cette recherche doctorale porte sur les mutations diverses qui s'opèrent aujourd'hui à Bat Trang, un village de métier au Vietnam. Comme d'autres économies en transition, le Vietnam est entré dans une phase de transition, marquée par son ouverture à l'économie internationale et son inscription au marché mondial. Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à comprendre les mutations induites lors du passage d'une économie planifiée à une économie de marché et à montrer la spécificité de l'agglomération industrielle du district de Bat Trang. Pour ce faire, il convient d'étudier la dynamique sociale des acteurs politiques, économiques, institutionnels et sociaux qui forment la configuration de Bat Trang. La reconstitution de l'évolution des relations articulées entre ces acteurs permettra d'éclairer les mutations de Bat Trang. En suivant une approche socio-anthropologique et en nous référant à la théorie des districts industriels, nous avons procédé à une analyse approfondie de la mutation de Bat Trang sur la dimension tant politique qu'organisationnelle. Le village de métier de Bat Trang constitue un véritable modèle de transition portant des ruptures et des continuités par rapport à son système antérieur. A l'aide de la théorie sociologique de Norbet Elias, nous avons reconstitué le jeu entre les différents acteurs (sociaux, économiques et institutionnels) qui structurent le développement de Bat Trang, en montrant la dynamique de leur interaction constante. À travers l'étude de Bat Trang, nous avons aussi mesuré l'originalité d'une forme d'agglomération industrielle au Vietnam. Pour nous, Bat Trang, c'est tout d'abord une zone traditionnelle qui a su s'appuyer sur son savoir-faire et son organisation traditionnelle ; qui a su surmonter ses handicaps pour promouvoir l'adaptation de toutes ses activités. Bien qu'il existe très peu d'aides des autorités locales, les entreprises de la zone sont en train d'opérer une conversion de leur technologie par un remplacement (des fours à charbon par des fours à gaz) ou une adaptation (invention de nouveaux fours à gaz). Les nouveaux acteurs introduits dans le système (club, association) ont pour tâche principale de fournir une assistance aux entreprises qui peuvent ainsi créer de nouvelles filières d'activités et trouver de nouveaux débouchés de commercialisation. Bat Trang constitue également une zone en cours d'institutionnalisation qui se manifeste par la création de la zone industrielle et d'un centre de formation professionnelle. La transformation profonde de Bat Trang amène les artisans à se tourner vers une production plus industrialisée. Au cours des dernières années, la zone de Bat Trang a reçu, à l'évidence, un appui important des autorités locales, qui ont lancé des actions de politique locale. Nous avons également pris en compte des nouveaux phénomènes qui exercent une certaine influence, négative ou positive, sur le développement de la zone de Bat Trang : délocalisation des activités, faible capacité d'innovation du district, les liens avec la R&D, marketing etc. Pour résoudre les problèmes auxquels la zone est confrontée aujourd'hui, il faudrait une mobilisation des ressources internes et externes pour développer une synergie locale.

