Suchergebnisse

La importancia de la Universidad en el proceso de gestación de un determinado modelo de ciudad es un hecho relativo función de multitud de variables como son la población, dinámica económica, evolución histórica, aspectos socioculturales, patrimonio cultural, etc. En el caso de la Universidad de Granada y la ciudad en donde se ubica todas estas circunstancias son sinérgicas de manera que hoy en día sería inconcebible la ciudad de Granada y su urbanismo sin ella. Esta importancia fue compartida durante gran parte de la segunda mitad del siglo XX con la concentración de instalaciones militares vinculadas a la novena región militar del Estado Español. Acometida la reorganización y reagrupación de espacios destinados a acuartelamientos. la Universidad de Granada queda como el principal agente económico y social de la cui dad (en ausencia va no solo de otros secundarios sino en convivencia con otros dependientes de la propia actividad universitaria). A estas circunstancias se suma el tamaño de la Universidad de Granada. tanto en numero de alumnos 82.482 estudiantes (58.058 correspondientes a titulaciones de grado), profesores (3.781) e infraestructuras docentes. investigadoras y de extensión universitaria. Estas instalaciones, tal y como se presentara a lo largo de este documento, se concretan en siete campus (Aynadamar, Cartuja, Centro, Ceuta, Fuentenueva, Melilla y Ciencias de la Salud) localizados en una comunidad autónoma y en dos ciudades autónomas, así como otras instalaciones que completan la oferta de espacios y que se localizan en Sierra Nevada, Alpujarra Granadina, Club Náutico del Pantano de Cubillas. etc. La complejidad de la gestión de las infraestructuras se completa con la diversidad en cuanto a antigüedad y naturaleza de las mismas, existiendo patrimonio correspondiente al siglo I (alfares romanos) junto a campus universitarios de una concepción modernista propia del siglo XXI. Los atributos patrimoniales de la ciudad de Granada condicionan cualquier actuación que se plantee. Particularmente. las cautelas arqueológicas y de conservación cultural supone un elemento determinante a la hora de abordar mejoras substanciales. V mas si cabe cuando el resto de las administraciones actúan en la mayoría de los casos como meros agentes inspectores sin ninguna implicación en materia de promoción y financiación de actuaciones encaminadas a la puesta en valor del ingente patrimonio inmueble del que es titular la Universidad de Granada. Hecha esta introducción obvia insistir en la importancia de la Universidad de Granada como agente urbanizador y generador de relaciones e interrelaciones en la ciudad. siendo causa principal de la dinámica económica existente en la urbe. La Universidad de Granada tiene por tanto un cometido vertebrador y determinante del territorio en don de se localiza. circunstancia esta que. aunque asumida por el resto de las administraciones. no ha supuesto un tratamiento diferenciado al resto de los agentes económicos de las ciudades en donde su ubica. La gestión racional de todo el patrimonio de la Universidad de la Universidad de Granada obliga al pragmatismo y a la necesidad de plantear planes y programas basados en la funcionalidad y sostenibilidad de las acciones que se determinen. Todo ello ha de llevarse a cabo dentro del modelo de financiación de las universidades publicas españolas en donde no se consideran ni se tienen en cuenta hechos diferenciales esenciales como son la necesidad de conservación del patrimonio histórico. la capacidad de regeneración de tejido urbano y puesta en valor de espacios que de otra forma se perderían dentro del modelo de ciudad. así como la propia difusión cultural de los valores históricos que se poseen. En estos últimos años la Universidad de Granada esta haciendo un esfuerzo considerable encaminado a conseguir un marco especifico de trabajo que le permita abordar con suficientes garantías todas las acciones de mejoras planteadas dentro del modelo de Universidad-Ciudad. En este documento se presentan. de forma ordenada y por aproximaciones sucesivas la relación Universidad-Ciudad desde la ordenación del territorio hasta la presentación de los distintos modelos de campus así como sus relaciones dentro del esquema de ciudad. Se presta especial atención porque así permite conocer la realidad de las relaciones a la evolución del modelo de universidad a 10 largo de toda la historia (coránica, cristiana, literaria y moderna) a las dinámicas residenciales y sus relaciones con la universidad. (modelos de movilidad) así como a la propia configuración arquitectónica y de diseño de espacios públicos fruto de las relaciones anteriores. Por ultimo hay que agradecer el importante trabajo llevado a cabo por los autores del estudio David Cabrera, Carmen Torrecillas y Juan Manuel Santiago, que además de suponer la puesta en orden y valor de información de primera importancia para la Universidad de Granada facilita una herramienta de ayuda a la toma de decisiones en materia de urbanismo e infraestructuras universitarias. En Granada. marzo de 2011. ; The importance of the University in the design process for a particular city model is a relatively feature of many variables such as population, economic dynamics, historical, socio-cultural, cultural heritage, etc. In the case of the University of Granada and the city where you will find all these circumstances are synergistic so that would be inconceivable today the city of Granada and its urbanism without it. This importance was shared throughout much of the second half of the twentieth century with the concentration of military installations linked to the ninth military region of the Spanish State. Onslaught reorganization and regrouping of space for barracks. University of Granada remains the main economic agents and social care unit (in the absence will not only other secondary but dependent coexistence with other university activity itself). These circumstances are compounded by the size of the University of Granada. both in number of students 82,482 students (58,058 for undergraduate degrees), teachers (3781) and educational infrastructure. research and university extension. These facilities, as presented throughout this document are defined in seven campuses (Aynadamar, Charterhouse Center, Ceuta, Fuentenueva, Melilla and Health Sciences) located in an autonomous and two autonomous cities and other facilities that complete the venues and are located in Sierra Nevada, Granada Alpujarra, Club Nautico Cubillas Swamp. and so on. The complexity of infrastructure management is complemented by the diversity in age and nature of them, there for the-century heritage (Roman pottery) campuses with a modernist conception of the century itself. The heritage attributes of the city of Granada determine any action that may arise. Particularly. the caution archaeological and cultural preservation is a key element in addressing the substantial improvements. V more so when the other administrations acting in most cases as mere agents inspectors without any involvement in the promotion and financing of actions for the massive revaluation of immovable property which is owned by the University of Granada . With this introduction to emphasize the obvious importance of the University of Granada as an agent developer and builder relations and interrelations in the city. being a major cause of economic dynamics existing in the city. The University of Granada is as much a determinant of backbone and a gift of land is located. circumstance that. but assumed by other administrations. has not led to a different treatment to other operators in the cities where its located. The sound management of all assets of the University of Granada University requires pragmatism and the need to establish plans and programs based on the functionality and sustainability of the actions to be determined. This has to be carried out within the funding model of the Spanish public universities where there are neither facts are considered essential differentials such as the need for historic preservation. the regenerative capacity of the urban fabric and enhancement of spaces that would otherwise be lost in the city model. well as their own cultural dissemination of historical values you have. In recent years, the University of Granada is making significant efforts aimed at achieving a specific framework that allows you to work with sufficient safeguards to address all improvements proposed actions within the University-City model. This document is presented. orderly and by successive approximations the relationship between university and city from planning to presentation of the different models of campus as well as their relationships within the framework of town. Special attention is because it lets you know the reality of relationships to model the evolution of college to 10 throughout history (Qur'an, Christian, and modern literature) to residential dynamics and their relationships with the university. (Mobility patterns) as well as the configuration and architectural design of public spaces result of previous relationships. Finally we must thank the important work carried out by the study authors David Cabrera, Carmen and Juan Manuel Santiago Torrecillas, in addition to assuming the ordering and value information of prime importance to the University of Granada provides a tool aid to decision-making in urban planning and infrastructure university. In Granada. in March 2011. ; Universidad de Granada

La presente tesis estudia las estrategias que utilizan los arquitectos para conseguir encargos, para vender proyectos, para construir obras. Aunque sus modus operandi pueden parecer meras técnicas de marketing no se puede obviar que las relaciones económicas condicionan cada fase de un proyecto, incluso la previa a sus primeros esbozos, y determinan en mayor o menor medida el resultado final. La metodología de trabajo parte de la base del estudio de las noticias sobre arquitectura publicadas en cabeceras internacionales, para analizar y clasificar sus contenidos. Advierto que las informaciones reinciden en determinados temas: el proyecto espectacular –el icono–; el beneficio económico de una promoción –marketing–; la manera de alcanzar el éxito de público –la masa– y el estrella del momento –el número uno–. Y todo ello, de la mano de un político a quien se achaca el éxito o el fracaso del proyecto. Una vez acotadas las constantes, procedía acotar el periodo histórico de la tesis, que establezco desde mediados del siglo pasado hasta nuestros días. La tesis comienza con los inicios del marketing. Hasta la segunda Guerra Mundial, las empresas fabricaban en respuesta a sus pedidos. Los 'stocks' de producción eran casi inexistentes. Pero al estallar la guerra se vieron forzadas a aumentar la producción hasta cotas inimaginables. El Estado lo compraba todo para abastecer a sus soldados. El problema llegó al acabar la contienda. El sistema se había optimizado para fabricar excedentes de producción y había que dar salida a esos productos que no tenían comprador. La posguerra americana marca el inicio del marketing. Las empresas se vieron en la necesidad de idear fórmulas que atrajeran a los consumidores hacia sus productos. En este contexto, profesionales como Charles Luckman trasladan el conocimiento comercial de la empresa a la arquitectura. Se empezaron a promover edificios cuyo beneficio no se basaba en la amortización de bienes para su explotación –ya fuese en régimen de alquiler o venta–, sino en el impacto que produciría en el consumidor de una determinada marca. El desarrollo de un edificio empezó a ser considerado una inversión publicitaria más. Nacía una forma de vincular la arquitectura con bienes intangibles, como la imagen, la marca, el poder o la experiencia del usuario. La tesis tiene la voluntad de ser práctica. Busca ejemplos extrapolables, justificaciones basadas en éxitos económicos y políticos, evitando en lo posible juzgar los proyectos. Cada capítulo expone casos reales para establecer un paralelismo entre la trayectoria de un determinado arquitecto del siglo XX y la de un profesional de nuestro tiempo. De los análisis se desprende que las estrategias de venta no son un fenómeno nuevo y que, adaptadas, siguen un patrón de uso. La tesis se apoya en datos biográficos de los arquitectos objeto de estudio para explicar las circunstancias de las que partieron y cómo alcanzaron el éxito o, por el contrario, qué les condenó al fracaso. Me interesa el momento en que, poniendo en riesgo su vida profesional, apuestan por una estrategia que el mercado decide si es correcta o no. Curiosamente, las investigaciones me han llevado a definir tres características comunes a todos los arquitectos que utilizan la estrategia: Les gusta más construir que proyectar; son hábiles oradores y tienen relación con la Costa Oeste de los Estados Unidos. California es un lugar de oportunidades donde el resultado importa más que la teoría. Todos trabajan allí con estrategias para lograr beneficios. En la zona han nacido o desarrollado su labor profesional Gehry, Gensler, Luckman, Pereira, Ma, Jerde, Koolhaas, Jobs o Page y Brin. Sorprenderá mi inclusión de arquitectos de software en la lista de arquitectos de edificios. El cambio que ha vivido la arquitectura lo justifica. En la actualidad, las empresas ya no encargan edificios que las representen, sino estrategias que mejoren su marca, su eficiencia y sus ventas. Ofrecerlas es hoy también trabajo de un arquitecto. Si entendemos el funcionamiento del mercado, quizás podamos "mantenernos sobre la ola y surfearla", como dice Koolhaas. El desafío es grande y más aún en el contexto actual. La crisis está provocando cambios en el perfil del arquitecto. Pasamos de hablar un lenguaje que sólo entendemos nosotros –el discurso arquitectónico–, a un lenguaje que entienden todos, menos nosotros: el discurso estratégico. A día de hoy, los arquitectos proyectaremos menos edificios, para centrarnos en proyectar estrategias. Empecemos pues a estudiarlas. Descubriremos cómo funcionan y hasta dónde nos pueden llevar. De buen seguro las vamos a necesitar para convencer a la sociedad de que todavía podemos serle útil. Lloc ; This thesis studies the strategies architects use to get commissions, sell projects and build structures. Although their modus operandi may appear to be just marketing techniques, it is undeniable that economic factors govern each stage in a project, even before the initial rough drafts, and determine to a greater or lesser extent the final result. The basis of the methodology involved is the analysis of the international press. Certain recurring themes seem to appear: the eye-catching project – the icon; the financial profit of a development – marketing; the way to win public success – mass; and the current star – the number one. All this under the aegis of a politician who is attributed the success or failure of the project. The timescale covered the period from the mid-1900's onwards. The thesis begins with the beginnings of marketing. Up to the second World War, companies manufactured to order. But the outbreak of war forced production to unimaginable heights. The State bought everything to supply its soldiers. However, the problem arose at the end of hostilities; the system had been optimised to manufacture an excess of production, and an outlet had to be found for all these products without a buyer. The American post-war saw the beginning of marketing. Companies found they had to think up formulas to attract public attention to their products. In this context, professionals such as Charles Luckman applied commercial knowledge to architecture. Buildings started to be put up, not so much for the profits to be earned from the renting or selling the property, as for the impact it would have on the consumer of a particular brand. The development of a building began to be seen more as an investment in publicity. It was a way of linking architecture with intangible assets such as image, brand name, power or user-experience. The thesis is basically practical, presenting comparable examples, justifications based on economic and political successes, while avoiding judgements. Each chapter presents real cases to establish a parallelism between the development of a certain twentieth-century architect and that of a present-day professional. The analyses show sales strategies are not something new and that, duly adapted, they follow a pattern. The thesis uses biographical data of the architects studied to explain the initial circumstances of each, and how they achieved success or what condemned them to failure. Most interesting is the moment when they stake their professional career on a strategy that only the market will decide whether it was right. Curiously, research seems to suggest there are three characteristics common to all architects who use strategy: they prefer building to planning, they are very good speakers, and they are all connected in some way to the U.S. West Coast. California is a place of opportunities where results are more important than theory. Strategies are used to achieve profits. It is where many well-known architects were born or worked, including Gehry, Gensler, Luckman, Pereira, Ma, Jerde, Koolhaas, Jobs and Page and Brin. It may seem surprising to see architects of software amongst the architects of buildings. This is due to the way architecture has changed. Nowadays, companies do not commission buildings to represent them, but strategies to improve their brand, efficiency and sales. This is also an architect's job. We must understand how the market works,. The challenge is enormous, even more so in today's world. The crisis is changing the architect's profile. It is no longer a question of using a language that only we understand – architectural discourse – it is a matter of speaking a language everybody understands, except us – strategical discourse. Nowadays, architects plan fewer buildings, and spend more time planning strategies. So let's start to study them. We will discover how they work and where they will lead us. For we are certainly going to have to convince society we still have our uses. Lloc i ; Postprint (published version)

