Edward Gibbon Wakefield was born in London in 1796. For part of his childhood his grandmother, Mrs. Priscilla Wakefield, was his guardian. She was a prominent Quaker, author of several books includingA Family Tour through the British Empire(1814), an active social worker and founder of a savings bank. His father was also a philanthropist and author ofAn Account of Ireland, Statistical and Political(1812), but he does not appear to have been an active member of the Society of Friends.
• "Famous athletic director," Walter Camp (author), presents his list of twelve rules for stopping the spread of the influenza. The rules are written in "plain simple language" to make them more accessible to the public. The author makes his case for the twelve rules chosen to be presented.• These rules were accepted, with only some alteration, by the federal government and reported to be awaiting issue by the bureau of public information. ; Newspaper article ; 3-8
Against the colorful background of Annapolis and a picturesque southern estate the author paints the human and lovely story of a human and lovely girl as she attends a school for girls in Washington, DC. ; Against the colorful background of Annapolis and a picturesque southern estate the author paints the human and lovely story of a human and lovely girl as she attends a school for girls in Washington, DC. ; Mode of access: Internet.
This is one of those apologies which people used to enjoy writing in the seventeenth century. Although the author is anonymous, the tone and title of the pamphlet point to the Duc de Luynes himself as the author. The text of the "apologie" shows a France that is at peace with itself and with other powers. It shows a government under control and working for the good of all Frenchmen. ; Electronic reproduction ; 16 p. ; 17 cm.
The article analyzes the institutional problems of the water supply and wastewater system of Ukraine. Government-created institutions have a direct or indirect effect on the state and development of the water supply and wastewater sector, determine the processes for its modernization, as the water supply and wastewater sector itself has a certain influence on the institutions, creating the basis for their modernization, transformation or liquidation. The author argues that in order to be effective in implementing the state policy in the field of water supply and wastewater, it has to be consistent with the goals of state economic policy in other areas - social, environmental, tax, energy, financial and economic, housing, national security, etc. The article analyzes how the uncoordinated state policy of the country in the social, environmental, tax, financial, energy, foreign economic sphere affects the sphere of water supply and wastewater and its consequences. The author defines the problems of institutional provision of state policy in the field of water supply and wastewater and describes them. The author argues that the influence of institutional problems on the state and development of the water supply and wastewater system is so great that, no matter how efficient the management and regulation in the field of water supply and wastewater, the result will not meet expectations. In the article the author suggests ways of solving some institutional problems in the field of research. ; The article analyzes the institutional problems of the water supply and wastewater system of Ukraine. Government-created institutions have a direct or indirect effect on the state and development of the water supply and wastewater sector, determine the processes for its modernization, as the water supply and wastewater sector itself has a certain influence on the institutions, creating the basis for their modernization, transformation or liquidation. The author argues that in order to be effective in implementing the state policy in the field of water supply and wastewater, it has to be consistent with the goals of state economic policy in other areas - social, environmental, tax, energy, financial and economic, housing, national security, etc. The article analyzes how the uncoordinated state policy of the country in the social, environmental, tax, financial, energy, foreign economic sphere affects the sphere of water supply and wastewater and its consequences. The author defines the problems of institutional provision of state policy in the field of water supply and wastewater and describes them. The author argues that the influence of institutional problems on the state and development of the water supply and wastewater system is so great that, no matter how efficient the management and regulation in the field of water supply and wastewater, the result will not meet expectations. In the article the author suggests ways of solving some institutional problems in the field of research.
УДК 343The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of the legal nature and the system of other measures of criminallegal nature, specified in the Criminal legislation of the Russian Federation and the problems of application of these measures in the judicial practice. The author pays attention to the fact that these measures are quite common in the judicial practice, especially conditional sentence. The legislator establishes three of other measures of criminal-legal nature in section VI of the RF Criminal Code: compulsory measures of a medical nature, confiscation of property and judicial penalty. But the author of the article aims to prove that the system of other measures of criminal-legal nature is not exhausted by these three measures. The article substantiates the statement that the measures in question constitute independent institute of criminal law. The author analyzes in details the concept and the legal nature of other measures of criminal-legal nature, their difference from punishment. Since the other measures of criminal-legal character are varied and specific, the author considers that it is difficult to formulate a general definition of such measures. The author distinguishes three approaches in the theory of criminal law on the question about the system of measures under consideration: "wide", "narrow" and "balanced approach." The author adheres to the "balanced approach" and justifies the statement that the organization of other measures of criminal-legal nature can only be based on their legal nature. This leads to the conclusion that conditional sentence, postponement of punishment, postponement of punishment for drug addicts, compulsory measures of educational influence, compulsory measures of medical nature connected with the execution of the sentence should be referred to other measures ofcriminal law. The author substantiates the view that the legislator's decision about systematization of measures considered in Section VI of the RF Criminal Code is inconsistent and illogical. According to the author, the confiscation of property should be provided in the criminal legislation not as other measure of criminal law, but as an additional kind of punishment. Judicial fine should be excluded from the Criminal Code. Because of their specificity and diversity it is hardly expedient to allocate all the other measures of criminal-legal nature in one section of the RF Criminal Code. ; УДК 343Статья посвящена анализу понятия, юридической природы и системы иных мер уголовно-правового характера. Законодатель закрепляет три иные меры уголовно-правового характера в разделе VI УК РФ: принудительные меры медицинского характера, конфискация имущества и судебный штраф. Но автор в статье ставит цель доказать, что система иных мер уголовно-правового характера не исчерпывается этими тремя мерами. Автор обосновывает утверждение, что систематизировать рассматриваемые меры можно только опираясь на их юридическую природу. Это позволяет сделать вывод, что к иным мерам уголовно-правового характера следует относить условное осуждение, отсрочку отбывания наказания, отсрочку отбывания наказания больным наркоманией, принудительные меры воспитательного воздействия, принудительные меры медицинского характера, соединенные с исполнением наказания.