This doctoral research focuses on the various changes taking place today in Bat Trang, a craft village in Vietnam. Like other transition economies, Vietnam is entering the transition period, marking its openness to international economy and its entry in the global market. In this context, we seek to understand the changes induced during the transition from a planned economy to a market one and to show the specificity of industrial district Bat Trang. To do this, it is necessary to study the social dynamics of political, economic, institutional and social settings that shape the Bat Trang. The reconstruction of the evolving relationship between these articulated actors will illuminate the changes in Bat Trang. Following a socio-anthropological approach and referring to the theory of industrial districts, we were able to carry out a thorough analysis on the mutation of Bat Trang on both political and organizational dimension. The craft village Bat Trang really constitutes a model of transition having the discontinuities and continuities from its old system. With the help of sociological theory of Norbet Elias, we were able to reconstruct the interplay between different actors (social, economic and institutional) that structure the development of Bat Trang, showing dynamics of their interaction. Through our study in Bat Trang, we could also measure the originality of a form of industrial agglomeration in Vietnam. For us, firstly, Bat Trang is a traditional area where people know how to mobilize its expertise and its traditional organization; to overcome its handicaps and to promote an adaptation of its activities. Although there is very little help from the local authority, the firms are in the process of making a technological conversion by either a replacement (from coal-fired kilns to Liquid Petroleum Gas kilns - LPG kilns) or an adaptation (invention new LPG kiln). New introduced actors (clubs, associations) whose main task is to provide technical assistance to firms can create new activities and figure out new outlets for marketing. Bat Trang is also an area being institutionalized as manifested by the presence of the industrial and vocational training center. It lives a profound transformation in which the artisans are turning to a more industrialized production. In recent years, it is clear that the Bat Trang receives substantial support from local politics. Of course, we must take into account new phenomena in Bat Trang that exert some influence (negative or positive) on this area development. This is the relocation of activities, low innovation capacity in the industrial district, the weak link to R & D, marketing, etc. To all resolve, it requires mobilization of internal and external resources for a local synergy. ; Cette recherche doctorale porte sur les mutations diverses qui s'opèrent aujourd'hui à Bat Trang, un village de métier au Vietnam. Comme d'autres économies en transition, le Vietnam est entré dans une phase de transition, marquée par son ouverture à l'économie internationale et son inscription au marché mondial. Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à comprendre les mutations induites lors du passage d'une économie planifiée à une économie de marché et à montrer la spécificité de l'agglomération industrielle du district de Bat Trang. Pour ce faire, il convient d'étudier la dynamique sociale des acteurs politiques, économiques, institutionnels et sociaux qui forment la configuration de Bat Trang. La reconstitution de l'évolution des relations articulées entre ces acteurs permettra d'éclairer les mutations de Bat Trang. En suivant une approche socio-anthropologique et en nous référant à la théorie des districts industriels, nous avons procédé à une analyse approfondie de la mutation de Bat Trang sur la dimension tant politique qu'organisationnelle. Le village de métier de Bat Trang constitue un véritable modèle de transition portant des ruptures et des continuités par rapport à son système antérieur. A l'aide de la théorie sociologique de Norbet Elias, nous avons reconstitué le jeu entre les différents acteurs (sociaux, économiques et institutionnels) qui structurent le développement de Bat Trang, en montrant la dynamique de leur interaction constante. À travers l'étude de Bat Trang, nous avons aussi mesuré l'originalité d'une forme d'agglomération industrielle au Vietnam. Pour nous, Bat Trang, c'est tout d'abord une zone traditionnelle qui a su s'appuyer sur son savoir-faire et son organisation traditionnelle ; qui a su surmonter ses handicaps pour promouvoir l'adaptation de toutes ses activités. Bien qu'il existe très peu d'aides des autorités locales, les entreprises de la zone sont en train d'opérer une conversion de leur technologie par un remplacement (des fours à charbon par des fours à gaz) ou une adaptation (invention de nouveaux fours à gaz). Les nouveaux acteurs introduits dans le système (club, association) ont pour tâche principale de fournir une assistance aux entreprises qui peuvent ainsi créer de nouvelles filières d'activités et trouver de nouveaux débouchés de commercialisation. Bat Trang constitue également une zone en cours d'institutionnalisation qui se manifeste par la création de la zone industrielle et d'un centre de formation professionnelle. La transformation profonde de Bat Trang amène les artisans à se tourner vers une production plus industrialisée. Au cours des dernières années, la zone de Bat Trang a reçu, à l'évidence, un appui important des autorités locales, qui ont lancé des actions de politique locale. Nous avons également pris en compte des nouveaux phénomènes qui exercent une certaine influence, négative ou positive, sur le développement de la zone de Bat Trang : délocalisation des activités, faible capacité d'innovation du district, les liens avec la R&D, marketing etc. Pour résoudre les problèmes auxquels la zone est confrontée aujourd'hui, il faudrait une mobilisation des ressources internes et externes pour développer une synergie locale.