La presente tesis estudia las estrategias que utilizan los arquitectos para conseguir encargos, para vender proyectos, para construir obras. Aunque sus modus operandi pueden parecer meras técnicas de marketing no se puede obviar que las relaciones económicas condicionan cada fase de un proyecto, incluso la previa a sus primeros esbozos, y determinan en mayor o menor medida el resultado final. La metodología de trabajo parte de la base del estudio de las noticias sobre arquitectura publicadas en cabeceras internacionales, para analizar y clasificar sus contenidos. Advierto que las informaciones reinciden en determinados temas: el proyecto espectacular –el icono–; el beneficio económico de una promoción –marketing–; la manera de alcanzar el éxito de público –la masa– y el estrella del momento –el número uno–. Y todo ello, de la mano de un político a quien se achaca el éxito o el fracaso del proyecto. Una vez acotadas las constantes, procedía acotar el periodo histórico de la tesis, que establezco desde mediados del siglo pasado hasta nuestros días. La tesis comienza con los inicios del marketing. Hasta la segunda Guerra Mundial, las empresas fabricaban en respuesta a sus pedidos. Los 'stocks' de producción eran casi inexistentes. Pero al estallar la guerra se vieron forzadas a aumentar la producción hasta cotas inimaginables. El Estado lo compraba todo para abastecer a sus soldados. El problema llegó al acabar la contienda. El sistema se había optimizado para fabricar excedentes de producción y había que dar salida a esos productos que no tenían comprador. La posguerra americana marca el inicio del marketing. Las empresas se vieron en la necesidad de idear fórmulas que atrajeran a los consumidores hacia sus productos. En este contexto, profesionales como Charles Luckman trasladan el conocimiento comercial de la empresa a la arquitectura. Se empezaron a promover edificios cuyo beneficio no se basaba en la amortización de bienes para su explotación –ya fuese en régimen de alquiler o venta–, sino en el impacto que produciría en el consumidor de una determinada marca. El desarrollo de un edificio empezó a ser considerado una inversión publicitaria más. Nacía una forma de vincular la arquitectura con bienes intangibles, como la imagen, la marca, el poder o la experiencia del usuario. La tesis tiene la voluntad de ser práctica. Busca ejemplos extrapolables, justificaciones basadas en éxitos económicos y políticos, evitando en lo posible juzgar los proyectos. Cada capítulo expone casos reales para establecer un paralelismo entre la trayectoria de un determinado arquitecto del siglo XX y la de un profesional de nuestro tiempo. De los análisis se desprende que las estrategias de venta no son un fenómeno nuevo y que, adaptadas, siguen un patrón de uso. La tesis se apoya en datos biográficos de los arquitectos objeto de estudio para explicar las circunstancias de las que partieron y cómo alcanzaron el éxito o, por el contrario, qué les condenó al fracaso. Me interesa el momento en que, poniendo en riesgo su vida profesional, apuestan por una estrategia que el mercado decide si es correcta o no. Curiosamente, las investigaciones me han llevado a definir tres características comunes a todos los arquitectos que utilizan la estrategia: Les gusta más construir que proyectar; son hábiles oradores y tienen relación con la Costa Oeste de los Estados Unidos. California es un lugar de oportunidades donde el resultado importa más que la teoría. Todos trabajan allí con estrategias para lograr beneficios. En la zona han nacido o desarrollado su labor profesional Gehry, Gensler, Luckman, Pereira, Ma, Jerde, Koolhaas, Jobs o Page y Brin. Sorprenderá mi inclusión de arquitectos de software en la lista de arquitectos de edificios. El cambio que ha vivido la arquitectura lo justifica. En la actualidad, las empresas ya no encargan edificios que las representen, sino estrategias que mejoren su marca, su eficiencia y sus ventas. Ofrecerlas es hoy también trabajo de un arquitecto. Si entendemos el funcionamiento del mercado, quizás podamos "mantenernos sobre la ola y surfearla", como dice Koolhaas. El desafío es grande y más aún en el contexto actual. La crisis está provocando cambios en el perfil del arquitecto. Pasamos de hablar un lenguaje que sólo entendemos nosotros –el discurso arquitectónico–, a un lenguaje que entienden todos, menos nosotros: el discurso estratégico. A día de hoy, los arquitectos proyectaremos menos edificios, para centrarnos en proyectar estrategias. Empecemos pues a estudiarlas. Descubriremos cómo funcionan y hasta dónde nos pueden llevar. De buen seguro las vamos a necesitar para convencer a la sociedad de que todavía podemos serle útil. Lloc ; This thesis studies the strategies architects use to get commissions, sell projects and build structures. Although their modus operandi may appear to be just marketing techniques, it is undeniable that economic factors govern each stage in a project, even before the initial rough drafts, and determine to a greater or lesser extent the final result. The basis of the methodology involved is the analysis of the international press. Certain recurring themes seem to appear: the eye-catching project – the icon; the financial profit of a development – marketing; the way to win public success – mass; and the current star – the number one. All this under the aegis of a politician who is attributed the success or failure of the project. The timescale covered the period from the mid-1900's onwards. The thesis begins with the beginnings of marketing. Up to the second World War, companies manufactured to order. But the outbreak of war forced production to unimaginable heights. The State bought everything to supply its soldiers. However, the problem arose at the end of hostilities; the system had been optimised to manufacture an excess of production, and an outlet had to be found for all these products without a buyer. The American post-war saw the beginning of marketing. Companies found they had to think up formulas to attract public attention to their products. In this context, professionals such as Charles Luckman applied commercial knowledge to architecture. Buildings started to be put up, not so much for the profits to be earned from the renting or selling the property, as for the impact it would have on the consumer of a particular brand. The development of a building began to be seen more as an investment in publicity. It was a way of linking architecture with intangible assets such as image, brand name, power or user-experience. The thesis is basically practical, presenting comparable examples, justifications based on economic and political successes, while avoiding judgements. Each chapter presents real cases to establish a parallelism between the development of a certain twentieth-century architect and that of a present-day professional. The analyses show sales strategies are not something new and that, duly adapted, they follow a pattern. The thesis uses biographical data of the architects studied to explain the initial circumstances of each, and how they achieved success or what condemned them to failure. Most interesting is the moment when they stake their professional career on a strategy that only the market will decide whether it was right. Curiously, research seems to suggest there are three characteristics common to all architects who use strategy: they prefer building to planning, they are very good speakers, and they are all connected in some way to the U.S. West Coast. California is a place of opportunities where results are more important than theory. Strategies are used to achieve profits. It is where many well-known architects were born or worked, including Gehry, Gensler, Luckman, Pereira, Ma, Jerde, Koolhaas, Jobs and Page and Brin. It may seem surprising to see architects of software amongst the architects of buildings. This is due to the way architecture has changed. Nowadays, companies do not commission buildings to represent them, but strategies to improve their brand, efficiency and sales. This is also an architect's job. We must understand how the market works,. The challenge is enormous, even more so in today's world. The crisis is changing the architect's profile. It is no longer a question of using a language that only we understand – architectural discourse – it is a matter of speaking a language everybody understands, except us – strategical discourse. Nowadays, architects plan fewer buildings, and spend more time planning strategies. So let's start to study them. We will discover how they work and where they will lead us. For we are certainly going to have to convince society we still have our uses. Lloc i ; Postprint (published version)