In the first part of the article, the author deals with the question of the functions of the Ukrainian Parliament, which include constitutional, legislative, budgetary and financial, controlling and creative functions. Then, there are attempts to clarify the meaning of these functions. The author pays particular attention to the importance of the legislative functions of the Verkhovna Rada [Supreme Council]. The next part deals with the issues concerning the structure of the Parliament, including specific responsibilities of various bodies and their functioning. Next, the author refers to the mode of Parliament's operating, sessions, as well as meetings of committees and commissions. He pays special attention to the fact that the competences of the standing committees of the Ukrainian Parliament cover the entirety of public life in this country. The parliamentary factions are also important for the functioning of the Verkhovna Rada. Further, the author examines the status of Members of Parliament, including the issues of formal and substantive immunity. Next, the subject of the consideration includes the duties and powers arising under the mandate of a people's deputy. Another topic touches upon the incompatibility of a deputy's mandate with execution of other public functions. The article is concluded with general remarks which imply that the Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada relies on the parliamentary rules used elsewhere. However, what distinguishes the Verkhovna Rada is its unicameralism and corruption problems connected with the functioning of a young democracy. ; In the first part of the article, the author deals with the question of the functions of the Ukrainian Parliament, which include constitutional, legislative, budgetary and financial, controlling and creative functions. Then, there are attempts to clarify the meaning of these functions. The author pays particular attention to the importance of the legislative functions of the Verkhovna Rada [Supreme Council]. The next part deals with the issues concerning the structure of the Parliament, including specific responsibilities of various bodies and their functioning. Next, the author refers to the mode of Parliament's operating, sessions, as well as meetings of committees and commissions. He pays special attention to the fact that the competences of the standing committees of the Ukrainian Parliament cover the entirety of public life in this country. The parliamentary factions are also important for the functioning of the Verkhovna Rada. Further, the author examines the status of Members of Parliament, including the issues of formal and substantive immunity. Next, the subject of the consideration includes the duties and powers arising under the mandate of a people's deputy. Another topic touches upon the incompatibility of a deputy's mandate with execution of other public functions. The article is concluded with general remarks which imply that the Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada relies on the parliamentary rules used elsewhere. However, what distinguishes the Verkhovna Rada is its unicameralism and corruption problems connected with the functioning of a young democracy.
The article is dedicated to analysing the features of balanced semi-presidentialism compared to other types of semi-presidentialism constitutional system of government. The author outlined theoretical features, institutional risks and positives of balanced semi-presidentialism at the example and experience of different countries and singled the history of formation and prospects for reformation of balanced semi-presidentialism in Ukraine.In the first part of the study, the researcher dealt with the knowledge of theoretical framework, institutional risks and positives, which are peculiar to a balanced semi-presidentialism in different countries. The author also argued that semi-presidentialism is a system of government and a constitutional model with a position of a nationwide and directly elected for a fixed term president (usually as a head of state, but sometimes as a head of state and a chief executive) and with positions of prime minister and cabinet, which are necessarily collectively responsible to parliament. Accordingly, the author has identified different types of semi-presidential and outlined a phenomenon of balanced semi-presidentialism.In the second part of the study, the researcher noticed that the problem of balanced semi-presidentialism in Ukraine can be understood only in the context of the consideration of the evolutional consequences of different systems of government in 1991–2015. Based on this, the author analysed the prospects for sustainable development and reformation of balanced semi-presidentialism in Ukraine. ; The article is dedicated to analysing the features of balanced semi-presidentialism compared to other types of semi-presidentialism constitutional system of government. The author outlined theoretical features, institutional risks and positives of balanced semi-presidentialism at the example and experience of different countries and singled the history of formation and prospects for reformation of balanced semi-presidentialism in Ukraine.In the first part of the study, the researcher dealt with the knowledge of theoretical framework, institutional risks and positives, which are peculiar to a balanced semi-presidentialism in different countries. The author also argued that semi-presidentialism is a system of government and a constitutional model with a position of a nationwide and directly elected for a fixed term president (usually as a head of state, but sometimes as a head of state and a chief executive) and with positions of prime minister and cabinet, which are necessarily collectively responsible to parliament. Accordingly, the author has identified different types of semi-presidential and outlined a phenomenon of balanced semi-presidentialism.In the second part of the study, the researcher noticed that the problem of balanced semi-presidentialism in Ukraine can be understood only in the context of the consideration of the evolutional consequences of different systems of government in 1991–2015. Based on this, the author analysed the prospects for sustainable development and reformation of balanced semi-presidentialism in Ukraine.