Compte tenu de la structuration de l'ordre global et de l'affaiblissement des États des nations pauvres, les dynamiques de construction d'un modèle de développement intégrateur doivent nécessairement se mettre en place au niveau local. Toutefois, vu que ce dernier ne constitue pas le lieu naturel du processus de transformation socio-économique méliorative, les acteurs locaux sont alors amenés à produire un ordre local de mouvement social susceptible de les réunir, de les associer, de les encadrer et de les orienter dans leur quête de développement. Il est néanmoins évident que cet ordre local de mouvement social, outre la simple association des individus concernés, suppose une autre condition. Celle-ci n'est autre que la mise en oeuvre d'un dispositif d'apprentissage organisationnel, c'est-à-dire un mécanisme de fabrication collective de savoirs, de savoir-faire et de savoir être au sein d'une structure organisée. Ainsi, ce processus d'apprentissage collectif s'effectuant dans l'organisation locale, en tant qu'instrument d'identification, de définition, de coordination et de régulation des préférences collectives et de mobilisation des stratégies économique, socio-culturelle et politique innovantes des acteurs locaux, constitue la condition de possibilité principale pour la dynamique de construction du développement local ou d'un nouvel ordre territorial. Cette thèse montre donc pourquoi et comment des paysans d'une localité haïtienne, Belle-Fontaine, s'organisent, mettent en place, avec l'appui de certaines organisations non gouvernementales, un dispositif d'apprentissage collectif et participent à la construction d'un modèle spécifique de développement territorial. Fritz DORVILIER, né aux Gonaïves, Haïti, a obtenu un Certificat de fin d'études en Droit (école de Droit et des Sciences économiques des Gonaïves, 1999). Il est licencié en Sociologie (Université d'État d'Haïti, Faculté des Sciences Humaines, 2000). Il est détenteur d'un Diplôme Post-Gradué en Population et Développement (Université d'État d'Haïti/Fonds des Nations Unies pour la Population, 2001). Il est titulaire d'un Diplôme d'Études Approfondies en Études du Développement (Développement, Environnement et Sociétés) de l'Université Catholique de Louvain, 2003. Il est professeur à l'Université d'État d'Haïti depuis 2003. ; In view of the world order, the weakening of poorer States, the dynamics of integrated development must be activated locally. However as this latter is not the place par excellence for socio-economic betterment, local actors must produce locally a social movement able to associate and organize them in view of their development. This localized social movement supposes more than mere regrouping: it requires organizational apprenticeship, i.e. the collective production of local knowledge, know how and simply being within an organization. This process taking place within a local structure fostering identity, coordination and selection of common options, mobilization of economic, socio-cultural and political innovations, presents itself as the primordial condition making for fresh local territorial ordering of things relevant to development. This thesis shows how the rural population of Belle Fontaine in Haiti, with help from NGOs, have built up a collective and participatory framework for apprenticeship aimed at locally rooted development. Fritz DORVILIER, born in Gonaïves, Haiti, obtained a diploma in Law from the School of Law and Economic sciences of Gonaïves in 1999 and a BA in sociology at the State University of Haiti in 2000. In 2001 he obtained the Postgraduate Diploma in Population and Development (financed by the UNFPA) at the same University and in 2003 a DEA in advanced development studies at the University of Louvain. Since then he is professor at the State University of Haiti. Resumen Teniendo en cuenta la estructuración del orden global y el debilitamiento de los estados de las naciones pobres, las dinámicas de construcción de un modelo de desarrollo integral deben implementarse, necesariamente, en el nivel local. No obstante, éste último no es por naturaleza el lugar del proceso de una transformación socio-económica progresiva; por ello, los actores locales son animados a producir un orden local de movimiento social, capaz de reunirlos y asociarlos, de facilitarles un marco y una orientación en su búsqueda del desarrollo. Sin embargo, es evidente que este orden local del movimiento social, además de la simple asociación de los individuos interesados, implica otra condición: la constitución de un dispositivo de aprendizaje organizativo, es decir, un mecanismo de fabricación de saber colectivo, de prácticas y sentidos en el seno de una organización. En tanto que instrumento de identificación, definición, coordinación y regulación de las preferencias colectivas y de movilización de las innovadoras estrategias económicas, socio-culturales y políticas de los actores locales, este proceso de aprendizaje colectivo desarrollado en la organización local constituye la condición de posibilidad principal para la dinámica de construcción del desarrollo local o de un nuevo orden territorial. Esta tesis muestra porque y como los campesinos de una localidad haitiana, Belle-Fontaine, se organizan y ponen en práctica, con el apoyo de ciertas organizaciones no gubernamentales, un dispositivo de aprendizaje colectivo y participan en la construcción de un modelo específico de desarrollo territorial. Fritz DORVILIER, nació en Gonaïves, Haití, obtuvo un Certificado de fin de estudios en Derecho (Escuela de Derecho y Ciencias Económicas de Gonaïves, 1999). Es licenciado en Sociología (Universidad del Estado de Haití, Facultad de Humanidades, 2000). Posee un diploma de Estudios de Postgrado en Poblaci??n y Desarrollo (Universidad del Estado de Haití/Fondo de Naciones Unidas para la Población, 2000). Obtuvo un Diploma de Estudios Aprofundidad en Estudios del Desarrollo (Desarrollo, Medio ambiente y Sociedades) en la Universidad Católica de Lovaina, 2003. Es profesor en la Universidad del Estado de Haití desde 2003. ; (SPED 3)--UCL, 2007