AB SÜRECİNDE TÜRKİYE TARIMIAvrupa Birliği (AB); siyasi ve ekonomik anlamda uluslararası bir bütünleşmedir. Avrupa'da siyasi ve ekonomik bütünleşme Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu'nun (AET) kurulmasıyla başlamıştır. 1951 yılında kurulan Avrupa Kömür ve Çelik Birliği (CECA) bütünleşme yolunda atılmış ikinci adımdır. Ekonomik yönden birleşme fikrine yoğunlaşılması sonucunda 25 Mart 1957 tarihinde Avrupa Atom Enerjisi Topluluğu (EURATOM) kurulmuştur. Bu topluluklar AB'nin temelini oluşturmaktadır. 1 Ocak 1958 tarihinde kurucu altı ülke (Almanya, Fransa, İtalya, Belçika, Hollanda, Lüksemburg) tarafından imzalanarak yürürlüğe giren Roma Anlaşması ile Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu bugünkü adıyla Avrupa Birliği kurulmuştur. AB, Avrupa'da yaşanan savaşların tekrardan çıkmasını engellemek, ekonomi alanında yaşanan işsizlik sorunu çözmek, az gelişmiş bölgelerin kalkındırılması ve yaşam standartlarının yükseltilmeyi amaçlamaktadır.Avrupa Birliğinin İç politikalarının temeli, 'Serbest Piyasa Düzeni' oluşturmakla beraber birçok korumaya yönelik önlemler ve birlikte hareket etme prensibine önem verilmektir. Dış Politikaları ise, Topluluğun çıkarlarını temel almaktadır. Dış Politikalar; Ortak Tarım Politikaları, Ortak Ticaret Politikaları, Ortak Sanayi Politikaları ve Ortak Sosyal Politikalardan oluşmaktadır.Haziran 1993 tarihinde düzenlenen Kopenhag Zirvesinde, AB'ne üyelik koşulları belirlenmiştir. Bu koşullar üyelik için başvuran tüm aday ülkelerin yerine getirmesi gereken asgari koşullar olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Bu koşullar, siyasi, ekonomik kriterler ve müktesebat uyumu olmak üzere üç grupta toplanmaktadır.Türkiye AB ilişkileri 31 Temmuz 1959 tarihinde Türkiye'nin AETye ortaklık başvuru ile başlamıştır. Gümrük Birliği ve tam üyeliğe yönelik ilk adımlar 1 Aralık 1964 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren Ankara Antlaşması ile atılmıştır. Türkiye Avrupa Topluluğu (AT) ile 1963 yılında imzaladığı Ankara Anlaşması ve 1970 yılında imzalanan Katma Protokol ile; Topluluğa tam üyeliği amaçlanmakta ve taraflara bazı yükümlülükler getirilmektedir.Bu yükümlülüklerden birisi, Türkiye ile AT arasında emeğin serbest dolaşımı konusudur. Emeğin serbest dolaşımı konusu, Ankara Anlaşması ve Katma Protokol ile 1976-1986 tarihleri arasında aşamalı olarak gerçekleşmesi öngörülmüş olsa da bu durum AT tarafından kabul edilmemiştir. Türkiye AB' ne katılım süreci içerisindeki aday adayı ülke konumundan 1999'da düzenlenen Helsinki Zirvesi ile aday ülke konumuna geçmiştir. Ayrıca AB, bu süreçte Türkiye'nin diğer aday ülkelerle aynı şartlara sahip olacağını belirtmiştir.1923-1950 yılları arasında tarımsal KİT'ler kurulmuştur. Türkiye ekonomisinde 1960'lı yıllardan sonra planlı döneme geçilmiştir. 1960-1970 yılları arasında tarımsal girdi kullanımının teşviki ve sulama alanlarına yönelik yapılan yatırımlarla sağlanan verim artışı sonucunda destekleme alımları yapılmış ve desteklenen ürünlerin sayısı arttırılmıştır. Bu dönemde yaşanan sosyal ve siyasal istikrarsızlık, Kıbrıs Savaşı, petrol krizi ve döviz darboğazından dolayı ekonomide durgunluk yaşanmıştır. Bu gelişmeler sonucunda Hükümet önlemler almaya başlamış, 1978 yılında "istikrar programı "nı açıklamıştır. İstikrar programı içerisinde yer alan ve uygulanan önlemler; KİT açılarlını kapatmak amacıyla KİT ürünlerine zam yapılmış, ithalat zorlaştırılmış ve devalüasyon yapılmıştır. 1979 yılında uygulana yeni bir program ile KİT ürünlerine yönelik zam uygulamasına devam edilmiş, faiz oranları yükseltilmiş ve Türk Lirası yeniden devalüe edilmiştir. Enflasyona engel olunamamasından ve durgunluğun devam etmesinden dolayı 24 Ocak1980 Kararları alınmıştır. 1980 sonrası dönemde 24 Ocak 1980 Kararlarıyla; devletin tarım sektörüne sağladığı destek azalmıştır. Fiyat yoluyla desteklenen ürün sayısı, 1980 yılında 24 iken, 1981 yılında 20'ye, 1985 yılında 18'e,1990 yılında ise 10'a düşmüştür. Nisan 1994'de yaşanan ekonomik kriz nedeniyle desteklenen ürün sayısı azaltılmış Bu süreç 2001 yılı sonuna kadar devam etmiştir. 2000'li yıllara gelindiğinde etkinliğini yitiren tarım politikalarının yerini, rekabete dayalı, adil, çiftçinin gelir düzeyini yükseltmeyi amaçlayan çevreci olan daha etkin tarım politikaları almıştır. Yeni tarım politikalarının hedeflerine ulaşmak için kullanılan araç, Doğrudan Gelir Desteği Uygulaması'dır. Bu uygulama AB'nde uygulanan Tek Çiftlik Ödeme Yöntemi için temel oluşturma niteliğindedir.1980'li yıllarda AB üyelik sürecine yönelik atılan önemli adım Gümrük Birliği Anlaşması olmuştur. Gümrük Birliği sayesinde Türkiye ekonomisi AB pazarında rekabet edebilme gücünü deneme fırsatı bulmuştur. Ayrıca Gümrük Birliği ile rekabet, fikri sınai mülkiyet hakları, tüketicinin korunması gibi bir çok konuda gerçekleştirilen mevzuat uyumu sayesinde Türkiye küreselleşme sürecinde yol kat etmiştir.Türkiye toprakları içerisinde dağlık alanların geniş yer kaplamasına rağmen mevcutta tarıma elverişli alanların etkin kullanılması durumunda tarımsal üretimimiz kendimize yeterlilik düzeyini de aşarak dış ticaretimiz içinde önemli bir yere sahip olmasını sağlayacaktır.TURKEY AGRİCULTURE İN THE PROCESS OF EUROPEAN UNİONEuropean Union (EU), an international political and economic integration. Political and economic integration in Europe, the European Economic Community (EEC) began with the establishment. Founded in 1951, the European Coal and Steel Community (Ceca) towards a second step of integration. Economic aspects to the idea of combining the results concentrate on the March 25, 1957 the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) was established. These communities form the foundation of the EU. On January 1, 1958 the six founding countries (Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) signed by the Rome Treaty enters into force today with the European Economic Community was founded with the name of the European Union.EU to leave Europe to avoid repetition of recent war, the economy experienced in the field to solve the unemployment problem, to the development of underdeveloped areas and living standards are intended to be promoted.The European Union's internal policies based on the 'Free Market Order' measures aimed at protecting and creating together with many moving important principle. Foreign policy, the Community's interests are based. Foreign policies, the Common Agricultural Policy, Common Commercial Policy, Common Industrial Policy and Social Policy is made up of partners.Held on June 1993 in Copenhagen, the EU membership requirements have been identified. These conditions of all candidate countries applying for membership must meet the minimum requirements are being considered. These conditions, the political, economic criteria and the acquis compliance are to be grouped under three.EU-Turkey relations on July 31, 1959 began with Turkey's application for association AETye. Customs Union and the first steps towards full membership, which came into force on December 1, 1964 have been taken by the Treaty of Ankara.Turkey and the European Community (EC) signed in 1963 with the Ankara Agreement and Additional Protocol, signed in 1970, aimed at being a full member of the community and are parties to certain responsibilities.One of these obligations, Turkey and the EC is a matter between the free movement of labor. The issue of free movement of labor, with the Ankara Agreement and Additional Protocol between 1976 to 1986 was predicted to occur in phases, although this was not accepted by the EC.Turkey EU accession process and in what position the nominated candidate countries held in Helsinki in 1999 and became a candidate country. The EU, Turkey and other candidate countries in this process will have the same conditions stated.Agricultural state enterprises has been established between the years 1923-1950. Turkey's economy was in the late 1960s, after the planned period. Between 1960-1970 the use of agricultural input subsidies and investment in irrigation areas provided for an increase in productivity as a result of purchases made to support and increase the number of products are supported. The social and political instability experienced in this period, Cyprus, War, oil crisis and recession in the economy has experienced due to foreign exchange bottlenecks. As a result of these developments the Government has started to take measures, in 1978, "stabilization program" for oxychlorination. Stabilization program in place and implemented measures, in order to close açılarlını Kit Kit allowance made products, imports have been customized and made devaluation. Kit with a new program implemented in 1979 hike application was continued for products, interest rates raised and the Turkish lira was devalued again. Prevent inflation and recession because of the ongoing 24th Ocak1980 decisions taken. In the period after 1980 to January 24, 1980 Decision of the State to provide support to the agricultural sector has declined. The number of supported products through the price in 1980 was 24 in 1981 to 20 in 1985 to 18 in 1990, while 10 declined. April 1994 due to the economic crisis reduced the number of supported products until the end of this process has continued in 2001. When it comes to events in the 2000s to replace lost agricultural policy, competitive, fair, aiming to raise the income level of farmers with environmentalists was more effective agricultural policies. New agricultural policy tools used to achieve their goals, Uygulaması'dır Direct Income Support. This application of EU Single Farm Payment Methods applied for the basic building characteristics.In the 1980s, the important steps taken towards EU membership process has been the Customs Union Agreement. Customs Union with Turkey's economy to compete in the market power of the EU had the opportunity to experiment. Moreover, the Customs Union with the competition, intellectual and industrial property rights, consumer protection legislation is carried out a lot about the way the process of globalization has come through Turkey.Turkey in the mountainous area of land available in spite of the large space to be used effectively in the case of arable fields, our agricultural production ourselves in our foreign trade to exceed proficiency levels also have an important place will ensure that .

Every human being living in the State of Nature had equal opportunities. Because of the growth of human race, this state altered and the interests of each individual person began to intersect, especially when talking about property. As a result, the rights and freedoms of each individual person were taken under threat. Therefore people began to organize themselves into societies in order to solve collective issues of society all together. When they had elected the most competent representatives, able to represent the interests of all Nation the best they could, people living in the State of Nature voluntarily waived their rights for handling particular issues in collective manner. The first aim of the representatives was the welfare of people. Thus the fundamental institute of the highest government was born. However, decisions taken in the name of all the people would have no power if they could not be enforced and would not reflect interests of the Nation. Seeking to implement supervision, the executive power was established which took care of the general welfare and the realization of all decisions. Thus, having a different purpose in society, legislature and executive authorities acted solely for their own sphere. Therefore, legislature and executive authorities could represent and work for the people as fair as possible. This is the basic idea of the historical division of powers which, variously modified or pure, as the security of democracy, was adopted by the majority of the most developed states in Western Europe and other states. Thus, the aim of every up-to-date democratic and, in particular, postcommunistic regime state is to establish a framework of powers which would perfectly guarantee the rights and freedoms of ordinary member of society and would not revive undemocratic governance trends, when power is concentrated in the hands of the central government. According to the division of powers doctrine stated in the founding works, the governance of state must be established as three divided powers - legislative, executive and judicial powers. As it was mentioned before, each branch of government has only the powers assigned to it and they can neither delegate nor take over functions from the other branches of government. In no way the one branch of government can be interblended with other. However, separation of powers does not mean that legislative, executive and judicial powers are autonomous - this means that they cooperate in a manner seeking to reach the level of balance that no power has an advantage over the other. This principle has to be continuously carried out in respect of parliamentary control of government. Only this way will properly safeguard the Nation's rights and freedoms. Based on the experience of legal history in Lithuania and other foreign countries there was implemented the principle of division of powers. However, the framework of constitutional division of powers in the Republic of Lithuania has a modified nature. This conclusion can be made on the basis of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court ruling where unreasoned finding was made that the member of Seimas at the same time in accordance with the exception to the principle of division of powers provided in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania may be appointed to do duties as a member of the executive branch of government (the Government). In this way, the situation arises where such member of Seimas, taking the parliamentary control and having responsibility to monitor the activities of the executive branch, controls himself. This could result in the abuse of power and dissipation of resources. In this instance, a person being the member of Seimas and also a member of executive branch, shall receive the Constitution set salary for both possitions. Typically, such member of Seimas does not participate in the plenary sittings of Seimas because of the workload in the Government. This problem to be solved is in a competence of Constitutional Court but its power under the doctrine of the division of powers is limited because it would have the opportunity to speak only if called upon by a group of persons referred to in the Constitution. In addition, Constitutional Court has the competence to state only in the limits of the Constitution. As a result, the exceptions stated by Constitutional Court as being established in the Constitution, the principle of division of powers will be implemented in a manner mentioned above. Another possibility to solve this problem is in the prerogative of people or the representatives of people. The Constitution enshrines the opportunity for the members of Seimas to discuss people's concerns and the adoption of the laws limiting the interblending of powers, (whereas the Constitution provides for only the possibility of merger), or to initiate constitutional amendments immediately. If this possibility is not used by the members of Seimas, people can use it by themselves under manner established in the Constitution. The hypothesis (an appointment of the member of Seimas at the same time to do duties as a member of the executive branch contradicts the principle of division of powers estableshed in the Constitution) put forward in this study is denied based on the following considerations: 1. By the consensus of society in the State of Nature it has been decided to delegate own personal rights to the representatives of people. In this way legislature was founded, which meets interests of the people. Enforcement of judgments and accounting of resources have been transmitted for the executive. There was such a framework of governments and balance designed which could ensure the restriction of legislative powers to adopt decisions in excessive waste of the society goods and rapid and qualitative implementation of the rules of executive. Consequently, the merger of governments is not possible. 2. In Lithuania's history of constitutional law, the principle of division of powers in line with the historical principle of the division of powers was implemented in the Constutions of 1922 and 1990. These constitutions have been secured through the implementation of democracy. Constitutions of 1928 and 1938, were drawn in the interest of autocratic regimes. 3. The Constitutional Court decides the constitutionality of acts only according to the limits provided in the Constitution. Since the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania is a single act, the constitutionality of legislation is addressed not only expletively, but also implicitly. Therefore, the Constitutional Court found an exception from the principle of division of powers, which allows the member of Seimas, being appointed to do duties as a member of the executive branch of goverment, to work two jobs at once. As a consequence, the activity of the member of Seimas in a given position in the Government do not contradict the principle of division of powers stated in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. It is important to notice that the Constitutional Court shall have the right to decide the constitutionality of legislation only upon the request, but not on its own initiative. The exemption established by the Constitutional Court was declared without initial request. However, under the Constitution, this decision is necessarily enforceable. It is important to mention that the nation or its representatives also has the power to initiate amendments to the Constitution. Therefore it can be assumed that such exception could be the primary expression of the will of nation. 4. On the grounds of the competence of legislative branch, the Seimas has a duty to combine the exeption established and the principle of division of powers. Therefore some issues must be solved concerning compulsory participation of the member of Seimas in plenary sittings, workload, quality of the duties performed, salary for the duties performed and parlamentary control. Under these circumstances, the member of Seimas at the same time in the position of a member of the executive branch has the right not to participate in plenary sittings, exceed the competence, get salary for the both positions despite the fact that some duties as being the member of Seimas is not carried out and act without adequate control. This clearly contradicts the priciple of division of powers. In summary this condition is legitimized by the Constitutional Court and the issue raised is whether the principle of division of powers as established in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania does not contradict to the historical concept of the principle of separation of powers? The answer can be provided only by the nation or its representatives – the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania.