В настоящей статье анализируются положения Уголовного Кодекса Франции, который был принят в 1992 г. и действует с 1994 г. Рассматриваются этапы реформирования уголовного законодательства и раскрываются идеи, нашедшие свое отражение в действующем Уголовном Кодексе Франции, в первую очередь, защита прав человека, его жизни, безопасности труда, передвижения, экологическая безопасность, свобода конституционных прав граждан, а также существенное обновление Уголовного Кодекса в соответствии с современными потребностями борьбы с преступностью. Раскрываются положения Уголовного Кодекса Франции, касающиеся классификации преступных деяний и наказания за их совершение. Анализируется закрепленный в Уголовном Кодексе принцип законности, согласно которому никто не может быть наказан за совершение деяния, не предусмотренного законом или постановлением. Рассматриваются основные и дополнительные виды наказаний, предусмотренных за совершение преступных деяний, описывается отмена таких видов наказаний, как смертная казнь и высылка, которые были предусмотрены предыдущим Уголовным Кодексом. Также в статье рассматриваются особенности исполнения назначенного за совершение преступного деяния наказания. Анализируется система и структура Особенной части Уголовного Кодекса Франции, которая также подверглась качественному преобразованию по сравнению с предыдущим Уголовным Кодексом. Отмечается положение о том, что защита человеческой личности от посягательств на ее основные права является одной из главных задач, которую ставит перед собой Уголовный Кодекс Франции. ; In this article author analyzed provisions of the Criminal code of France which was adopted in 1992 and acts since 1994. Author considered stages of reforming of the criminal legislation and ideas which found the reflection in the existing Criminal code of France, first of all protection of human rights, his lives, safety of work, movement, ecological safety, freedom of constitutional rights of citizens, and also essential updating of the Criminal code according to modern requirements of fight against crime reveal. Author revealed provisions of the Criminal code of France concerning classification of criminal actions and punishment for their commission. Author analyzed the principle of legality enshrined in the Criminal code according to which nobody can be punished for commission of the act which isn't provided by the law or the resolution, nobody can be subjected to the punishment which isn't provided by the law or the resolution, and also the law is subject to strict interpretation. Author considered main and additional types of the punishments prescribed for commission of criminal actions and described cancellation of such types of punishments as the death penalty and dispatch which the previous Criminal code prescribed. Also in article author considered features of execution of the sentence imposed for commission of criminal action. Author analyzed the system and structure of Special part of the Criminal code of France which also underwent high-quality transformation in comparison with the previous Criminal code. Author noted situation that protection of the human person against infringement of her basic rights is one of main tasks which sets for itself the Criminal code of France.