Compte tenu de la structuration de l'ordre global et de l'affaiblissement des États des nations pauvres, les dynamiques de construction d'un modèle de développement intégrateur doivent nécessairement se mettre en place au niveau local. Toutefois, vu que ce dernier ne constitue pas le lieu naturel du processus de transformation socio-économique méliorative, les acteurs locaux sont alors amenés à produire un ordre local de mouvement social susceptible de les réunir, de les associer, de les encadrer et de les orienter dans leur quête de développement. Il est néanmoins évident que cet ordre local de mouvement social, outre la simple association des individus concernés, suppose une autre condition. Celle-ci n'est autre que la mise en oeuvre d'un dispositif d'apprentissage organisationnel, c'est-à-dire un mécanisme de fabrication collective de savoirs, de savoir-faire et de savoir être au sein d'une structure organisée. Ainsi, ce processus d'apprentissage collectif s'effectuant dans l'organisation locale, en tant qu'instrument d'identification, de définition, de coordination et de régulation des préférences collectives et de mobilisation des stratégies économique, socio-culturelle et politique innovantes des acteurs locaux, constitue la condition de possibilité principale pour la dynamique de construction du développement local ou d'un nouvel ordre territorial. Cette thèse montre donc pourquoi et comment des paysans d'une localité haïtienne, Belle-Fontaine, s'organisent, mettent en place, avec l'appui de certaines organisations non gouvernementales, un dispositif d'apprentissage collectif et participent à la construction d'un modèle spécifique de développement territorial. Fritz DORVILIER, né aux Gonaïves, Haïti, a obtenu un Certificat de fin d'études en Droit (école de Droit et des Sciences économiques des Gonaïves, 1999). Il est licencié en Sociologie (Université d'État d'Haïti, Faculté des Sciences Humaines, 2000). Il est détenteur d'un Diplôme Post-Gradué en Population et Développement (Université d'État d'Haïti/Fonds des Nations Unies pour la Population, 2001). Il est titulaire d'un Diplôme d'Études Approfondies en Études du Développement (Développement, Environnement et Sociétés) de l'Université Catholique de Louvain, 2003. Il est professeur à l'Université d'État d'Haïti depuis 2003. ; In view of the world order, the weakening of poorer States, the dynamics of integrated development must be activated locally. However as this latter is not the place par excellence for socio-economic betterment, local actors must produce locally a social movement able to associate and organize them in view of their development. This localized social movement supposes more than mere regrouping: it requires organizational apprenticeship, i.e. the collective production of local knowledge, know how and simply being within an organization. This process taking place within a local structure fostering identity, coordination and selection of common options, mobilization of economic, socio-cultural and political innovations, presents itself as the primordial condition making for fresh local territorial ordering of things relevant to development. This thesis shows how the rural population of Belle Fontaine in Haiti, with help from NGOs, have built up a collective and participatory framework for apprenticeship aimed at locally rooted development. Fritz DORVILIER, born in Gonaïves, Haiti, obtained a diploma in Law from the School of Law and Economic sciences of Gonaïves in 1999 and a BA in sociology at the State University of Haiti in 2000. In 2001 he obtained the Postgraduate Diploma in Population and Development (financed by the UNFPA) at the same University and in 2003 a DEA in advanced development studies at the University of Louvain. Since then he is professor at the State University of Haiti. Resumen Teniendo en cuenta la estructuración del orden global y el debilitamiento de los estados de las naciones pobres, las dinámicas de construcción de un modelo de desarrollo integral deben implementarse, necesariamente, en el nivel local. No obstante, éste último no es por naturaleza el lugar del proceso de una transformación socio-económica progresiva; por ello, los actores locales son animados a producir un orden local de movimiento social, capaz de reunirlos y asociarlos, de facilitarles un marco y una orientación en su búsqueda del desarrollo. Sin embargo, es evidente que este orden local del movimiento social, además de la simple asociación de los individuos interesados, implica otra condición: la constitución de un dispositivo de aprendizaje organizativo, es decir, un