Every human being living in the State of Nature had equal opportunities. Because of the growth of human race, this state altered and the interests of each individual person began to intersect, especially when talking about property. As a result, the rights and freedoms of each individual person were taken under threat. Therefore people began to organize themselves into societies in order to solve collective issues of society all together. When they had elected the most competent representatives, able to represent the interests of all Nation the best they could, people living in the State of Nature voluntarily waived their rights for handling particular issues in collective manner. The first aim of the representatives was the welfare of people. Thus the fundamental institute of the highest government was born. However, decisions taken in the name of all the people would have no power if they could not be enforced and would not reflect interests of the Nation. Seeking to implement supervision, the executive power was established which took care of the general welfare and the realization of all decisions. Thus, having a different purpose in society, legislature and executive authorities acted solely for their own sphere. Therefore, legislature and executive authorities could represent and work for the people as fair as possible. This is the basic idea of the historical division of powers which, variously modified or pure, as the security of democracy, was adopted by the majority of the most developed states in Western Europe and other states. Thus, the aim of every up-to-date democratic and, in particular, postcommunistic regime state is to establish a framework of powers which would perfectly guarantee the rights and freedoms of ordinary member of society and would not revive undemocratic governance trends, when power is concentrated in the hands of the central government. According to the division of powers doctrine stated in the founding works, the governance of state must be established as three divided powers - legislative, executive and judicial powers. As it was mentioned before, each branch of government has only the powers assigned to it and they can neither delegate nor take over functions from the other branches of government. In no way the one branch of government can be interblended with other. However, separation of powers does not mean that legislative, executive and judicial powers are autonomous - this means that they cooperate in a manner seeking to reach the level of balance that no power has an advantage over the other. This principle has to be continuously carried out in respect of parliamentary control of government. Only this way will properly safeguard the Nation's rights and freedoms. Based on the experience of legal history in Lithuania and other foreign countries there was implemented the principle of division of powers. However, the framework of constitutional division of powers in the Republic of Lithuania has a modified nature. This conclusion can be made on the basis of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court ruling where unreasoned finding was made that the member of Seimas at the same time in accordance with the exception to the principle of division of powers provided in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania may be appointed to do duties as a member of the executive branch of government (the Government). In this way, the situation arises where such member of Seimas, taking the parliamentary control and having responsibility to monitor the activities of the executive branch, controls himself. This could result in the abuse of power and dissipation of resources. In this instance, a person being the member of Seimas and also a member of executive branch, shall receive the Constitution set salary for both possitions. Typically, such member of Seimas does not participate in the plenary sittings of Seimas because of the workload in the Government. This problem to be solved is in a competence of Constitutional Court but its power under the doctrine of the division of powers is limited because it would have the opportunity to speak only if called upon by a group of persons referred to in the Constitution. In addition, Constitutional Court has the competence to state only in the limits of the Constitution. As a result, the exceptions stated by Constitutional Court as being established in the Constitution, the principle of division of powers will be implemented in a manner mentioned above. Another possibility to solve this problem is in the prerogative of people or the representatives of people. The Constitution enshrines the opportunity for the members of Seimas to discuss people's concerns and the adoption of the laws limiting the interblending of powers, (whereas the Constitution provides for only the possibility of merger), or to initiate constitutional amendments immediately. If this possibility is not used by the members of Seimas, people can use it by themselves under manner established in the Constitution. The hypothesis (an appointment of the member of Seimas at the same time to do duties as a member of the executive branch contradicts the principle of division of powers estableshed in the Constitution) put forward in this study is denied based on the following considerations: 1. By the consensus of society in the State of Nature it has been decided to delegate own personal rights to the representatives of people. In this way legislature was founded, which meets interests of the people. Enforcement of judgments and accounting of resources have been transmitted for the executive. There was such a framework of governments and balance designed which could ensure the restriction of legislative powers to adopt decisions in excessive waste of the society goods and rapid and qualitative implementation of the rules of executive. Consequently, the merger of governments is not possible. 2. In Lithuania's history of constitutional law, the principle of division of powers in line with the historical principle of the division of powers was implemented in the Constutions of 1922 and 1990. These constitutions have been secured through the implementation of democracy. Constitutions of 1928 and 1938, were drawn in the interest of autocratic regimes. 3. The Constitutional Court decides the constitutionality of acts only according to the limits provided in the Constitution. Since the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania is a single act, the constitutionality of legislation is addressed not only expletively, but also implicitly. Therefore, the Constitutional Court found an exception from the principle of division of powers, which allows the member of Seimas, being appointed to do duties as a member of the executive branch of goverment, to work two jobs at once. As a consequence, the activity of the member of Seimas in a given position in the Government do not contradict the principle of division of powers stated in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. It is important to notice that the Constitutional Court shall have the right to decide the constitutionality of legislation only upon the request, but not on its own initiative. The exemption established by the Constitutional Court was declared without initial request. However, under the Constitution, this decision is necessarily enforceable. It is important to mention that the nation or its representatives also has the power to initiate amendments to the Constitution. Therefore it can be assumed that such exception could be the primary expression of the will of nation. 4. On the grounds of the competence of legislative branch, the Seimas has a duty to combine the exeption established and the principle of division of powers. Therefore some issues must be solved concerning compulsory participation of the member of Seimas in plenary sittings, workload, quality of the duties performed, salary for the duties performed and parlamentary control. Under these circumstances, the member of Seimas at the same time in the position of a member of the executive branch has the right not to participate in plenary sittings, exceed the competence, get salary for the both positions despite the fact that some duties as being the member of Seimas is not carried out and act without adequate control. This clearly contradicts the priciple of division of powers. In summary this condition is legitimized by the Constitutional Court and the issue raised is whether the principle of division of powers as established in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania does not contradict to the historical concept of the principle of separation of powers? The answer can be provided only by the nation or its representatives – the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania.