Статья посвящена сравнительному анализу норм законодательства стран СНГ об обеспечении права на досрочную пенсию родителей и лиц, их заменяющих, воспитавших детей-инвалидов. По результатам проведенного исследования автором предлагаются рекомендации по совершенствованию отдельных норм законодательства исследуемых стран, регулирующих правоотношения в части предоставления родителям ребенка-инвалида и лицам, их заменяющим, права на досрочную пенсию. ; Pension maintenance is one of the most important elements of social support of citizens of CIS countries. Taking into account the significance of care for disabled children, legislature of certain CIS countries states additional pension maintenance guarantees, in particular, the right to an early grant of old-age retirement pension for the caregivers of such children. The author performs a comparative analysis of legal norms of CIS countries legislation (Russia, Belarus, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, Armenia, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Kirghizia, Kazakhstan) related to the enforcement of rights to an early pension grant for parents and persons substituting them who have brought up disabled children. In the article the author pays attention to the fact that the rights to an early pension grant due to upbringing of disabled child are not stated in legislation systems of certain CIS countries. This list includes Armenia, Kazakhstan, Moldova. As a result of the study, the author emphasizes certain norms of pension legislation of the observed countries concerning the question of enforcement of the right to an early pension grant for actual caregivers of a disabled child as well as unsolved problems in this sphere of legislation. The article points out possible solutions to this problem in the above-mentioned countries and stresses their peculiarities. Firstly, the author highlights the difference in the approach of lawmakers to the subjective set of persons who receive the benefit. Secondly, the author points out a significant distinction in lawmakers' opinion concerning the age that should give the right to an early pension grant. Thirdly, legislators have various approaches to the question of the duration of disabled child upbringing period that should give the right to an early pension grant. As a result of the study, the author comes to a conclusion that an early pension grant for such a category of citizens is connected with an excessive psychological and emotional pressure as well as physical and material expenses. The author suggests recommendations concerning improvement of certain legal norms of the observed countries regulating legal relations in terms of the right to an early pension grant for parents and persons substituting them bringing up a disabled child. Having examined pension legislation norms of certain CIS countries, the author comes to a conclusion that the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating the question of enforcement of rights to an early pension grant for a disabled child's parents accumulates the very best from the practice of pension development of other CIS countries. As it appears to the author, Russia can use experience of a number of foreign CIS countries while regulating pension rights of citizens and update the legislation with norms that allow to exercise the right to an early pension grant not only for parents, fosters and caregivers bringing up disabled children, but for step-mother or step-father as well. It is possible that certain amendments will be made in Russian legislation which relate to the age of a disabled child that should give the right to an early pension grant.
В статье рассматриваются особенности восприятия справедливости в условиях постконфликтного возрождения и социокультурной модернизации региона, выделяются основные движущие силы инновационных преобразований, определяется место справедливости в иерархической структуре ценностей. Методологией исследования явились концепции классической и современной социологии, применялся социокультурный подход, использовались методы количественного анализа социологических и статистических показателей. Основная гипотеза предполагает зависимость восприятия и ощущения справедливости от социального благополучия индивида и общества в регионе и стране. В исследовании раскрываются этимологическая, правовая, социальная, экономическая аспекты справедливости, расценивается она как представление о должном. При этом указывается, что на понимание природы и содержания ценности «справедливость» оказывает влияние социально-исторический и культурный опыт, тип общественного устройства, положение индивида и социальных групп в системе социальных отношений. Обращается внимание на различное восприятие справедливости в разной социальной ситуации. Во время конфликта справедливость ассоциируется с безопасностью и чаще с уравнительным принципом гуманитарной поддержки. В стабильной, мирной обстановке она воспринимается как объективность в осуществлении вознаграждения и наказания, честность в системе административного и социального управления. Специально делается акцент на изменение советских и становление новых ценностей, отношение к собственности, социальной политике государства, выявляется степень выраженности патернализма и эгалитаризма, делается вывод об эклектичности ценностного мировоззрения. Характеризуются основные движущие силы возрождения и модернизации региона, роль научных учреждений в создании основ инноваций, показатели качества жизни. В заключении делается вывод о зависимости представлений о справедливости от социального благополучия, типа общественного устройства, культуры, результаты исследования могут быть применены в административном и политическом управлении, деятельности общественных объединений. ; In article the author considered features of perception of justice in the conditions of post-conflict revival and sociocultural modernization of the region, distinguished the main driving forces of innovative transformations and defined the place of justice in hierarchical structure of values. Methodology of a research are concepts of classical and modern sociology, the author applied sociocultural approach and used methods of the quantitative analysis sociological and statistics. The main hypothesis assumes dependence of perception and feeling of justice on social wellbeing of the individual and society in the region and the country. In article the author revealed etymological, legal, social, economic aspects of justice and regarded as idea of due. At the same time the author specified that impact «justice» sociohistorical and cultural experience, type of a social fabric, position of the individual and social groups in system of the social relations exerts on understanding of the nature and the maintenance of value. The author paid attention to various perception of justice in a different social situation. During the conflict justice is associated with safety and is more often with the leveling principle of humanitarian support. In a stable, peace situation the author perceived it as objectivity in implementation of remuneration and punishment, honesty in system of administrative and social management. The author specially placed emphasis on change Soviet and formation of new values, the relation to property, social policy of the state, comes to light degree of expressiveness of paternalism and egalitarianism and made the conclusion about eclecticism of valuable outlook. The author characterized main driving forces of revival and modernization of the region, role of scientific institutions in creation of bases of innovations, indicators of quality of life. In the end the author made the conclusion about dependence of ideas of justice on social wellbeing, type of a social fabric, culture, results of a research can be useful in administrative and political management, activity of public associations.
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