mecanismo de fabricación de saber colectivo, de prácticas y sentidos en el seno de una organización. En tanto que instrumento de identificación, definición, coordinación y regulación de las preferencias colectivas y de movilización de las innovadoras estrategias económicas, socio-culturales y políticas de los actores locales, este proceso de aprendizaje colectivo desarrollado en la organización local constituye la condición de posibilidad principal para la dinámica de construcción del desarrollo local o de un nuevo orden territorial. Esta tesis muestra porque y como los campesinos de una localidad haitiana, Belle-Fontaine, se organizan y ponen en práctica, con el apoyo de ciertas organizaciones no gubernamentales, un dispositivo de aprendizaje colectivo y participan en la construcción de un modelo específico de desarrollo territorial. Fritz DORVILIER, nació en Gonaïves, Haití, obtuvo un Certificado de fin de estudios en Derecho (Escuela de Derecho y Ciencias Económicas de Gonaïves, 1999). Es licenciado en Sociología (Universidad del Estado de Haití, Facultad de Humanidades, 2000). Posee un diploma de Estudios de Postgrado en Poblaci??n y Desarrollo (Universidad del Estado de Haití/Fondo de Naciones Unidas para la Población, 2000). Obtuvo un Diploma de Estudios Aprofundidad en Estudios del Desarrollo (Desarrollo, Medio ambiente y Sociedades) en la Universidad Católica de Lovaina, 2003. Es profesor en la Universidad del Estado de Haití desde 2003. ; (SPED 3)--UCL, 2007

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General characteristics and relevance of the topic. In 1995's issue of the scientific journal Public Administration Review Robert D. Behn (1995) referring to the analogy of the science of physics formulated three major questions which, in his opinion, scholars of public management should be concerned about in the 21st century. One of them was the measurement question: how public managers can measure the achievements of their agencies in ways that help to increase those achievements? After a decade the emergence of multitude of books and articles in scientific journals, changes in public sector organizations caused by implementation of models of performance measurement, performance management and quality management, governmental initiatives to implement performance measurement programmes just confirm the Behn insight on the importance of performance measurement in public organizations. For many years performance measurement as one of the major tools in the package of the New Public Management reforms has remained a significant 'management fashion' (Abrahamson, 1996) and scholars as well as practicians of traditionally more developed countries of the English speaking world and the Continental Western Europe are well aware of it. The fashion gradually comes to the post-communist Central European countries which recently joined the European Union or are in the way of doing so and which learn from the experience of more 'advanced" countries in different areas of public administration. Lithuanian public sector organizations, including municipalities, also take part in the experience transferring process and, although up to now performance measurement practices are poorly institutionalised or do not exist at all, it is likely that in the nearest future significant changes will take place in this area. Therefore, there is a great need for scientific research on public sector performance measurement of applicable nature that could provide guidelines for development of performance measurement systems, evaluate developmental opportunities and threats, and suggest prospective models. Research problem –performance measurement practices in public sector organizations and municipalities are not sufficiently analysed in the Central and Eastern European scientific literature on public administration though this topic is broadly examined by scholars of the Western countries (especially Anglo-Saxon). The topic of public sector performance measurement in Lithuania up to now has not been analysed in scientific dissertations. Goal of the dissertation is to examine the state and developmental perspectives of performance measurement in Lithuanian municipalities by applying results of scientific researches on performance measurement that were carried out in the municipalities of other countries. Tasks of the dissertation: 1. To carry out a historical overview of performance measurement practices in the municipalities of different countries and the analysis of scientific researches on the topic; 2. To develop performance measurement models that could become practically applied tools in improving performance measurement systems in Lithuanian municipalities; 3. To analyse the organisation of performance measurement systems in Lithuanian municipalities and the conditions to improve them; 4. To examine the dependence of performance measurement practices on different political, social, structural and cultural factors. Novelty of the dissertation is conditioned by its goal and tasks because municipal performance measurement practices is a new phenomenon almost never researched before in Lithuania. The researches of this dissertation are based on the methodology of action research which may appear non-traditional and innovative to the Lithuanian academic community dominated by positivistic