Die Untersuchung "Die Freimaurer im Alten Preußen 1738 - 1806" ging aus einem von Prof. Dr. Helmut Reinalter geleiteten und vom Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF) in Wien geförderten und finanzierten Forschungsprojekt der Forschungsstelle Demokratische Bewegungen an der Geistesgeschichtlichen Fakultät der Universität Innsbruck in Zusammenarbeit mit der Wissenschaftlichen Kommission zur Erforschung der Freimaurerei hervor. Ausgewertet wurden hauptsächlich die im Geheimen Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz Berlin-Dahlem aufbewahrten Freimaurerbestände der Altpreußischen Logen, ferner die Freimaurerbestände des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs, Haus-,Hof- und Staatsarchiv Wien, sowie weiterer Archive und Bibliotheken, außerdem die masonische und die relevante regionalgeschichtliche, sozialgeschichtliche und biographische Literatur. Das Handbuch erfasst den Zeitraum 1741 - 1806 im östlichen Brandenburg-Preußen in den Grenzen vor der Zweiten Polnischen Teilung 1793, somit Vor- und Hinterpommern (ohne Schwedisch-Pommern), das Königreich Preußen (Ostpreußen), das 1740/41 eroberte Schlesien sowie das 1772 durch die Erste Polnische Teilung einverleibte Preußen königlich-polnischen Anteils (Westpreußen); Pommern und Schlesien lagen im Heiligen Römischen Reich Deutscher Nation, Ost- und Westpreußen, außerhalb. Die Freimaurerlogen werden nach gleichen Kiterien behandelt: ihre Geschichte im historischen und regionalen Zusammenhang, die Mitglieder un die Sozialstruktur, die gesellschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Tätigkeit sowie die Wirkung in die bürgerliche Gesellschaft. Die maurerisch und biographisch kommentierten Mitgliederlisten verzeichnen erstmals die Gesamtheit der Freimaurer im Untersuchungsgebiet. Damit wird auch ein Beitrag zur Prosopographie und zur Familiengeschichte geleistet. Die Freimaurerlogen waren eine eigene Form der Sozietäten des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts mit ähnlicher Organisation, jedoch auf breiter sozialer Basis, mit in Stufen (Graden) aufwärts steigenden, ethisch-moralischem Programm der Menschenbildung und der Einweihung in ein sogenanntes freimaurerisches Geheimnis. Die unpolitischen, überkonfessionellen Logen waren ab 1740 in Preußen staatlich legitimierte Vereine, die sich ohne polizeiliche Eingriffe ungestört entwickeln konnten. Das Allgemeine Landrecht der Preußischen Staaten definierte sie als geschlossene Gesellschaften. Im Untersuchungszeitraum wurden in 31 Städten und auf fünf Adelssitzen 56 Logen (einschließlich vier Feldlogen) konstituiert. Sie organisierten einschließlich der 61 Mitglieder der Feldlogen und der etwa 350 Dienenden Brüder rund 5.375 Freimaurer, mehr als ein Drittel aller in Brandenburg-Preußen ermittelten Freimaurer. Freimaurer waren in wachsender Zahl Angehörige der mit dem Aufstieg Preußens verbundenen sozialen Schichten und Gruppen - Adelige und Bürger, an den aufgeklärten Universitäten ausgebildete Verwaltungsbeamte, Theologen und Pädagogen, geistig und sozial engagierte Offiziere, zunftfreie Finanz-, Handels- und Manufakturunternehmer, Buchdrucker und -händler, Ärzte Chirurgen und Apotheker sowie Künstler. Angehörige der Unterschichten wurden nur als Dienende Brüder aufgenommen. Frauen waren nicht sozietätsfähig. Zwischen Pommern, Preußen und Schlesien zeigten sich bei grundsätzlicher Gemeinsamkeit erhebliche Unterschiede. In Pommern entstanden bis 1806 in acht Städten 15 Logen. Die soziale Basis war außer in der Handels-, Gewerbe- und Garnisonstadt Stettin sowie in Stargard dünn, die Logen waren daher labil. Es sind etwa 960 Freimaurer (außerdem 81 Dienende Brüder) hauptsächlich in Vor- und im westlichen Hinterpommern ermittelt, überwiegend adlige Offiziere und bürgerliche Verwaltungsbeamte; nur Stettin wies eine größere soziale Breite auf. In Ostpreußen entstanden in sechs Städten und auf einem Adelssitz zwölf Logen. Es sind etwa 1.465 Freimaurer, außerdem 86 Dienende Brüder ermittelt, von ihnen zwei Drittel in Königsberg, der Stadt Immanuel Kants. In Westpreußen wurden alle Logen nach 1772 gegründet bis auf eine, in sechs Städten insgesamt acht Logen. Es sind rund 750 Freimaurer ermittelt, außerdem 37 Dienende Brüder. Die Freimaurerei war außer in Elbing und Marienburg nur wenig in der alteingesessenen Bevölkerung verwurzelt. Die Angehörigen des neuen preußischen Staatsapparates stellten nahezu drei Viertel aller Mitglieder. Wie viele Polen Freimaurer waren, ist schwer zu sagen. Schlesien unterschied sich u.a. konfessionell von Pommern und Ost- und Westpreußen. Rom lehnte die Freimaurerei strikt ab, mußte jedoch die preußische religiöse Toleranzpolitik beachten. In Schlesien entstanden einschließlich der Feldlogen in elf Städten und auf vier Adelssitzen 17 Logen. Wie eng die Verbindungen in das Habsburgerreich anfangs noch waren, zeigt die Gründung der Wiene Loge Aux trois canons 1742 durch Breslauer Freimaurer. Bis auf Neisse lagen alle Logensitze im überwiegend protestantischen Nieder- und Mittelschlesien. Es sind etwa 1.835 Freimaurer sowie 144 Dienende Brüder ermittelt, mehr als in Preußen oder Pommern. Die Analyse der Mitgliedschaft zeigt eine starke soziale Verwurzelung der Freimaurerei im schlesischen Adel, in den Behörden, wegen der starken preußischen Militärpräsenz im Militär sowie im Unternehmertum (Hirschberg, Schmiedeberg). Generell stieg der Mitgliederanteil gebürtiger Schlesier mit wachsender Akzeptanz der Freimaurerei in der Provinz. Diese Darstellung versteht sich als Beitrag zur Gesellschafts- und Kulturgeschichte Pommerns, Preußens und Schlesiens. Die Freimaurerei gewann zunehmend gesellschaftliches Gewicht. Viele Freimaurer waren in Verwaltung, Heer, Wirtschaft, Bildung und Kultur verantwortlich tätig. Die Freimaurer leisteten einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Emanzipation des Bürgertums sowie zum bürgerlichen Vereins- und Parteiensystem. ; The research "The Freemasons in Ancient Prussia 1738 – 1806" is the result of a research project of the Research Centre for Democratic Movements at the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Innsbruck in cooperation with the Scientific Commission for the Research of Freemansory, headed by Prof. Dr. Helmut and financed by the Fund for the promotion of scientific research (FWF) in Vienna. The main sources for this research were in the Masonic papers and documents of the ancient Prussian lodges, preserved at the Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin-Dahlem, the sources of the Austrian State Archive, Department Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna, a series of other archives and libraries, the Masonic literature as well as the relevant literature on regional, social and biographical history. The reference book includes the period 1741 – 1806 in eastern Brandenburg-Prussia within the boundaries before the Second division of Poland in 1793, i.e. Pomeriana (excluding Swedish Pomerania), the Kingdom of Prussia (East Prussia), Silesia conquered by Prussia in 1740/41, and West Prussia, which was annected to Prussia after the First division of Poland in 1772. Pomerania and Silesia were parts of of the Holy Roman Empire, whereas East and West Prussia were situated beyond its boundaries. The Masonic lodges have been analyzed according to analoque criteria: their development in historical and regional context, their membership and social structure, societal, social and cultural activities as well as their influential role in civic society. For the first time, Masonic and biographically commented lists cover the entire membership of the analyzed region. Thus the book is also a contribution to a prosopographical and family history. The Masonic lodges were a specific form of a associations of the 17th and 18th centuries with a similar organizational structure, but on a broader social basis. They followed a system of successive steps (grades) with an ethical and moral programme of forming the human character with the aim of the introduction into a so-called Masonic secret. Since 1740 the apolitical lodges, bringing together different confessions, were associations legitimated by the Prussian state, which could freely develop without intervention by the police. The "Common Law of the Prussian States" defined them as closed societies. Within the analyzed period 56 lodges (four field lodges included) constituated themeselves in 31 towns and on five landed properties of noble Masonic members. They organized 5,375 members, the 61 members of the field lodges and the 350 Serving Brothers included, i.e. more than one third of all registered freemansons in Brandenburg-Prussia. Increasingly the freemasons were members of the social strata and groups, connected with the advancement of the Prussian state: they were members of the nobility and citizens, servants of the administration, theologians and teachers, who had been educated at enlightened universities, officers who engaged spiritually and socially, manufacturers and bankers, printers and booksellers, doctors and chemists, and artists. Members of the substrata were accepted only as Serving Brothers, and women were not acknowledged as members of the lodges at all. Although the provinces Pomerania, Prussia and Silesia had common features in general, they showed significant differences, nevertheless. In Pommerania until 1806 15 lodges were founded in eight cities. With the exeption of Stettin, a centre of trade and craft with a garrrison, as well as Stargard, the social basis was thin, that is why the lodges were unstable. About 960 freemasons have been registered in West and Middle Pomerania, mainly noble officers and civil servants, and 81 Serving Brothers. Only Stettin had a broader social basis. In East Prussia twelve lodges were founded in six towns and at one landed property of a noble member. About 1,465 freemasons have been registered as well as 86 Serving Brothers, two thirds of them in the town of Königsberg, where Immanuel Kant lived. In West Prussia all lodges but one had been founded after 1772 – eight lodges in six towns. There have been registered 750 freemasons and 37 Serving Brothers. With the exception of the towns of Elbing and Marienburg, the freemasonry had very few members from the resident population. Almost three quarters of the membership came from the new Prussian administration. It is difficult to say, how many Poles were freemasons. Among other features, Silesia differed confessionally from Pomerania and East and West Prussia. The Papal Church strictly rejected the freemasonry, but had to adhere to the Prussian policy of tolerance of the different religions. In Silesia 17 lodges were founded in eleven towns and at four landed properties, the field lodges included. In 1742 freemasons from Breslau founded the lodge Aux trois canons in Vienna, which shows the continued close ties with the Habsburg Empire. With the exception of the town Neisse all lodges were situated in Lower and Middle Silesia, which were predominantly protestant. For this region about 1.835 freemasons as well as 144 Serving Brothers have been registered, which is more than in Prussia or in Pomerania. An analysis for the membership shows that the freemasonry had its main social roots in the Silesian nobility, the administration, in the military as well as in the entrepreneurship, especially in the towns of Hirschberg and Schmiedeberg. All in all, the percentag of members born in Silesia rose with the growing acceptance of the freemasonry in the province. This exposition is meant as a contribution to the social and cultural history of the provinces of Pomerania, Prussia and Silesia. There the freemasonry won in social significance. Many freemasons were in prominent positions in the administration, the economy, in the educational and cultural fields. Thus they were able to significantly influence the emancipation of the civic society and to further the development of the system of civic associations and parties.

Every human being living in the State of Nature had equal opportunities. Because of the growth of human race, this state altered and the interests of each individual person began to intersect, especially when talking about property. As a result, the rights and freedoms of each individual person were taken under threat. Therefore people began to organize themselves into societies in order to solve collective issues of society all together. When they had elected the most competent representatives, able to represent the interests of all Nation the best they could, people living in the State of Nature voluntarily waived their rights for handling particular issues in collective manner. The first aim of the representatives was the welfare of people. Thus the fundamental institute of the highest government was born. However, decisions taken in the name of all the people would have no power if they could not be enforced and would not reflect interests of the Nation. Seeking to implement supervision, the executive power was established which took care of the general welfare and the realization of all decisions. Thus, having a different purpose in society, legislature and executive authorities acted solely for their own sphere. Therefore, legislature and executive authorities could represent and work for the people as fair as possible. This is the basic idea of the historical division of powers which, variously modified or pure, as the security of democracy, was adopted by the majority of the most developed states in Western Europe and other states. Thus, the aim of every up-to-date democratic and, in particular, postcommunistic regime state is to establish a framework of powers which would perfectly guarantee the rights and freedoms of ordinary member of society and would not revive undemocratic governance trends, when power is concentrated in the hands of the central government. According to the division of powers doctrine stated in the founding works, the governance of state must be established as three divided powers - legislative, executive and judicial powers. As it was mentioned before, each branch of government has only the powers assigned to it and they can neither delegate nor take over functions from the other branches of government. In no way the one branch of government can be interblended with other. However, separation of powers does not mean that legislative, executive and judicial powers are autonomous - this means that they cooperate in a manner seeking to reach the level of balance that no power has an advantage over the other. This principle has to be continuously carried out in respect of parliamentary control of government. Only this way will properly safeguard the Nation's rights and freedoms. Based on the experience of legal history in Lithuania and other foreign countries there was implemented the principle of division of powers. However, the framework of constitutional division of powers in the Republic of Lithuania has a modified nature. This conclusion can be made on the basis of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court ruling where unreasoned finding was made that the member of Seimas at the same time in accordance with the exception to the principle of division of powers provided in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania may be appointed to do duties as a member of the executive branch of government (the Government). In this way, the situation arises where such member of Seimas, taking the parliamentary control and having responsibility to monitor the activities of the executive branch, controls himself. This could result in the abuse of power and dissipation of resources. In this instance, a person being the member of Seimas and also a member of executive branch, shall receive the Constitution set salary for both possitions. Typically, such member of Seimas does not participate in the plenary sittings of Seimas because of the workload in the Government. This problem to be solved is in a competence of Constitutional Court but its power under the doctrine of the division of powers is limited because it would have the opportunity to speak only if called upon by a group of persons referred to in the Constitution. In addition, Constitutional Court has the competence to state only in the limits of the Constitution. As a result, the exceptions stated by Constitutional Court as being established in the Constitution, the principle of division of powers will be implemented in a manner mentioned above. Another possibility to solve this problem is in the prerogative of people or the representatives of people. The Constitution enshrines the opportunity for the members of Seimas to discuss people's concerns and the adoption of the laws limiting the interblending of powers, (whereas the Constitution provides for only the possibility of merger), or to initiate constitutional amendments immediately. If this possibility is not used by the members of Seimas, people can use it by themselves under manner established in the Constitution. The hypothesis (an appointment of the member of Seimas at the same time to do duties as a member of the executive branch contradicts the principle of division of powers estableshed in the Constitution) put forward in this study is denied based on the following considerations: 1. By the consensus of society in the State of Nature it has been decided to delegate own personal rights to the representatives of people. In this way legislature was founded, which meets interests of the people. Enforcement of judgments and accounting of resources have been transmitted for the executive. There was such a framework of governments and balance designed which could ensure the restriction of legislative powers to adopt decisions in excessive waste of the society goods and rapid and qualitative implementation of the rules of executive. Consequently, the merger of governments is not possible. 2. In Lithuania's history of constitutional law, the principle of division of powers in line with the historical principle of the division of powers was implemented in the Constutions of 1922 and 1990. These constitutions have been secured through the implementation of democracy. Constitutions of 1928 and 1938, were drawn in the interest of autocratic regimes. 3. The Constitutional Court decides the constitutionality of acts only according to the limits provided in the Constitution. Since the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania is a single act, the constitutionality of legislation is addressed not only expletively, but also implicitly. Therefore, the Constitutional Court found an exception from the principle of division of powers, which allows the member of Seimas, being appointed to do duties as a member of the executive branch of goverment, to work two jobs at once. As a consequence, the activity of the member of Seimas in a given position in the Government do not contradict the principle of division of powers stated in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. It is important to notice that the Constitutional Court shall have the right to decide the constitutionality of legislation only upon the request, but not on its own initiative. The exemption established by the Constitutional Court was declared without initial request. However, under the Constitution, this decision is necessarily enforceable. It is important to mention that the nation or its representatives also has the power to initiate amendments to the Constitution. Therefore it can be assumed that such exception could be the primary expression of the will of nation. 4. On the grounds of the competence of legislative branch, the Seimas has a duty to combine the exeption established and the principle of division of powers. Therefore some issues must be solved concerning compulsory participation of the member of Seimas in plenary sittings, workload, quality of the duties performed, salary for the duties performed and parlamentary control. Under these circumstances, the member of Seimas at the same time in the position of a member of the executive branch has the right not to participate in plenary sittings, exceed the competence, get salary for the both positions despite the fact that some duties as being the member of Seimas is not carried out and act without adequate control. This clearly contradicts the priciple of division of powers. In summary this condition is legitimized by the Constitutional Court and the issue raised is whether the principle of division of powers as established in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania does not contradict to the historical concept of the principle of separation of powers? The answer can be provided only by the nation or its representatives – the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania.