tradition. The Local Governance Balanced Scorecard and the Municipal Performance Measurement Model developed in this dissertation are innovative models designed on the basis of the Balanced Scorecard, formulated by Kaplan and Norton in 1992 (1996, 2004), and the Common Assessment Framework which has been broadly implemented in public sector organizations as the means for evaluating quality management systems since 2000. The dissertation suggests an advanced concept of strategic management and performance measurement in the context of local governance, according to which all stakeholders should take part in processes of strategic management and performance measurement, and strategic development plans should include all goals and tasks, implementation of which needs initiative from stakeholders. Such approach to strategic management and performance measurement proceeds from the modern understanding of governance as a phenomenon opposed to government which has entrenched itself in the academic community of public administration in the last decade. The Local Governance Balanced Scorecard could be a tool to realize this approach. The Municipal Performance Measurement Model gives an opportunity to evaluate performance measurement practices that exist in municipalities. Self-evaluation of management systems according to the Municipal Performance Measurement Model can be the first step in realizing changes related to implementation of performance measurement systems in municipalities. Practical implications of the dissertation. Performance measurement systems are not developed in Lithuanian municipalities, managers and employees of municipalities lacks knowledge and skills to successfully organize performance measurement systems. Municipalities do not or almost do not apply strategic management and quality management models. Therefore, the material on performance measurement models and the experience of municipalities of different countries collected and summarised in this dissertation and the developed models of performance measurement may empower Lithuanian members of municipal councils, mayors, heads of municipality administration and employees to implement needed changes and provide with the necessary knowledge. Sources and methods of the dissertation. The dissertation is grounded on the action research methodology which is based on the pragmatic theory of knowledge. It is being argued that the pragmatic theory of knowledge following the epistemological approach, developed in the works of W.James (1995), J.Dewey (1981), J.Habermas (2004), R.Rorty (1979, 1982), differs from positivistic and interpretative theories of knowledge because under this epistemological paradigm the goals of scientific research and transformation of social reality are closely interrelated. After evaluating the action research approaches of K.Lewin, Ch.Argyris (Argyris ir kt., 1985), P.Checkland (Checkland, 1999; Checkland, Poulter, 2006) (Reason, Bradbury, 2001), a modified concept of action research, providing justification to the tasks of the dissertation and methods of their implementation, is formulated. It is argued that scientific research is the process of learning under which assumptions about social phenomena, their changes and the effectiveness of the methods of acquiring knowledge about social phenomena as well as the influence to the changes of social phenomena are formulated and tested, assumptions that are not approved by empirical facts are rejected, more accurate assumptions are postulated, etc. In other words, in the process of scientific research one learns by 'trial and error", by raising ideas and implementing them, making mistakes and avoiding their recurrence. Knowledge acquisition process in social sciences is also equated to the process of innovation creation and management, because namely discoveries and novelties - new theories, models and methods – that directly or indirectly cause positive changes in human lives, have great value in scientific cognition. Therefore, by developing this concept of scientific cognition it is possible to refer to the insights provided by the discipline of innovation management. In aiming to implement the tasks of the dissertation those research and data collection methods are used: modelling, expert survey, content analysis, e-mail survey. OVERVIEW OF THE DISSERTATION STRUCTURE The constituent parts of the dissertation are the following: introduction, theoretical and research parts, and conclusions. The first part 'The Theoretical Analysis of Performance Measurement in Municipalities' analyses the process of performance measurement and its opportunities in improving local government, evaluates the international experience in municipal performance measurement and examines the results of scientific researches on performance measurement. This part consists of four chapters. The first chapter 'The Concept and Context of Performance Measurement in Municipalities' formulates the descriptions of the major concepts and discusses the problems of term usage, analyses the peculiarities of performance measurement in municipalities, evaluates factors and motives that determine performance measurement practices in municipalities, overviews performance measurement practices and researches in Lithuania. In the section 1.1 it is stated that the meaning of the concepts 'performance measurement', 'productivity measurement', 'performance evaluation', 'performance observation' is similar and the definition of the chosen concept 'performance measurement' is presented. Other concepts fundamental for this work and terms denoting them are discussed. Aiming to simplify the understanding of the terms used in the dissertation the glossary of major terms indicating English terms and their equivalents in Lithuanian is made. The section 1.2 raises a question, how performance measurement practices in municipalities are similar and specific as compared to other public and private sector organisations. An assumption that the differences of performance measurement practices in different organisations are conditioned by organizational si