Am Beispiel Nanotechnologien widmet sich die vorliegende Arbeit der Frage, wie Ver-sicherungsunternehmen neue Technikrisiken (Emerging Risks) bewerten, wie sie sich angesichts vielseitiger Wissenslücken verhalten und wie sich dies auf das gesamtgesellschaftliche Risikomanagement von Technologien auswirkt. Um den Umgang mit Nanotechnologien im Kontext unterschiedlicher Organisationstypen und Erwartungen zu untersuchen, wird eine neo-institutionalistische Theorieperspektive verwendet. Für den empirischen Teil der Arbeit wurden 39 leitfadengestützte Interviews mit Vertreterinnen und Vertretern von Erst- und Rückversicherern, Industrieunternehmen, Versicherungsbrokern, Investoren und Ratingagenturen, zentralen Einrichtungen der breiten Öffentlichkeit und der staatlichen Regulierung sowie Forschungseinrichtungen geführt. Emerging Risks sind Versicherungsrisiken, die sich durch ein hohes Maß an Nichtwissen und Schadenspotenzial auszeichnen. Beide Merkmale ergeben sich aus dem Zusammenwirken technischer Bedingungen und der sozialen Einbettung von Versicherungsunternehmen. Nanotechnologien als Emerging Risks sind primär durch zahlreiche Wissenslücken hinsichtlich Technologiemerkmalen, künftigen sowie bereits aufgetretener Schäden geprägt. Das Schadenspotenzial wird in den meisten Fällen als weniger problematisch eingeschätzt. Bedenken hinsichtlich möglicher Schäden richten sich verstärkt an künftige, aktive Nanotechnologiegenerationen. Erwartet wird, dass vorrangig die Industrieversicherung betroffen ist. Gleichzeitig wird bei einer zunehmenden Verbreitung der Technologien eine Ausweitung auf die Sparten der Sach- und Lebensversicherung für wahrscheinlich gehalten. Die bisherigen Aktivitäten der Versicherer beschränken sich fast ausschließlich auf Monitoringbemühungen, insbesondere die Erstellung von Risikomatrizen. Abschließende Risikobewertungen liegen momentan auch nach teilweise mehrjähriger Aktivität bei keiner der Organisationen vor. Das Verhalten der Versicherungsunternehmen wird durch vier Institutionen bestimmt: Versicherbarkeit, Konkurrenz am Markt, Risikopartnerschaft und -wahrnehmung. Entscheidungen über Versicherbarkeit sind im Fall von Nanotechnologien durch die Abwesenheit quantitativer, empirischer Daten gekennzeichnet. Diese werden durch subjektive, qualitative Expertenurteile und Informationsmittel ersetzt und sind abhängig von der Ausgestaltung der Versicherungsverträge. Ein Faktor, der einer engeren Vertragsgestaltung entgegenwirkt, ist die Konkurrenzsituation unter Versicherern. Im Kontext unsicherer Handlungssituationen und der Abwesenheit vollständiger vertraglicher Erfassung spielt zudem Vertrauen in die "Risikopartnerschaft" eine wichtige Rolle für die Beteiligten. Die vierte Institution bilden branchenweit geteilte Wahrnehmungsmuster ("frames"), die sich durch frühere Schadensfälle und Debatten herausbilden. Diese bestehen zum einen in Analogien zu früheren Risiken (Asbest und Gentechnologie), zum andern in geteilten Risikobegriffen und Konzepten, die Risikosachverhalte sinnhaft erschließen. Die künftige Entwicklung des Themas Nanotechnologien hängt von Ereignissen ab, die die Aufmerksamkeit für das Thema erhalten oder verstärken. Die wichtigsten Ereignisse im weiteren Versicherungsumfeld, die zu Veränderungen in der aktuellen Situation führen können, sind wissenschaftliche Befunde zu Risikopotenzialen, neue Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung und ein Wandel der öffentlichen Meinung zu Nanotechnologierisiken. Treten in der Zukunft keine signifikanten Ereignisse ein, die belegen, dass Nanotechnologien als Risiko ein hohes Schadenspotenzial bergen, wird das Thema aller Voraussicht nach in den kommenden Jahren kontinuierlich an Bedeutung verlieren. Dem gegenüber steht ein diskontinuierliches Szenario bei Schadenseintritten, bei dem die Versicherer aufgrund der veränderten Risikobewertung und bisherigen Framings des Themas zu einer Verengung des Versicherungsschutzes bis hin zu Ausschlüssen angehalten wären. Aktuell scheint eine Verengung der Zeichnungsbedingungen für Nanotechnologien weder notwendig noch durchsetzbar. Stattdessen ergeben sich drei Handlungsmöglichkeiten: Monitoring, Dialog mit dem engeren und Dialog mit dem weiteren Versicherungsumfeld. Monitoring im Hinblick auf Bedingungen der Versicherbarkeit bildet die momentan vorrangige Handlungsstrategie in der Versicherungswirtschaft. Dialoge mit dem engeren Versicherungsumfeld können neben einem Mehr an Informationen zur Versicherbarkeit zu einer Steigerung wechselseitigen Vertrauens sowie einer Mitgestaltung der Risikoframes führen. Eine zweite Dialogform bezieht das weitere Versicherungsumfeld in den Austausch von Informationen und Positionen mit ein. Beide Formen des Dialogs fanden aber in der Vergangenheit nur in begrenztem Umfang statt. Betrachtet man die Rolle der Versicherer im gesamtgesellschaftlichen Risikomanagement, wird deutlich, dass eine Vielzahl von Akteuren das Verhalten der Versicherer beeinflusst und ein zunehmendes Bewusstsein für diese Wechselwirkungen und gegenseitigen Rollenzuweisungen besteht. Versicherer wirken bei Nanotechnologien jedoch nicht gezielt auf die Entwicklung von Technologierisiken ein, sondern verhalten sich vorrangig reaktiv. Gegenwärtig ist alleine die Risikominderung bei Industrieunternehmen durch die Übertragung finanzieller Risiken von gesamtgesellschaftlicher Bedeutung. Versicherer haben in der Vergangenheit zum Framing des Risikos beigetragen. Aktuell sind sie diesbezüglich aber nicht mehr aktiv und wirken auch nicht an der Vorbeugung von Risiken im Rahmen des technischen Risikomanagements mit. Als eines der gegenwärtig bedeutsamsten Technologiefelder werden Nanotechnologien in den kommenden Jahren in der Industrie wie für den Verbraucher weiter an Bedeutung zunehmen. Bei Versicherern ist inzwischen ein Problembewusstsein etabliert, und erste Risikomanagementmaßnahmen wurden ergriffen. Wie sich das Thema in der Versicherungsindustrie weiterentwickeln wird, ist aber von der noch offenen Risikobewertung und dem Verhalten der Versicherer abhängig. Hinsichtlich der Informationsgewinnung, aber auch hinsichtlich stabilisierender Faktoren, wie der Risikopartnerschaft mit den Kunden und einer erhöhten Risikowahrnehmung, ist ein aktiver Austausch im Sinne eines offenen Dialogs mit dem primären Versicherungsumfeld der effektivste, wenn auch nicht einfachste Weg. Ein Dialog mit dem weiteren sozialen Umfeld wäre im Hinblick auf das gesellschaftliche Risikomanagement zu wünschen, ist aber in der aktuellen Situation von den Versicherungsunternehmen nicht zu erwarten. ; Using the example of nanotechnologies, the dissertation attends to the question how insurance companies assess the risks of emerging technologies, how they react in view of numerous knowledge gaps and how this has an effect on the technological risk management of society as a whole. In order to analyse the handling of nanotechnologies in the context of different types of organisations, a neo-institutional perspective is applied. The empirical part of the dissertation consists of 39 guided interviews with representatives of direct insurance companies and reinsurers, industrial enterprises, insurance brokers, investors and rating agencies, public institutions, governmental regulation authorities and research institutions. Emerging risks are insurance risks, which are characterised by a high level of ignorance and damage potential. Both arise from the combination of technical conditions and the social embeddedness of insurance companies. Nanotechnologies as emerging risks are primarily marked by a high degree of knowledge gaps with regards to characteristics of the technologies, present and future damages. The second feature of emerging risks, the damage potential, usually is estimated as less problematic. Concerns about possible damages are to an increasing extend directed at future nanotechnology generations. It is expected that industrial insurance is primarily affected. At the same time, with an increasing dispersal of nanotechnologies, an expansion towards other classes of insurance such as property and life is considered probable. The previous activities of insurance companies limit themselves to risk monitoring, particularly risk matrixes. However, even after several years of risk management activities, final risk assessments do not exist. The behaviour of insurance companies is determined by four institutions: insurability, competition in the market, risk partnership, and risk perception. In the case of nanotechnologies, decisions about insurability are characterized by the absence of empirical, quantitative data. These data are replaced by subjective, qualitative judgements of experts and information tools that depend on the form of the insurance contracts. One factor which opposes stricter underwriting rules is provided by the competition in the insurance markets. In the context of uncertain decision making and the absence of complete contractual coverage, trust in the so-called risk partnership is of central importance for those involved. The fourth institution is constituted by collective perception frames, which are developed because of earlier insurance damages and risk debates. These frames are provided on the one hand by analogies with prior risk cases (such as asbestos and genetically modified organisms), on the other hand by collectively shared notions and concepts of risk. The future development of the topic nanotechnology in the insurance industry depends on events that preserve or increase the awareness for risk issues. The most important events in the wider social setting of insurances that can lead to changes are scientific evidence about risk potentials, new legislation and jurisdiction and a change in the public opinion towards the risks of nanotechnologies. The most significant event in the closer social environment would be an industrial accident. Factors internal to the insurance industry are the framing of nanotechnologies as emerging risk similar to asbestos and genetic engineering, the behaviour of competitors, and the imitation of risk-monitoring activities. If there are no significant events in the future proving, that nanotechnologies as a risk hold a high damage potential, it is most likely that the issue will continuously become less significant in the years to come. This scenario can be contrasted with a development caused by extensive insurance damages. Because of a change in the risk assessment and because of existing framing patterns, stricter underwriting rules to the extend of excluding the coverage of nanotechnologies from the insurance contracts are possible. Currently, a narrowing of underwriting rules for nanotechnologies seems to be neither necessary nor enforceable. Instead, three different management options exist: Risk monitoring, a dialogue with the closer, and a dialogue with the wider social environment of insurance companies. Risk monitoring with regard to conditions of insurability represents the primary strategy applied by the insurance industry at the moment. Because of the extensive knowledge gaps in the case of nanotechnologies, these efforts, however, come up against their limits. Dialogues with the close insurance setting can help to broaden the information base, increase mutual trust and impact the collective risk frames. The second form of dialogue can include the wider social environment of insurance companies for the exchange of information and opinions. However in the past both forms of dialogue were limited in time and extend. Focusing on the role of insurance companies in the societal governance of risks, it becomes clear that a multitude of actors involved impact on their behaviour, and that there is a growing consciousness for the interdependencies and mutual expectations. However, insurance companies do not try to influence the development of technology risk directly but mostly portray a reactive behaviour. At the moment, the only contribution to the societal management of nanotechnology risks is constituted by the transfer of financial risks for industrial enterprises. Insurance companies contributed to the framing endeavours, primarily on the socio-economic dimension, in a period from 2002 to 2006. Currently though, insurance companies are not active in this field and do not contribute to the prevention of risk with regard to the technological risk management. Constituting one of the most important fields of technological development, nanotechnologies will become of major importance in the industrial sector as well as for consumers in the years to come. Insurance companies have established a consciousness for the risks and initiated first risk management activities. These however have declined in recent years. How the topic will develop for the industrial insurance depends on the behaviour of the insurance companies and the risk assessment that is still very much uncertain. With regard to the gathering of information and stabilising factors, such as the trust in partnership and heightened levels of risk perception, an open dialogue in the closer social environment seems to be the most promising strategy for insurance companies. A dialogue with the wider social surroundings would be desirable for the societal risk governance process but is unlikely to be carried out in the near future.