General characteristics and relevance of the topic. In 1995's issue of the scientific journal Public Administration Review Robert D. Behn (1995) referring to the analogy of the science of physics formulated three major questions which, in his opinion, scholars of public management should be concerned about in the 21st century. One of them was the measurement question: how public managers can measure the achievements of their agencies in ways that help to increase those achievements? After a decade the emergence of multitude of books and articles in scientific journals, changes in public sector organizations caused by implementation of models of performance measurement, performance management and quality management, governmental initiatives to implement performance measurement programmes just confirm the Behn insight on the importance of performance measurement in public organizations. For many years performance measurement as one of the major tools in the package of the New Public Management reforms has remained a significant 'management fashion' (Abrahamson, 1996) and scholars as well as practicians of traditionally more developed countries of the English speaking world and the Continental Western Europe are well aware of it. The fashion gradually comes to the post-communist Central European countries which recently joined the European Union or are in the way of doing so and which learn from the experience of more 'advanced" countries in different areas of public administration. Lithuanian public sector organizations, including municipalities, also take part in the experience transferring process and, although up to now performance measurement practices are poorly institutionalised or do not exist at all, it is likely that in the nearest future significant changes will take place in this area. Therefore, there is a great need for scientific research on public sector performance measurement of applicable nature that could provide guidelines for development of performance measurement systems, evaluate developmental opportunities and threats, and suggest prospective models. Research problem –performance measurement practices in public sector organizations and municipalities are not sufficiently analysed in the Central and Eastern European scientific literature on public administration though this topic is broadly examined by scholars of the Western countries (especially Anglo-Saxon). The topic of public sector performance measurement in Lithuania up to now has not been analysed in scientific dissertations. Goal of the dissertation is to examine the state and developmental perspectives of performance measurement in Lithuanian municipalities by applying results of scientific researches on performance measurement that were carried out in the municipalities of other countries. Tasks of the dissertation: 1. To carry out a historical overview of performance measurement practices in the municipalities of different countries and the analysis of scientific researches on the topic; 2. To develop performance measurement models that could become practically applied tools in improving performance measurement systems in Lithuanian municipalities; 3. To analyse the organisation of performance measurement systems in Lithuanian municipalities and the conditions to improve them; 4. To examine the dependence of performance measurement practices on different political, social, structural and cultural factors. Novelty of the dissertation is conditioned by its goal and tasks because municipal performance measurement practices is a new phenomenon almost never researched before in Lithuania. The researches of this dissertation are based on the methodology of action research which may appear non-traditional and innovative to the Lithuanian academic community dominated by positivistic tradition. The Local Governance Balanced Scorecard and the Municipal Performance Measurement Model developed in this dissertation are innovative models designed on the basis of the Balanced Scorecard, formulated by Kaplan and Norton in 1992 (1996, 2004), and the Common Assessment Framework which has been broadly implemented in public sector organizations as the means for evaluating quality management systems since 2000. The dissertation suggests an advanced concept of strategic management and performance measurement in the context of local governance, according to which all stakeholders should take part in processes of strategic management and performance measurement, and strategic development plans should include all goals and tasks, implementation of which needs initiative from stakeholders. Such approach to strategic management and performance measurement proceeds from the modern understanding of governance as a phenomenon opposed to government which has entrenched itself in the academic community of public administration in the last decade. The Local Governance Balanced Scorecard could be a tool to realize this approach. The Municipal Performance Measurement Model gives an opportunity to evaluate performance measurement practices that exist in municipalities. Self-evaluation of management systems according to the Municipal Performance Measurement Model can be the first step in realizing changes related to implementation of performance measurement systems in municipalities. Practical implications of the dissertation. Performance measurement systems are not developed in Lithuanian municipalities, managers and employees of municipalities lacks knowledge and skills to successfully organize performance measurement systems. Municipalities do not or almost do not apply strategic management and quality management models. Therefore, the material on performance measurement models and the experience of municipalities of different countries collected and summarised in this dissertation and the developed models of performance measurement may empower Lithuanian members of municipal councils, mayors, heads of municipality administration and employees to implement needed changes and provide with the necessary knowledge. Sources and methods of the dissertation. The dissertation is grounded on the action research methodology which is based on the pragmatic theory of knowledge. It is being argued that the pragmatic theory of knowledge following the epistemological approach, developed in the works of W.James (1995), J.Dewey (1981), J.Habermas (2004), R.Rorty (1979, 1982), differs from positivistic and interpretative theories of knowledge because under this epistemological paradigm the goals of scientific research and transformation of social reality are closely interrelated. After evaluating the action research approaches of K.Lewin, Ch.Argyris (Argyris ir kt., 1985), P.Checkland (Checkland, 1999; Checkland, Poulter, 2006) (Reason, Bradbury, 2001), a modified concept of action research, providing justification to the tasks of the dissertation and methods of their implementation, is formulated. It is argued that scientific research is the process of learning under which assumptions about social phenomena, their changes and the effectiveness of the methods of acquiring knowledge about social phenomena as well as the influence to the changes of social phenomena are formulated and tested, assumptions that are not approved by empirical facts are rejected, more accurate assumptions are postulated, etc. In other words, in the process of scientific research one learns by 'trial and error", by raising ideas and implementing them, making mistakes and avoiding their recurrence. Knowledge acquisition process in social sciences is also equated to the process of innovation creation and management, because namely discoveries and novelties - new theories, models and methods – that directly or indirectly cause positive changes in human lives, have great value in scientific cognition. Therefore, by developing this concept of scientific cognition it is possible to refer to the insights provided by the discipline of innovation management. In aiming to implement the tasks of the dissertation those research and data collection methods are used: modelling, expert survey, content analysis, e-mail survey. OVERVIEW OF THE DISSERTATION STRUCTURE The constituent parts of the dissertation are the following: introduction, theoretical and research parts, and conclusions. The first part 'The Theoretical Analysis of Performance Measurement in Municipalities' analyses the process of performance measurement and its opportunities in improving local government, evaluates the international experience in municipal performance measurement and examines the results of scientific researches on performance measurement. This part consists of four chapters. The first chapter 'The Concept and Context of Performance Measurement in Municipalities' formulates the descriptions of the major concepts and discusses the problems of term usage, analyses the peculiarities of performance measurement in municipalities, evaluates factors and motives that determine performance measurement practices in municipalities, overviews performance measurement practices and researches in Lithuania. In the section 1.1 it is stated that the meaning of the concepts 'performance measurement', 'productivity measurement', 'performance evaluation', 'performance observation' is similar and the definition of the chosen concept 'performance measurement' is presented. Other concepts fundamental for this work and terms denoting them are discussed. Aiming to simplify the understanding of the terms used in the dissertation the glossary of major terms indicating English terms and their equivalents in Lithuanian is made. The section 1.2 raises a question, how performance measurement practices in municipalities are similar and specific as compared to other public and private sector organisations. An assumption that the differences of performance measurement practices in different organisations are conditioned by organizational si