1. Areas de actividad y contextos en el Noreste Mexicano: caracterización de sitios de recolectores - cazadores mediante el uso de la Tipología Espacial / Gustavo A. Ramirez Castilla -- 2. Ubicación espacial de sitios arqueológicos en el municipio de Dr. Gonzalez Nuevo Leon / Efrain Flores Lopez -- 3. Sedentarismo en las adaptaciones de los cazadores y recolectores del bajo Rio Bravo / Martin Salinas -- 4. Permanencia de grupos cazadores - recolectores en respuesta a condiciones topográficas y naturales / Iran Roxana Dominguez Rodriguez -- 5. Un campamento-taller a la orilla del río Salado / Victor Hugo Valdovinos Perez y Iran Roxana Dominguez Rodriguez -- 6. Consideraciones sobre la arqueología de Reynosa, Tamaulipas / Carlos Vanueth Perez Silva -- 7. Tatuajes en las rocas: El lenguaje rupestre Chiquihuitillos en la region de Burgos, Tamaulipas / Diana Radillo Rolon -- 8. "Líneas de horizonte" un locatipo del arte rupestre de Nuevo Leon / Manuel Graniel Tellez. Segunda parte - Poblamiento y resistencia = Parte II - People and resistance: 9. Indian responses to New Santander colonizing process / Gerardo Lara Cisneros and Fernando Olvera Charles -- 10. La redencion de cautivos en el septentrión novohispano en la postrimería del siglo XVIII / Limonar Soto Salazar -- 11. Pames y otras etnias en Rioverde, Santiago de los Valles y Nuevo Santander, siglos XVII - XVIII / Jose Alfredo Rangel Silva -- 12. El poblamiento de la frontera de la Nueva Galicia: Mazapil, siglo XVI / Juana Elizabeth Salas Hernandez -- 13. El poblamiento entre Texas y Louisiana, durante las Reformas Borbonicas / Luis Arnal Simon -- 14. Uso y función de los bienes materiales de las misiones franciscanas: San Juan Bautista y San Bernardo en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII / Diana Ramiro Esteban -- 15. El rio Bravo y la conformación de la frontera entre Texas y el noreste mexicano entre 1824 y 1848 / Antonio Guerrero Aguilar -- 16. Los trabajos científicos de la Comision de Limites en Tamaulipas y Texas, febrero - mayo 1828 / Erika Adan Morales -- 17. La propiedad rural en el sur de Saltillo, siglos XVI al XX. Las haciendas de Buenavista, El Nogal y Santa Elena de la Punta / Juana Gabriela Roman Jaquez -- 18. "Diles quien eres." Honrando a las familias pioneras del Rio Bravo del Norte / Antonio Noe Zavaleta Reid y Câesar A. Munoz Garcâia -- 19. Las redes sociales en la migraciâon indígena al Noreste de Mexico / Carlos Lemus y Ana Maria Châavez. Tercera parte - Conflicto y adaptaciâon = Parte III - Adaptation and conflict: 20. Spanish plans for the reconquest of Mexico and the invasion of Tampico (1829) / Catherine Andrews y Leticia Dunay Garcâia Martâinez -- 21. Repercusiones del asentamiento colonial en el valle de la Mota evidencia material de trapiches / Araceli Rivera Estrada y Tehua Osnaya Rodriguez -- 22. Freedom's eagle loudly calls: the misinterpretation of the Battle of Resaca de la Palma / D. Clark Wernecke -- 23. La transformación del espacio y arqueología de la Batalla de la Angostura / Carlos Recio Davila -- 24. Revealing the ephemeral: finding traces of 18 critical minutes and their aftermath at San Jacinto / Roger Moore -- 25. Batalla de Monterrey en el Fortin de la Teneria (1846): hallazgos arqueológicos de las fuerzas en combate / Araceli Rivera Estrada -- 26. Con un pie en cada lado: ethnicities and the archaeology of Nuevo Santander rancho communities in South Texas and Northeastern Mexico / Mary Jo Galindo -- 27. Washington, La Habana y Matamoros: los vertices del triangulo transitorio de pertrechos para los constitucionalistas, 1913-1914 / Indra Labardini Fragoso. Cuarta parte - Sociedad e ideas = Parte IV - Ideas and society: 28. La presencia liberal en el periódico El Tulteco / Thelma Camacho Morfin -- 29. El taumaturgo de Espinazo. Breve historia de Jose Fidencio de Jesus Constantino Sintora, mejor conocido como el Nino Fidencio, 1898-1938 / Jose Oscar Avila Juarez -- 30. Gendering the making of a borderlands: women's work in the garment industry / Sonia Hernandez -- 31. From conflict to consensus: Fort Brown becomes the University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College / John B. Hawthorne. Fuentes de information = Sources of information: A. Siglas, abreviaturas, acrónimos y signos -- B. Repositorios documentales consultados -- C. Fuentes documentales -- D. Fuentes primarias publicadas -- E. Reportes arqueologicos de campo -- F. Fuentes bibliográficas secundarias -- G. Fuentes hemerográficas -- H. Fuentes electrónicas. TRANSLATIONS: 1. Activity areas and contexts in the Mexican Northeast: characterization of gatherer-hunter sites using the Space Typology / Gustavo A. Ramirez Castilla - 2. Spatial location of archaeological sites in the municipality of Dr. Gonzalez Nuevo Leon / Efrain Flores Lopez - 3. Sedentarism in the adaptations of hunters and gatherers of the lower Rio Bravo / Martin Salinas - 4. Permanence of hunter-gatherer groups in response to topographic and natural conditions / Iran Roxana Dominguez Rodriguez - 5. A camp-workshop on the banks of the Salado river / Victor Hugo Valdovinos Perez and Iran Roxana Dominguez Rodriguez - 6. Considerations on the archeology of Reynosa, Tamaulipas / Carlos Vanueth Perez Silva - 7. Tattoos on the rocks: The rock language Chiguihuitillos in the Burgos region, Tamaulipas / Diana Radillo Rolon - 8. "Lineas de horizonte" a locale of rock art from Nuevo Leon / Manuel Graniel Tellez. Second part - Population and resistance = Part II - People and resistance: 9. Indian responses to New Santander colonizing process / Gerardo Lara Cisneros and Fernando Olvera Charles - 10. The redemption of captives in the northern part of New Spain in the late eighteenth century / Limonar Soto Salazar - 11. Pames and other ethnic groups in Rioverde, Santiago de los Valles and Nuevo Santander, XVII - XVIII centuries / Jose Alfredo Rangel Silva -- 12. The settlement of the border of Nueva Galicia: Mazapil, sixteenth century / Juana Elizabeth Salas Hernandez - 13. The settlement between Texas and Louisiana, during the Bourbon Reforms / Luis Arnal Simon - 14. Use and function of the material assets of the Franciscan missions: San Juan Bautista and San Bernardo in the second half of the 18th century / Diana Ramiro Esteban - 15. The Rio Grande and the formation of the border between Texas and Northeast Mexico between 1824 and 1848 / Antonio Guerrero Aguilar -- 16. The scientific work of the Boundary Commission in Tamaulipas and Texas, February - May 1828 / Erika Adan Morales - 17. Rural property in southern Saltillo, 16th to 20th centuries. The estates of Buenavista, El Nogal and Santa Elena de la Punta / Juana Gabriela Roman Jaquez - 18. "Tell them who you are." Honoring the pioneering families of the Rio Bravo del Norte / Antonio Noe Zavaleta Reid and Câesar A. Munoz Garcia - 19. Social networks in indigenous migration to Northeast Mexico / Carlos Lemus and Ana Marâia Chavez. Third part - Conflict and adaptation = Part III - Adaptation and conflict: 20. Spanish plans for the reconquest of Mexico and the invasion of Tampico (1829) / Catherine Andrews and Leticia Dunay Garcâia Martâinez - 21. Impact of the colonial settlement on the valley de la Mota material evidence of sugar mills / Araceli Rivera Estrada and Tehua Osnaya Rodriguez - 22. Freedom's eagle loudly calls: the misinterpretation of the Battle of Resaca de la Palma / D. Clark Wernecke - 23. The transformation of space and archeology of the Battle of Angostura / Carlos Recio Davila - 24. Revealing the ephemeral: finding traces of 18 critical minutes and their aftermath at San Jacinto / Roger Moore - 25. Battle of Monterrey in Fortin de la Teneria (1846): findings Archaeologists of the forces in combat / Araceli Rivera Estrada -- 26. With one foot on each side: ethnicities and the archeology of Nuevo Santander rancho communities in South Texas and Northeastern Mexico / Mary Jo Galindo - 27. Washington, Havana and Matamoros: the vertices of the transitory triangle of supplies for constitutionalists, 1913-1914 / Indra Labardini Fragoso. Fourth part - Society and ideas = Part IV - Ideas and society: 28. The liberal presence in the newspaper El Tulteco / Thelma Camacho Morfin - 29. The thaumaturge of Espinazo. Brief history of Jose Fidencio de Jesus Constantino Sintora, better known as El Nino Fidencio, 1898-1938 / Jose Oscar Avila Juarez - 30. Gendering the making of a borderlands: women's work in the garment industry / Sonia Hernandez - 31. From conflict to consensus: Fort Brown becomes the University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College / John B. Hawthorne. Sources of information = Sources of information: A. Acronyms, abbreviations, acronyms and signs - B. Consulted documentary repositories - C. Documentary sources - D. Primary published sources - E. Field archaeological reports - F. Sources secondary bibliographic - G. Hemerographic sources - H. Electronic sources. ; https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/digitalbooks/1001/thumbnail.jpg

[spa] El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los impuestos como instrumento para el control de la contaminación y medir sus efectos sobre la actividad industrial. La investigación se centra en un ámbito de contaminación concreto, el de las aguas residuales, poniendo el énfasis en el estudio de la respuesta del sector industrial a la aplicación de tributos con intencionalidad ambiental en dicho ámbito.La tesis doctoral se organiza en seis capítulos. El capítulo 1 del trabajo, titulado "La fiscalidad como instrumento para el control de la contaminación" consta de tres partes. En primer lugar, se sitúa el problema de la contaminación desde la perspectiva económica y, en particular, desde dos enfoques interrelacionados: el de la teoría de las externalidades y un enfoque institucional basado en la teoría de los derechos de propiedad.En la segunda parte de este primer capítulo se repasan los argumentos teóricos que se utilizan para la comparación de los efectos previsibles de diversos mecanismos de intervención en el comportamiento de los contaminadores así como las principales conclusiones sobre sus ventajas e inconvenientes relativos. En concreto, se compara la utilización de los impuestos ambientales -como instrumentos económicos o de mercado- con la alternativa reguladora; la aplicación de impuestos frente a la opción de los subsidios; finalmente, se compara la actuación impositiva con, el establecimiento de un sistema de permisos negociables. El capítulo se completa con una revisión del papel que la fiscalidad ambiental juega actualmente en los países europeos.El capítulo 2, titulado "Aspectos de eficiencia y de equidad en el diseño de tributos ambientales", plantea la creación de impuestos con finalidad ambiental como un procedimiento que debe tener en cuenta las recomendaciones derivadas tanto del criterio de eficiencia como de equidad que habitualmente se utilizan para valorar un sistema impositivo. Se realiza, por tanto, en la primera y segunda parte de este capítulo, un análisis teórico de lo que cada uno de estos criterios supone en el diseño específico de tributos ambientales.Asimismo, también es importante considerar, a nivel teórico, el grado en que el argumento ambiental puede encajar en el sistema impositivo general. No hay que olvidar que los tributos ambientales se introducen en cada país, en un contexto fiscal concreto, con unas características de centralización/descentralización de tareas entre niveles de gobierno. La tercera parte del capítulo estudia la influencia de estas cuestiones sobre el diseño de los tributos ambientales.El capítulo 3, titulado "La tributación ambiental sobre el agua en España y en el resto de Europa", pretende mostrar cuál es la práctica de imposición ambiental en España y en otros países, en tomo al recurso agua. Se inicia el capítulo con una exposición de las particularidades del agua como objeto de gravamen, para continuar con una visión global de la experiencia española en cuanto a fiscalidad de las aguas. A continuación, se realiza un análisis exhaustivo del Tributo de Saneamiento sobre las aguas residuales aplicado en Cataluña, se revisa su estructura y se valora su intencionalidad ambiental. El análisis anterior se completa con el estudio comparativo de los cánones de saneamiento existentes en otras Comunidades Autónomas, poniendo el énfasis en las distintas formas de considerar las emisiones contaminantes en la estructura del tributo. Finalmente, se presentan las características de la fiscalidad ambiental sobre el agua en otros países europeos. El capítulo 4, titulado "Los tributos ambientales sobre el agua y su relación con la oferta y la tarificación del recurso", pretende ser un nexo entre el estudio de los impuestos ambientales sobre el agua y su relación con la tarifa exigida por el servicio de suministro, de competencia local. Ello es necesario ya que tanto los impuestos ambientales como la propia tarifa de suministro terminan formando parte de lo que podría denominarse "precio global del agua". En consecuencia, el diseño de estas figuras no debería ser completamente independiente. A menudo, el diseño de la política de tarifas sobre el agua se justifica a partir de los rasgos de monopolio natural que se atribuyen a la oferta del recurso. Por ello, se discuten las características del servicio de abastecimiento de agua como monopolio natural y se analizan las consecuencias sobre las pautas de fijación de precios del recurso. Finalmente se estudia la estructura de la oferta municipal de agua en España, a modo de ejemplo de los conceptos teóricos revisados en primer lugar. El capítulo 5, titulado "La demanda de agua de uso industrial: modelos empíricos", es un repaso de parte de la literatura que se ha dedicado al análisis empírico de la demanda de agua bajo distintos enfoques. En la selección de los modelos comentados, se ha seguido especialmente la línea de investigación desarrollada en los trabajos de De Rooy (1974), Renzetti (varios años), Rees (1969) y Williams y Suh (1986). Conocer los principales trabajos dedicados a este tema de estudio nos parece fundamental para plantear de un modo coherente el análisis empírico realizado en el capítulo siguiente. En el capítulo 6, titulado "Análisis empírico de los efectos del Tributo de Saneamiento de Cataluña sobre la industria", se desarrolla el trabajo aplicado de esta investigación que trata dos cuestiones diferenciadas. En primer lugar, se estima una función simple de demanda de agua a partir de una muestra de observaciones, a nivel de establecimiento industrial, referidas a 1997. La presentación de los resultados de la estimación permite aportar información sobre la elasticidad-precio de la demanda por sectores industriales y, en particular, la contribución del Tributo de Saneamiento a dicha elasticidad. En segundo lugar, se analiza el papel del Tributo de Saneamiento como incentivo a la reducción de la contaminación a través de dos aproximaciones. La primera plantea un análisis comparativo del comportamiento del sector industrial en cuanto a la contaminación en 1994 y 1999. La segunda analiza la correlación parcial entre la reducción de la contaminación y la magnitud del Tributo de Saneamiento, para los casos en los que esta reducción ha tenido lugar. Finalmente, se presenta un apartado de conclusiones en el que se incluyen las posibles líneas de mejora y extensión del trabajo realizado. ; [eng] This Thesis has a double aim: first, to analyse the taxes as a control instrument of water pollution and, second, to assess their effects on industrial sector. Initially, environmental pollution is set in the economic analysis. Special reference is made to externalities and the theory of property rights. Additionally, taxes are compared with alternative environmental policy instruments, such as traditional regulatory policies, subsidies o marketable permit systems. Moreover, the design of environmental taxes is described as a choice: emission taxes versus indirect taxes, earmarking versus "double dividend" and degree of green tax reform. Spanish water taxes are outlined. Specially, sewerage tax (emission tax) created by regional government of Catalonia is analysed and judged as an environmental tax. This is useful to the following empirical analysis of the Catalan sewerage tax. The Thesis contains a survey of water demand models, especially industrial water demands. Two kinds of models are identified depending on assumption about the water rates information (perfect o imperfect) and their consequences on consumer's behaviour analysed. A model of industrial water demand is estimated for the Catalan case. The estimation of water demand is based on a cross-sectional survey of establishment level observations on water prices, quantities and other complementary information referred to 1997. The estimation results indicate that industrial water use is sensitive to economic factors and the contribution of sewerage tax on global price is not irrelevant. On the other hand, incentive of sewerage tax to cut water industrial pollution is analysed. First, a description of pollution industrial behaviour is presented through comparing situation between 1994 and 1999. Second, a partial correlation analysis between reduction of pollution and the amount of sewerage tax is measured. Positive correlation is found for the following industries: chemical, food and beverage, paper and metallurgist-mechanic. These results provide an econometric support to emphasize the significance of water prices on industrial sector and the influence of environmental taxes design on these prices.

Certificate of withdrawal of two notes published in "El Universal" on Friday September 2, 1938. The newspapers are in the Newspaper Library, Planero 1, drawer 2. 1. "Note from the United States. Compensation for seized lands. They insist to take the case to arbitration. The State Department replies maintaining its position. The document arrived to Mexico with a twenty-four hour delay". 2. Clippings from "El Universal" dated on September 2, 1938. They inform of the presidential report by Lázaro Cárdenas to the Congress on September 1, 1938. 3. Newspaper clipping of the transcription of the presidential report and the articles "Full solidarity with the President. Governors will use all their moral force to postpone the political turmoil for the next presidential campaign. They will make an effort for the development of government programs to contribute to the resolution of national problems". "The U.S. must cooperate with Mexico". "Reply by the President of the Congress to the Executive". "The opening of the Congress". 4. The third clipping refers to the article on the cover page and the reply by the President of the Congress. 5. "Cruel teachings of Politics" by Miguel Alessio Robles, "El universal" June 5, 1939. The author writes about the disagreement between Gen. Francisco Serrano and Gen. Álvaro and Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles, Serrano's trip to Europe, his return to Mexico as Chief of the Central Department and his desire to become a candidate to the presidency. 6. "Gen. Calles will be in Mexico on May 2nd". Newspaper clipping dated on April 29, 1941 by William H. Lander, reporter from the United Press informing of the return of Gen. Calles to Mexico after five years of exile. 7. "Gen. Calles will stay in the Hacienda Soledad La Mota for a while". "El Universal" May 4, 1941. It informs that the president will not go directly to Mexico City. He will spend some time in the Hacienda Soledad La Mota, which is property of his son Plutarco. 8. "Gen. Calles did not make any statements. He does not intend to speak about international or national affairs". "El Universal" May 6, 1941. / Constancia de retiro de dos notas publicadas en El Universal. Viernes 26 de agosto 1938 y viernes 2 de septiembre de 1938, de este último se conservan tres ejemplares, uno está incompleto y los otros dos destacan cada uno una nota diferente, todas publicadas el mismo día en primera plana y con pase a páginas interiores. Los periódicos pasaron a Hemeroteca, Planero 1; Cajón 2. 1.- La nota de los Estados Unidos. La indemnización por Tierras Expropiadas. Se insiste en que debe ser sometido el caso al arbitraje. Con toda amplitud contesta el Departamento de Estado la nota de nuestro país, sosteniendo sus puntos de vista. El documento llegó a México, no se sabe por qué, con veinticuatro horas de retraso". Transcribe segunda nota que el Secretario de Estado Norteamericano Cordell Hull envía a México por conducto del embajador en Washington, Francisco Castillo Nájera, misma que llegó con 24 horas de retraso a bordo de un avión procedente de Brownsville, TX y que fue entregada a la prensa después de ser traducida al español. (La versión en inglés está en expediente número 173, legajo 7/8, inventario 1375, titulado Prensa: Recortes de (1937-19438). En esta segunda nota el gobierno norteamericano pide a México se detengan las expropiaciones de tierras propiedad de ciudadanos norteamericanos y ofrece dos alternativas para la solución del conflicto por las expropiaciones anteriores: un arbitraje internacional y pagos mensuales de los adeudos, mientras un comité integrado por representantes de ambos gobiernos determina cuál es el valor de los predios expropiados. Hull acusa al gobierno de México de cambiar la regla de la justa compensación por la confiscación, que deteriora las relaciones entre los pueblos, además dice, no les pagaron ni a los mexicanos ni a los extranjeros las tierras expropiadas, medida atentatoria de los derechos individuales. Se muestra sorprendido de que México no reconozca el derecho internacional que obliga a las naciones a pagar adecuadamente las expropiaciones de carácter general. Dice que su país ha mostrado mucha paciencia pero que no espera más y exige solución inmediata a la disputa por indemnizaciones a ciudadanos norteamericanos. El Secretario Hull envió una primera nota pidiendo al gobierno de México el pago a los ciudadanos norteamericanos cuyas tierras fueron expropiadas después de 1927. México contestó que reconocía la deuda, que pagaría cuando pudiera que la expropiación por causa de interés público era un asunto de estado, que la revolución mexicana lo consideraba entre sus postulados más importantes y que no se iba a detener. El secretario Hull contesta. 2.-Los recortes del 2 del 2 de septiembre 1938, tomados de El Universal dan cuenta del informe presidencial rendido por Lázaro Cárdenas al Congreso de La Unión el 1 de septiembre de 1938,; de diversas manifestaciones de la sociedad con ese motivo, de la respuesta del Presidente del Congreso diputado Rodolfo Delgado. La cabeza de las ocho columnas dice: "Trascendental Informe del Ejecutivo al Congreso de la Unión. La Soberanía de la Nación sobre Bases Sólidas. Los Conflictos con las Compañías Petroleras. Ampliamente y con toda precisión, presenta el Gral. Cárdenas los diversos aspectos del Crédito Público, de las expropiaciones, de las diferencias con Inglaterra y Estados Unidos. La sucesión presidencial". En otra nota en el mismo recorte se anuncian "Puntos más notables del Informe" y se enumeran crédito, crédito ejidal, presupuesto del gobierno, petróleo, tierras, entre otros. 3.- Otro recorte incluye además de las ocho columnas y la nota de los puntos del informe ya mencionadas, la transcripción completa del informe en tres páginas y las notas tituladas "Solidaridad completa con el Presidente. Los gobernadores de los Estados hará uso de toda su fuerza moral para aplazar la agitación política por la próxima campaña presidencial. Pondrán todo su esfuerzo en el desarrollo de los programas de Gobierno, para contribuir a las resoluciones de los problemas nacionales", "Deben cooperar con México los Estados Unidos", "Contestación del Presidente del Congreso al Jefe del Ejecutivo", "La apertura del Congreso. 4.- El tercer recorte consta de la nota de primera plana y el pase informa de la contestación que estuvo a cargo del Presidente del Congreso. 5.- "Crueles enseñanzas de la Política", de Miguel Alessio Robles. El Universal; 5 de junio 1939. El autor hace un recuento de los hechos ocurridos antes de que el Gral. Francisco Serrano rompiera con el Gral. Álvaro Obregón y el Gral. Plutarco Elías Calles; su viaje a Europa para prepararse a la Presidencia; su regreso a México como Jefe del Departamento Central; su conversación con Calles manifestando su deseo de ser candidato a la presidencia y la respuesta de Calles de que hablara con Obregón, la visita a Huatabampo y lo difícil de la entrevista en la que Obregón le aseguró que no se había decidido pero que probablemente se lanzaría como candidato a un nuevo periodo presidencial, lo que llevó al rompimiento que causó profunda pena al Gral. Obregón por los ataques que le lanzó Serrano. 6.- "El General Calles estará en México el 2 de mayo". Recorte del 29 de abril de 1941, de artículo escrito por William H. Lander, corresponsal de United Press que informa del regreso a México del Gral. Calles, después de cinco años de exilio. 7.- "El Gral. Calles se radicará algún tiempo en Soledad de la Mota". El Universal; mayo 4 de 1941. Informa que el ex presidente no llegará directamente a la ciudad de México, después del exilio, que pasará unos días en Soledad de la Mota, propiedad de su hijo Plutarco. 8.- "El general Calles no hizo declaraciones. Se ha hecho el propósito de no hablar de asuntos nacionales ni extranjeros". El Universal 6 de mayo de 1941. Informa de la llegada del Gral. PEC a la Hacienda de Soledad de la Mota donde permanecerá unos días para después dirigirse a La Palma, en Cuernavaca, Morelos, donde se establecerá después del exilio de cinco años en San Diego, CA.

Mainland Tanzania exemplifies the developing world's struggle to achieve middle-income status while confronting widespread poverty and substantial health challenges. Tanzania's struggle with HIV/AIDS, reproductive and child health, malaria, and tuberculosis are characterized by both positive recent trends and persistent challenges. A high disease burden coupled with finite public sector resources has led the government of Tanzania to increasingly seek innovative tools to protect the health and wellbeing of its citizens. Previous reform efforts have included decentralizing decisionmaking author

Historically countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia have faced a number of obstacles in their transition to democracy and market-based economies. These obstacles include higher levels of corruption, and greater administrative and regulatory burdens as they pass laws and implement programs to combat corruption and promote private sector development. This report uses the results of the most recent Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) to examine trends in corruption and administrative burden of regulations on private sector firms in 29 Eastern European and Central

"This book is a comprehensive and non-technical introduction to the institutional mechanics, economics, and politics of the world trading system as embodied in the WTO. The WTO is the primary organization through which member states will manage their trade relations. It is also the forum in which attempts will be made in the future to expand the coverage of multilateral rules to new policies such as competition (antitrust) law and investment regulations. Understanding the reach and relevance of the organization is therefore important, and requires an interdisciplinary approach. Few countries allow unfettered market forces to determine the pattern and structure of trade and investment. Instead, governments develop policy in response to domestic political forces, taking into account likely reactions by trading partners. In discussing the WTO, the authors take a political economy-based approach that can explain these fundamental aspects of the 'real' world. This in turn helps to explain the successes and failures of international co-operation in trade policy, the primacy of negotiated solutions, and the challenges facing the WTO in the years to come as further efforts are made to extend the reach of multilateral policy disciplines. Extensive references are made to the existing literature, and guides to further reading are provided at the end of each chapter."--Jacket.